Attend Less, Fear More: Elevated Distress to Social Threat in Toddlers With Autism Spectrum Disorder / Suzanne L. MACARI in Autism Research, 14-5 (May 2021)  

Public ISBD [article]  inAutism Research > 14-5 (May 2021) . - p.1025-1036 Titre : Attend Less, Fear More: Elevated Distress to Social Threat in Toddlers With Autism Spectrum Disorder Type de document : Texte imprimé et/ou numérique Auteurs : Suzanne L. MACARI, Auteur ; Angelina VERNETTI, Auteur ; Katarzyna CHAWARSKA, Auteur Article en page(s) : p.1025-1036 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : attention  emotion regulation  emotional reactivity  social threat Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Differential emotional reactivity to social and nonsocial stimuli has been hypothesized but rarely examined empirically in ASD despite its potential importance for development of social motivation, cognition, and comorbid psychopathology. This study examined emotional reactivity, regulation, and attention to social and nonsocial threat in toddlers with ASD (n =?42, M(age) : 22?months) and typically developing (TD) toddlers (n =?22, M(age) : 23?months), and their mutual associations with autism symptom severity. Participants were exposed to social (stranger), nonsocial (mechanical objects), and ambiguous (masks) threats, and their intensity of distress (iDistress), attention to threat (Attention), and presence of emotion regulation (ER) strategies were measured. Autism symptom severity was quantified using the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule-2. In response to social threat, toddlers with ASD exhibited elevated iDistress (P En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aur.2448 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=444 [article] Attend Less, Fear More: Elevated Distress to Social Threat in Toddlers With Autism Spectrum Disorder [Texte imprimé et/ou numérique] / Suzanne L. MACARI, Auteur ; Angelina VERNETTI, Auteur ; Katarzyna CHAWARSKA, Auteur . - p.1025-1036. Langues : Anglais (eng) in Autism Research > 14-5 (May 2021) . - p.1025-1036 Mots-clés : attention  emotion regulation  emotional reactivity  social threat Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Differential emotional reactivity to social and nonsocial stimuli has been hypothesized but rarely examined empirically in ASD despite its potential importance for development of social motivation, cognition, and comorbid psychopathology. This study examined emotional reactivity, regulation, and attention to social and nonsocial threat in toddlers with ASD (n =?42, M(age) : 22?months) and typically developing (TD) toddlers (n =?22, M(age) : 23?months), and their mutual associations with autism symptom severity. Participants were exposed to social (stranger), nonsocial (mechanical objects), and ambiguous (masks) threats, and their intensity of distress (iDistress), attention to threat (Attention), and presence of emotion regulation (ER) strategies were measured. Autism symptom severity was quantified using the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule-2. In response to social threat, toddlers with ASD exhibited elevated iDistress (P En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aur.2448 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=444

Promoting social attention in 3-year-olds with ASD through gaze-contingent eye tracking / Quan WANG in Autism Research, 13-1 (January 2020)  

Public ISBD [article]  inAutism Research > 13-1 (January 2020) . - p.61-73 Titre : Promoting social attention in 3-year-olds with ASD through gaze-contingent eye tracking Type de document : Texte imprimé et/ou numérique Auteurs : Quan WANG, Auteur ; Carla A. WALL, Auteur ; Erin C. BARNEY, Auteur ; Jessica BRADSHAW, Auteur ; Suzanne L. MACARI, Auteur ; Katarzyna CHAWARSKA, Auteur ; Frederick SHIC, Auteur Article en page(s) : p.61-73 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : attention  children  data-driven techniques  developmental psychology  eye movement  intervention early  visual Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Young children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) look less toward faces compared to their non-ASD peers, limiting access to social learning. Currently, no technologies directly target these core social attention difficulties. This study examines the feasibility of automated gaze modification training for improving attention to faces in 3-year-olds with ASD. Using free-viewing data from typically developing (TD) controls (n = 41), we implemented gaze-contingent adaptive cueing to redirect children with ASD toward normative looking patterns during viewing of videos of an actress. Children with ASD were randomly assigned to either (a) an adaptive Cue condition (Cue, n = 16) or (b) a No-Cue condition (No-Cue, n = 19). Performance was examined at baseline, during training, and post-training, and contrasted with TD controls (n = 23). Proportion of time looking at the screen (%Screen) and at actresses' faces (%Face) was analyzed. At Pre-Training, Cue and No-Cue groups did not differ in %Face (P > 0.1). At Post-Training, the Cue group had higher %Face than the No-Cue group (P = 0.015). In the No-Cue group %Face decreased Pre- to Post-Training; no decline was observed in the Cue group. These results suggest gaze-contingent training effectively mitigated decreases of attention toward the face of onscreen social characters in ASD. Additionally, larger training effects were observed in children with lower nonverbal ability, suggesting a gaze-contingent approach may be particularly relevant for children with greater cognitive impairment. This work represents development toward new social attention therapeutic systems that could augment current behavioral interventions. Autism Res 2020, 13: 61-73. (c) 2019 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc. LAY SUMMARY: In this study, we leverage a new technology that combines eye tracking and automatic computer programs to help very young children with ASD look at social information in a more prototypical way. In a randomized controlled trial, we show that the use of this technology prevents the diminishing attention toward social information normally seen in children with ASD over the course of a single experimental session. This work represents development toward new social attention therapeutic systems that could augment current behavioral interventions. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aur.2199 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=415 [article] Promoting social attention in 3-year-olds with ASD through gaze-contingent eye tracking [Texte imprimé et/ou numérique] / Quan WANG, Auteur ; Carla A. WALL, Auteur ; Erin C. BARNEY, Auteur ; Jessica BRADSHAW, Auteur ; Suzanne L. MACARI, Auteur ; Katarzyna CHAWARSKA, Auteur ; Frederick SHIC, Auteur . - p.61-73. Langues : Anglais (eng) in Autism Research > 13-1 (January 2020) . - p.61-73 Mots-clés : attention  children  data-driven techniques  developmental psychology  eye movement  intervention early  visual Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Young children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) look less toward faces compared to their non-ASD peers, limiting access to social learning. Currently, no technologies directly target these core social attention difficulties. This study examines the feasibility of automated gaze modification training for improving attention to faces in 3-year-olds with ASD. Using free-viewing data from typically developing (TD) controls (n = 41), we implemented gaze-contingent adaptive cueing to redirect children with ASD toward normative looking patterns during viewing of videos of an actress. Children with ASD were randomly assigned to either (a) an adaptive Cue condition (Cue, n = 16) or (b) a No-Cue condition (No-Cue, n = 19). Performance was examined at baseline, during training, and post-training, and contrasted with TD controls (n = 23). Proportion of time looking at the screen (%Screen) and at actresses' faces (%Face) was analyzed. At Pre-Training, Cue and No-Cue groups did not differ in %Face (P > 0.1). At Post-Training, the Cue group had higher %Face than the No-Cue group (P = 0.015). In the No-Cue group %Face decreased Pre- to Post-Training; no decline was observed in the Cue group. These results suggest gaze-contingent training effectively mitigated decreases of attention toward the face of onscreen social characters in ASD. Additionally, larger training effects were observed in children with lower nonverbal ability, suggesting a gaze-contingent approach may be particularly relevant for children with greater cognitive impairment. This work represents development toward new social attention therapeutic systems that could augment current behavioral interventions. Autism Res 2020, 13: 61-73. (c) 2019 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc. LAY SUMMARY: In this study, we leverage a new technology that combines eye tracking and automatic computer programs to help very young children with ASD look at social information in a more prototypical way. In a randomized controlled trial, we show that the use of this technology prevents the diminishing attention toward social information normally seen in children with ASD over the course of a single experimental session. This work represents development toward new social attention therapeutic systems that could augment current behavioral interventions. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aur.2199 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=415

Seeing the forest and the trees: Disentangling autism phenotypes in the age of DSM-5 / Fred R. VOLKMAR in Development and Psychopathology, 33-2 (May 2021)  

Public ISBD [article]  inDevelopment and Psychopathology > 33-2 (May 2021) . - p.625-633 Titre : Seeing the forest and the trees: Disentangling autism phenotypes in the age of DSM-5 Type de document : Texte imprimé et/ou numérique Auteurs : Fred R. VOLKMAR, Auteur ; Marc WOODBURY-SMITH, Auteur ; Suzanne L. MACARI, Auteur ; Roald A. ØIEN, Auteur Année de publication : 2021 Article en page(s) : p.625-633 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Asperger syndrome  autism spectrum disorder  broader autism phenotype  diagnosis Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : This paper, written in honor of Professor Ed Zigler, focuses on some of the themes in developmental disabilities research that were so central to his work. It has now been nearly 80 years since Leo Kanner first identified the prototypic form - early infantile autism - of what is now autism spectrum disorder. In this article we summarize the development of the concept and the important accumulation of knowledge over time that has now led us to the recognition of a broader autism phenotype just as, at the same time, the current official diagnostic system in the USA has narrowed the concept. We also address current controversies regarding autism as the diagnosis is impacted by age and developmental factors, gender, and cultural issues. In parallel to the work on intellectual deficiency and development pioneered by Zigler and his colleagues, we summarize some of the challenges for the years ahead. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579420002047 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=444 [article] Seeing the forest and the trees: Disentangling autism phenotypes in the age of DSM-5 [Texte imprimé et/ou numérique] / Fred R. VOLKMAR, Auteur ; Marc WOODBURY-SMITH, Auteur ; Suzanne L. MACARI, Auteur ; Roald A. ØIEN, Auteur . - 2021 . - p.625-633. Langues : Anglais (eng) in Development and Psychopathology > 33-2 (May 2021) . - p.625-633 Mots-clés : Asperger syndrome  autism spectrum disorder  broader autism phenotype  diagnosis Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : This paper, written in honor of Professor Ed Zigler, focuses on some of the themes in developmental disabilities research that were so central to his work. It has now been nearly 80 years since Leo Kanner first identified the prototypic form - early infantile autism - of what is now autism spectrum disorder. In this article we summarize the development of the concept and the important accumulation of knowledge over time that has now led us to the recognition of a broader autism phenotype just as, at the same time, the current official diagnostic system in the USA has narrowed the concept. We also address current controversies regarding autism as the diagnosis is impacted by age and developmental factors, gender, and cultural issues. In parallel to the work on intellectual deficiency and development pioneered by Zigler and his colleagues, we summarize some of the challenges for the years ahead. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579420002047 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=444

The role of limited salience of speech in selective attention to faces in toddlers with autism spectrum disorders / Frederick SHIC in Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 61-4 (April 2020)  

Public ISBD [article]  inJournal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry > 61-4 (April 2020) . - p.459-469 Titre : The role of limited salience of speech in selective attention to faces in toddlers with autism spectrum disorders Type de document : Texte imprimé et/ou numérique Auteurs : Frederick SHIC, Auteur ; Quan WANG, Auteur ; Suzanne L. MACARI, Auteur ; Katarzyna CHAWARSKA, Auteur Article en page(s) : p.459-469 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Autism spectrum disorders  eye gaze  face processing  infancy  speech Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : BACKGROUND: Impaired attention to faces of interactive partners is a marker for autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in early childhood. However, it is unclear whether children with ASD avoid faces or find them less salient and whether the phenomenon is linked with the presence of eye contact or speech. METHODS: We investigated the impacts of speech (SP) and direct gaze (DG) on attention to faces in 22-month-old toddlers with ASD (n = 50) and typically developing controls (TD, n = 47) using the Selective Social Attention 2.0 (SSA 2.0) task. The task consisted of four conditions where the presence (+) and absence (-) of DG and SP were systematically manipulated. The severity of autism symptoms, and verbal and nonverbal skills were characterized concurrently with eye tracking at 22.4 (SD = 3.2) months and prospectively at 39.8 (SD = 4.3) months. RESULTS: Toddlers with ASD looked less than TD toddlers at face and mouth regions only when the actress was speaking (direct gaze absence with speech, DG-SP+: d = 0.99, p < .001 for face, d = 0.98, p < .001 for mouth regions; direct gaze present with speech, DG+SP+, d = 1.47, p < .001 for face, d = 1.01, p < .001 for mouth regions). Toddlers with ASD looked less at the eye region only when both gaze and speech cues were present (d = 0.46, p = .03). Salience of the combined DG and SP cues was associated concurrently and prospectively with the severity of autism symptoms, and the association remained significant after controlling for verbal and nonverbal levels. CONCLUSIONS: The study links poor attention to faces with limited salience of audiovisual speech and provides no support for the face avoidance hypothesis in the early stages of ASD. These results are consequential for research on early discriminant and predictive biomarkers as well as identification of novel treatment targets. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.13118 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=421 [article] The role of limited salience of speech in selective attention to faces in toddlers with autism spectrum disorders [Texte imprimé et/ou numérique] / Frederick SHIC, Auteur ; Quan WANG, Auteur ; Suzanne L. MACARI, Auteur ; Katarzyna CHAWARSKA, Auteur . - p.459-469. Langues : Anglais (eng) in Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry > 61-4 (April 2020) . - p.459-469 Mots-clés : Autism spectrum disorders  eye gaze  face processing  infancy  speech Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : BACKGROUND: Impaired attention to faces of interactive partners is a marker for autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in early childhood. However, it is unclear whether children with ASD avoid faces or find them less salient and whether the phenomenon is linked with the presence of eye contact or speech. METHODS: We investigated the impacts of speech (SP) and direct gaze (DG) on attention to faces in 22-month-old toddlers with ASD (n = 50) and typically developing controls (TD, n = 47) using the Selective Social Attention 2.0 (SSA 2.0) task. The task consisted of four conditions where the presence (+) and absence (-) of DG and SP were systematically manipulated. The severity of autism symptoms, and verbal and nonverbal skills were characterized concurrently with eye tracking at 22.4 (SD = 3.2) months and prospectively at 39.8 (SD = 4.3) months. RESULTS: Toddlers with ASD looked less than TD toddlers at face and mouth regions only when the actress was speaking (direct gaze absence with speech, DG-SP+: d = 0.99, p < .001 for face, d = 0.98, p < .001 for mouth regions; direct gaze present with speech, DG+SP+, d = 1.47, p < .001 for face, d = 1.01, p < .001 for mouth regions). Toddlers with ASD looked less at the eye region only when both gaze and speech cues were present (d = 0.46, p = .03). Salience of the combined DG and SP cues was associated concurrently and prospectively with the severity of autism symptoms, and the association remained significant after controlling for verbal and nonverbal levels. CONCLUSIONS: The study links poor attention to faces with limited salience of audiovisual speech and provides no support for the face avoidance hypothesis in the early stages of ASD. These results are consequential for research on early discriminant and predictive biomarkers as well as identification of novel treatment targets. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.13118 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=421

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