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Digit Ratio 2D:4D in Relation to Autism Spectrum Disorders, Empathizing, and Systemizing: A Quantitative Review / Johannes HONEKOPP in Autism Research, 5-4 (August 2012)
[article]
Titre : Digit Ratio 2D:4D in Relation to Autism Spectrum Disorders, Empathizing, and Systemizing: A Quantitative Review Type de document : Texte imprimé et/ou numérique Auteurs : Johannes HONEKOPP, Auteur Année de publication : 2012 Article en page(s) : p.221-30 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : autism digit ratio prenatal testosterone empathizing systemizing sex differences Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Prenatal testosterone (PT) effects have been proposed to increase systemizing (the drive to understand lawful input–output relationships), to decrease empathizing (the drive to understand others), and to cause autism via hypermasculinization of the brain. Digit ratio 2D:4D is a putative marker of PT effects in humans. An online study (n = 1896) into the relationship between the Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test (a widely used measure of empathizing) and self-measured 2D:4D in a nonclinical sample is reported. No evidence for a link between empathizing and 2D:4D in either females or males emerged. Further, three meta-analyses are presented that look into the relationships of 2D:4D with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), systemizing, and empathizing. 2D:4D was substantially lower (more masculine) in ASD-affected individuals than in normal controls (d = −0.58, P < 0.001). However, 2D:4D was found to be virtually unrelated to systemizing and empathizing in normal adults. The results support the idea that high PT is a risk factor for autism, but they challenge the view that PT substantially contributes to sex differences in systemizing and empathizing. Possibly, this pattern reflects an interaction effect, whereby PT drives ASD characteristic changes only in brains with a specific damage. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aur.1230 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=179
in Autism Research > 5-4 (August 2012) . - p.221-30[article] Digit Ratio 2D:4D in Relation to Autism Spectrum Disorders, Empathizing, and Systemizing: A Quantitative Review [Texte imprimé et/ou numérique] / Johannes HONEKOPP, Auteur . - 2012 . - p.221-30.
Langues : Anglais (eng)
in Autism Research > 5-4 (August 2012) . - p.221-30
Mots-clés : autism digit ratio prenatal testosterone empathizing systemizing sex differences Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Prenatal testosterone (PT) effects have been proposed to increase systemizing (the drive to understand lawful input–output relationships), to decrease empathizing (the drive to understand others), and to cause autism via hypermasculinization of the brain. Digit ratio 2D:4D is a putative marker of PT effects in humans. An online study (n = 1896) into the relationship between the Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test (a widely used measure of empathizing) and self-measured 2D:4D in a nonclinical sample is reported. No evidence for a link between empathizing and 2D:4D in either females or males emerged. Further, three meta-analyses are presented that look into the relationships of 2D:4D with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), systemizing, and empathizing. 2D:4D was substantially lower (more masculine) in ASD-affected individuals than in normal controls (d = −0.58, P < 0.001). However, 2D:4D was found to be virtually unrelated to systemizing and empathizing in normal adults. The results support the idea that high PT is a risk factor for autism, but they challenge the view that PT substantially contributes to sex differences in systemizing and empathizing. Possibly, this pattern reflects an interaction effect, whereby PT drives ASD characteristic changes only in brains with a specific damage. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aur.1230 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=179 A Critical Review of the Research on the Extreme Male Brain Theory and Digit Ratio (2D:4D) / Missy L. TEATERO in Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 43-11 (November 2013)
[article]
Titre : A Critical Review of the Research on the Extreme Male Brain Theory and Digit Ratio (2D:4D) Type de document : Texte imprimé et/ou numérique Auteurs : Missy L. TEATERO, Auteur ; Charles NETLEY, Auteur Article en page(s) : p.2664-2676 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Extreme male brain Autism spectrum Empathizing Systemizing Digit ratio 2D:4D Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Boys are more likely than girls to be diagnosed with an autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The extreme male brain (EMB) theory of ASD suggests that fetal testosterone (FT) exposure may underlie sex differences in autistic traits. A link between the organizational effects of FT on the brain and ASD is often drawn based on research using digit ratio (2D:4D), a putative biomarker, without a full survey of the findings. This paper critically and quantitatively reviews the research on the relationship between 2D:4D and ASD as well as autism spectrum, empathizing, and systemizing measures in neurotypical populations. Overall, there is some support for the EMB theory in all four areas, particularly the 2D:4D–ASD relationship. Recommendations for future research are provided. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10803-013-1819-6 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=217
in Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders > 43-11 (November 2013) . - p.2664-2676[article] A Critical Review of the Research on the Extreme Male Brain Theory and Digit Ratio (2D:4D) [Texte imprimé et/ou numérique] / Missy L. TEATERO, Auteur ; Charles NETLEY, Auteur . - p.2664-2676.
Langues : Anglais (eng)
in Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders > 43-11 (November 2013) . - p.2664-2676
Mots-clés : Extreme male brain Autism spectrum Empathizing Systemizing Digit ratio 2D:4D Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Boys are more likely than girls to be diagnosed with an autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The extreme male brain (EMB) theory of ASD suggests that fetal testosterone (FT) exposure may underlie sex differences in autistic traits. A link between the organizational effects of FT on the brain and ASD is often drawn based on research using digit ratio (2D:4D), a putative biomarker, without a full survey of the findings. This paper critically and quantitatively reviews the research on the relationship between 2D:4D and ASD as well as autism spectrum, empathizing, and systemizing measures in neurotypical populations. Overall, there is some support for the EMB theory in all four areas, particularly the 2D:4D–ASD relationship. Recommendations for future research are provided. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10803-013-1819-6 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=217 2D:4D Ratio and Autism Spectrum Disorder in Brunei Darussalam / S. H. F. LEE in Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 51-12 (December 2021)
[article]
Titre : 2D:4D Ratio and Autism Spectrum Disorder in Brunei Darussalam Type de document : Texte imprimé et/ou numérique Auteurs : S. H. F. LEE, Auteur ; S. A. AZIZ, Auteur ; M. HAMID, Auteur ; Y. C. LIM, Auteur ; D. KOH, Auteur ; L. L. CHAW, Auteur Article en page(s) : p.4577-4586 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Autism Spectrum Disorder/diagnosis/epidemiology Brunei Case-Control Studies Child Child, Preschool Female Fingers Hand Humans Male Sex Characteristics 2D:4D ratio 2D:4D ratio symmetry Androgens Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) Brunei Darussalam Digit ratio Extreme male brain (EMB) Hormones Testosterone this manuscript. Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : BACKGROUND: Despite the global increase in the prevalence of autism spectrum disorders (ASD), relevant research studies are lacking in Brunei Darussalam. Various studies have shown a significant association between a lowered 2D:4D ratio (ratio of second digit/index finger to the fourth digit/ring finger) and ASD, making it one of the potential phenotypic biomarkers for early detection of autism, which is important for early intervention and management. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study is to explore the association between 2D:4D ratio and ASD in Brunei Darussalam, as a potential tool to complement early ASD diagnosis. METHODS: We conducted a case-control study comprising 28 ASD and 62 typically developing (TD) children in the case and control group, respectively (age range: 3-11 years old; median age: 6 years old). Median 2D:4D ratios were measured, compared and analysed between the two groups. Logistic regression models were used to explore potential associations between the median 2D:4D ratio and ASD in respective gender, for both left and right hands, independently. RESULTS: Our study shows that the median 2D:4D ratio of left hand in ASD males is significantly lower than those in TD males, after adjusting for ethnicity and age [Odds Ratio (OR)?=?0.57 (95% Confidence Interval (CI): 0.31-0.96); p?=?0.044]. For females, there is no association of ASD with the median left hand 2D:4D ratio [OR?=?3.09 (95% CI: 0.98-19.86); p?=?0.144] or the median right hand 2D:4D ratio [OR?=?1.23 (95% CI: 0.42-3.88); p?=?0.702]. Our study also shows a significant positive correlation and/or a reduced asymmetry between the average 2D:4D ratio of left hands and right hands in ASD males (Pearson's correlation (r)?=?0.48; 95% CI: 0.076-0.75, p?=?0.023). CONCLUSIONS: There is significant association between a lowered median 2D:4D ratio of the left hand (in males only) and ASD diagnosis. Once validated in a larger sample size, a lowered median 2D:4D ratio on the left hand may be a potential tool to complement ASD diagnosis for males in our study population. There is no association between the median 2D:4D ratio (left or right hands) and ASD in females, which could be due to the small female sample size and/or the possibility of different aetiology for ASD in females. Reduced asymmetry between the average 2D:4D ratio of left and right hands observed in ASD males only (not in ASD females) also suggests the importance of considering gender-specific biomarkers for ASD diagnosis. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10803-021-04899-9 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=454
in Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders > 51-12 (December 2021) . - p.4577-4586[article] 2D:4D Ratio and Autism Spectrum Disorder in Brunei Darussalam [Texte imprimé et/ou numérique] / S. H. F. LEE, Auteur ; S. A. AZIZ, Auteur ; M. HAMID, Auteur ; Y. C. LIM, Auteur ; D. KOH, Auteur ; L. L. CHAW, Auteur . - p.4577-4586.
Langues : Anglais (eng)
in Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders > 51-12 (December 2021) . - p.4577-4586
Mots-clés : Autism Spectrum Disorder/diagnosis/epidemiology Brunei Case-Control Studies Child Child, Preschool Female Fingers Hand Humans Male Sex Characteristics 2D:4D ratio 2D:4D ratio symmetry Androgens Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) Brunei Darussalam Digit ratio Extreme male brain (EMB) Hormones Testosterone this manuscript. Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : BACKGROUND: Despite the global increase in the prevalence of autism spectrum disorders (ASD), relevant research studies are lacking in Brunei Darussalam. Various studies have shown a significant association between a lowered 2D:4D ratio (ratio of second digit/index finger to the fourth digit/ring finger) and ASD, making it one of the potential phenotypic biomarkers for early detection of autism, which is important for early intervention and management. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study is to explore the association between 2D:4D ratio and ASD in Brunei Darussalam, as a potential tool to complement early ASD diagnosis. METHODS: We conducted a case-control study comprising 28 ASD and 62 typically developing (TD) children in the case and control group, respectively (age range: 3-11 years old; median age: 6 years old). Median 2D:4D ratios were measured, compared and analysed between the two groups. Logistic regression models were used to explore potential associations between the median 2D:4D ratio and ASD in respective gender, for both left and right hands, independently. RESULTS: Our study shows that the median 2D:4D ratio of left hand in ASD males is significantly lower than those in TD males, after adjusting for ethnicity and age [Odds Ratio (OR)?=?0.57 (95% Confidence Interval (CI): 0.31-0.96); p?=?0.044]. For females, there is no association of ASD with the median left hand 2D:4D ratio [OR?=?3.09 (95% CI: 0.98-19.86); p?=?0.144] or the median right hand 2D:4D ratio [OR?=?1.23 (95% CI: 0.42-3.88); p?=?0.702]. Our study also shows a significant positive correlation and/or a reduced asymmetry between the average 2D:4D ratio of left hands and right hands in ASD males (Pearson's correlation (r)?=?0.48; 95% CI: 0.076-0.75, p?=?0.023). CONCLUSIONS: There is significant association between a lowered median 2D:4D ratio of the left hand (in males only) and ASD diagnosis. Once validated in a larger sample size, a lowered median 2D:4D ratio on the left hand may be a potential tool to complement ASD diagnosis for males in our study population. There is no association between the median 2D:4D ratio (left or right hands) and ASD in females, which could be due to the small female sample size and/or the possibility of different aetiology for ASD in females. Reduced asymmetry between the average 2D:4D ratio of left and right hands observed in ASD males only (not in ASD females) also suggests the importance of considering gender-specific biomarkers for ASD diagnosis. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10803-021-04899-9 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=454