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Are the Autism and Positive Schizotypy Spectra Diametrically Opposed in Empathizing and Systemizing? / Suzanna N. RUSSELL-SMITH in Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 43-3 (March 2013)
[article]
Titre : Are the Autism and Positive Schizotypy Spectra Diametrically Opposed in Empathizing and Systemizing? Type de document : Texte imprimé et/ou numérique Auteurs : Suzanna N. RUSSELL-SMITH, Auteur ; Donna M. BAYLISS, Auteur ; Murray T. MAYBERY, Auteur ; Rosy L. TOMKINSON, Auteur Article en page(s) : p.695-706 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Autism Schizotypy Empathy Systemizing Cognitive profile Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Crespi and Badcock’s (Behaviour Brain Sci 31: 241–261, 2008) novel theory, which presents autism and positive schizophrenia as diametrical opposites on a cognitive continuum, has received mixed support in the literature to date. The current study aimed to further assess the validity of this theory by investigating predictions in relation to empathizing and systemizing. Specifically, it is predicted by Crespi and Badcock that while mild autistic traits should be associated with a cognitive profile of superior mechanistic cognition (which overlaps with systemizing) but reduced mentalistic cognition (which overlaps with empathizing), positive schizotypy traits should be associated with the opposite profile of superior mentalistic but reduced mechanistic cognition. These predictions were tested in a student sample using a battery of self-report and behavioural measures. The pattern of results obtained provides no support for Crespi and Badcock’s theory. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10803-012-1614-9 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=192
in Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders > 43-3 (March 2013) . - p.695-706[article] Are the Autism and Positive Schizotypy Spectra Diametrically Opposed in Empathizing and Systemizing? [Texte imprimé et/ou numérique] / Suzanna N. RUSSELL-SMITH, Auteur ; Donna M. BAYLISS, Auteur ; Murray T. MAYBERY, Auteur ; Rosy L. TOMKINSON, Auteur . - p.695-706.
Langues : Anglais (eng)
in Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders > 43-3 (March 2013) . - p.695-706
Mots-clés : Autism Schizotypy Empathy Systemizing Cognitive profile Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Crespi and Badcock’s (Behaviour Brain Sci 31: 241–261, 2008) novel theory, which presents autism and positive schizophrenia as diametrical opposites on a cognitive continuum, has received mixed support in the literature to date. The current study aimed to further assess the validity of this theory by investigating predictions in relation to empathizing and systemizing. Specifically, it is predicted by Crespi and Badcock that while mild autistic traits should be associated with a cognitive profile of superior mechanistic cognition (which overlaps with systemizing) but reduced mentalistic cognition (which overlaps with empathizing), positive schizotypy traits should be associated with the opposite profile of superior mentalistic but reduced mechanistic cognition. These predictions were tested in a student sample using a battery of self-report and behavioural measures. The pattern of results obtained provides no support for Crespi and Badcock’s theory. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10803-012-1614-9 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=192 Brief Report: Development of the Adolescent Empathy and Systemizing Quotients / Bonnie AUYEUNG in Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 42-10 (October 2012)
[article]
Titre : Brief Report: Development of the Adolescent Empathy and Systemizing Quotients Type de document : Texte imprimé et/ou numérique Auteurs : Bonnie AUYEUNG, Auteur ; Carrie ALLISON, Auteur ; Sally WHEELWRIGHT, Auteur ; Simon BARON-COHEN, Auteur Année de publication : 2012 Article en page(s) : p.2225-2235 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Empathy Systemizing Autism Sex differences Adolescents Quotient de Systématisation (SQ) Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Adolescent versions of the Empathy Quotient (EQ) and Systemizing Quotient (SQ) were developed and administered to n = 1,030 parents of typically developing adolescents, aged 12–16 years. Both measures showed good test–retest reliability and high internal consistency. Girls scored significantly higher on the EQ, and boys scored significantly higher on the SQ. A sample of adolescents with Autism Spectrum Conditions (ASC) (n = 213) scored significantly lower on the EQ, and significantly higher on the SQ, compared to typical boys. Similar patterns of sex differences and cognitive brain types are observed in children, adolescents and adults, suggesting from cross-sectional studies that the behaviours measured by age-appropriate versions of the EQ and SQ are stable across time. Longitudinal studies would be useful to test this stability in the future. Finally, relative to typical sex differences, individuals with ASC, regardless of age, on average exhibit a ‘hyper-masculinized’ profile. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10803-012-1454-7 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=180
in Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders > 42-10 (October 2012) . - p.2225-2235[article] Brief Report: Development of the Adolescent Empathy and Systemizing Quotients [Texte imprimé et/ou numérique] / Bonnie AUYEUNG, Auteur ; Carrie ALLISON, Auteur ; Sally WHEELWRIGHT, Auteur ; Simon BARON-COHEN, Auteur . - 2012 . - p.2225-2235.
Langues : Anglais (eng)
in Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders > 42-10 (October 2012) . - p.2225-2235
Mots-clés : Empathy Systemizing Autism Sex differences Adolescents Quotient de Systématisation (SQ) Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Adolescent versions of the Empathy Quotient (EQ) and Systemizing Quotient (SQ) were developed and administered to n = 1,030 parents of typically developing adolescents, aged 12–16 years. Both measures showed good test–retest reliability and high internal consistency. Girls scored significantly higher on the EQ, and boys scored significantly higher on the SQ. A sample of adolescents with Autism Spectrum Conditions (ASC) (n = 213) scored significantly lower on the EQ, and significantly higher on the SQ, compared to typical boys. Similar patterns of sex differences and cognitive brain types are observed in children, adolescents and adults, suggesting from cross-sectional studies that the behaviours measured by age-appropriate versions of the EQ and SQ are stable across time. Longitudinal studies would be useful to test this stability in the future. Finally, relative to typical sex differences, individuals with ASC, regardless of age, on average exhibit a ‘hyper-masculinized’ profile. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10803-012-1454-7 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=180 Brief Report: The Relationship Between Visual Acuity, the Embedded Figures Test and Systemizing in Autism Spectrum Disorders / Mark BROSNAN in Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 42-11 (November 2012)
[article]
Titre : Brief Report: The Relationship Between Visual Acuity, the Embedded Figures Test and Systemizing in Autism Spectrum Disorders Type de document : Texte imprimé et/ou numérique Auteurs : Mark BROSNAN, Auteur ; Lucy GWILLIAM, Auteur ; Ian WALKER, Auteur Article en page(s) : p.2491-2497 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Autism Visual acuity Embedded Figures Test (EFT) Systemizing Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Enhanced performance upon the Embedded Figures Test (EFT) in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has informed psychological theories of the non-social aspects that characterise ASD. The Extreme Male Brain theory of autism proposes that enhanced visual acuity underpins greater attention to detail (assessed by the EFT) which is a prerequisite for Systemizing. To date, however, no study has empirically examined these relationships. 13 males with ASD and 13 male controls were assessed upon tasks argued to reflect these levels of processing. The ASD group were found to have significantly greater visual acuity, EFT performance and Systemizing ability than the control group. However, regression analysis revealed that the strongest relationship was between visual acuity and EFT performance. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10803-012-1505-0 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=183
in Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders > 42-11 (November 2012) . - p.2491-2497[article] Brief Report: The Relationship Between Visual Acuity, the Embedded Figures Test and Systemizing in Autism Spectrum Disorders [Texte imprimé et/ou numérique] / Mark BROSNAN, Auteur ; Lucy GWILLIAM, Auteur ; Ian WALKER, Auteur . - p.2491-2497.
Langues : Anglais (eng)
in Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders > 42-11 (November 2012) . - p.2491-2497
Mots-clés : Autism Visual acuity Embedded Figures Test (EFT) Systemizing Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Enhanced performance upon the Embedded Figures Test (EFT) in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has informed psychological theories of the non-social aspects that characterise ASD. The Extreme Male Brain theory of autism proposes that enhanced visual acuity underpins greater attention to detail (assessed by the EFT) which is a prerequisite for Systemizing. To date, however, no study has empirically examined these relationships. 13 males with ASD and 13 male controls were assessed upon tasks argued to reflect these levels of processing. The ASD group were found to have significantly greater visual acuity, EFT performance and Systemizing ability than the control group. However, regression analysis revealed that the strongest relationship was between visual acuity and EFT performance. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10803-012-1505-0 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=183 Digit Ratio 2D:4D in Relation to Autism Spectrum Disorders, Empathizing, and Systemizing: A Quantitative Review / Johannes HONEKOPP in Autism Research, 5-4 (August 2012)
[article]
Titre : Digit Ratio 2D:4D in Relation to Autism Spectrum Disorders, Empathizing, and Systemizing: A Quantitative Review Type de document : Texte imprimé et/ou numérique Auteurs : Johannes HONEKOPP, Auteur Année de publication : 2012 Article en page(s) : p.221-30 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : autism digit ratio prenatal testosterone empathizing systemizing sex differences Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Prenatal testosterone (PT) effects have been proposed to increase systemizing (the drive to understand lawful input–output relationships), to decrease empathizing (the drive to understand others), and to cause autism via hypermasculinization of the brain. Digit ratio 2D:4D is a putative marker of PT effects in humans. An online study (n = 1896) into the relationship between the Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test (a widely used measure of empathizing) and self-measured 2D:4D in a nonclinical sample is reported. No evidence for a link between empathizing and 2D:4D in either females or males emerged. Further, three meta-analyses are presented that look into the relationships of 2D:4D with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), systemizing, and empathizing. 2D:4D was substantially lower (more masculine) in ASD-affected individuals than in normal controls (d = −0.58, P < 0.001). However, 2D:4D was found to be virtually unrelated to systemizing and empathizing in normal adults. The results support the idea that high PT is a risk factor for autism, but they challenge the view that PT substantially contributes to sex differences in systemizing and empathizing. Possibly, this pattern reflects an interaction effect, whereby PT drives ASD characteristic changes only in brains with a specific damage. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aur.1230 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=179
in Autism Research > 5-4 (August 2012) . - p.221-30[article] Digit Ratio 2D:4D in Relation to Autism Spectrum Disorders, Empathizing, and Systemizing: A Quantitative Review [Texte imprimé et/ou numérique] / Johannes HONEKOPP, Auteur . - 2012 . - p.221-30.
Langues : Anglais (eng)
in Autism Research > 5-4 (August 2012) . - p.221-30
Mots-clés : autism digit ratio prenatal testosterone empathizing systemizing sex differences Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Prenatal testosterone (PT) effects have been proposed to increase systemizing (the drive to understand lawful input–output relationships), to decrease empathizing (the drive to understand others), and to cause autism via hypermasculinization of the brain. Digit ratio 2D:4D is a putative marker of PT effects in humans. An online study (n = 1896) into the relationship between the Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test (a widely used measure of empathizing) and self-measured 2D:4D in a nonclinical sample is reported. No evidence for a link between empathizing and 2D:4D in either females or males emerged. Further, three meta-analyses are presented that look into the relationships of 2D:4D with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), systemizing, and empathizing. 2D:4D was substantially lower (more masculine) in ASD-affected individuals than in normal controls (d = −0.58, P < 0.001). However, 2D:4D was found to be virtually unrelated to systemizing and empathizing in normal adults. The results support the idea that high PT is a risk factor for autism, but they challenge the view that PT substantially contributes to sex differences in systemizing and empathizing. Possibly, this pattern reflects an interaction effect, whereby PT drives ASD characteristic changes only in brains with a specific damage. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aur.1230 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=179 Empathizing, systemizing, empathizing-systemizing difference and their association with autistic traits in children with autism spectrum disorder, with and without intellectual disability / Ning PAN in Autism Research, 15-7 (July 2022)
[article]
Titre : Empathizing, systemizing, empathizing-systemizing difference and their association with autistic traits in children with autism spectrum disorder, with and without intellectual disability Type de document : Texte imprimé et/ou numérique Auteurs : Ning PAN, Auteur ; Bonnie AUYEUNG, Auteur ; Xin WANG, Auteur ; Li-Zi LIN, Auteur ; Hai-Lin LI, Auteur ; Xiao-Ling ZHAN, Auteur ; Cheng-Kai JIN, Auteur ; Jin JING, Auteur ; Xiu-Hong LI, Auteur Article en page(s) : p.1348-1357 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : autism spectrum disorder empathy intellectual disability systemizing Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Empathizing, systemizing, and empathizing-systemizing difference can be linked to autistic traits in the general adult population and those with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), but these profiles and associations remain unclear in children with ASD, with and without intellectual disability (ASD?+?ID; ASD-noID). We recruited three groups including 160 boys with ASD (73 ASD?+?ID; 87 ASD-noID) and 99 typically developing (TD) boys (6-12?years). We measured empathizing, systemizing, and empathizing-systemizing difference using the parent-reported child Empathy and Systemizing Quotient (EQ-C/SQ-C). We measured autistic traits using the Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS). Among the three groups, children with ASD?+?ID and ASD-noID scored lower on the EQ-C and SQ-C than TD children (all p?0.001). There was no difference in the EQ-C between children with ASD?+?ID and ASD-noID (16.59?+?5.53 vs. 16.23?+?5.85, p = 0.973), and the difference in the SQ-C attenuated to null when adjusting for intelligence between children with ASD-noID and TD children (18.89?+?7.80 vs. 24.15?+?6.73, p = 0.089). Children with ASD?+?ID scored higher on empathizing-systemizing difference than TD children but lower than children with ASD-noID (all p?0.05). Negative associations between EQ-C and all autistic traits, null associations between SQ-C and all autistic traits, and positive associations between empathizing-systemizing difference and all autistic traits were found in all groups. We observed differences in empathizing, systemizing, and empathizing-systemizing difference and the consistency of their associations with autistic traits among the three groups. Our findings provide implication that behavioral interventions of ASD should consider the balance of empathizing and systemizing. LAY SUMMARY: We examined the profiles of empathizing, systemizing, and empathizing-systemizing difference in children with autism spectrum disorder, with and without intellectual disability (ASD?+?ID; ASD-noID), and typically developing (TD) children aged 6-12?years. We observed differences in these profiles and the consistency of their associations with autistic traits among the three groups. Empathizing and empathizing-systemizing difference, rather than systemizing, were associated with autistic traits within the three groups. Our findings provide implication that behavioral interventions of ASD should consider these imbalance profiles. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aur.2766 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=477
in Autism Research > 15-7 (July 2022) . - p.1348-1357[article] Empathizing, systemizing, empathizing-systemizing difference and their association with autistic traits in children with autism spectrum disorder, with and without intellectual disability [Texte imprimé et/ou numérique] / Ning PAN, Auteur ; Bonnie AUYEUNG, Auteur ; Xin WANG, Auteur ; Li-Zi LIN, Auteur ; Hai-Lin LI, Auteur ; Xiao-Ling ZHAN, Auteur ; Cheng-Kai JIN, Auteur ; Jin JING, Auteur ; Xiu-Hong LI, Auteur . - p.1348-1357.
Langues : Anglais (eng)
in Autism Research > 15-7 (July 2022) . - p.1348-1357
Mots-clés : autism spectrum disorder empathy intellectual disability systemizing Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Empathizing, systemizing, and empathizing-systemizing difference can be linked to autistic traits in the general adult population and those with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), but these profiles and associations remain unclear in children with ASD, with and without intellectual disability (ASD?+?ID; ASD-noID). We recruited three groups including 160 boys with ASD (73 ASD?+?ID; 87 ASD-noID) and 99 typically developing (TD) boys (6-12?years). We measured empathizing, systemizing, and empathizing-systemizing difference using the parent-reported child Empathy and Systemizing Quotient (EQ-C/SQ-C). We measured autistic traits using the Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS). Among the three groups, children with ASD?+?ID and ASD-noID scored lower on the EQ-C and SQ-C than TD children (all p?0.001). There was no difference in the EQ-C between children with ASD?+?ID and ASD-noID (16.59?+?5.53 vs. 16.23?+?5.85, p = 0.973), and the difference in the SQ-C attenuated to null when adjusting for intelligence between children with ASD-noID and TD children (18.89?+?7.80 vs. 24.15?+?6.73, p = 0.089). Children with ASD?+?ID scored higher on empathizing-systemizing difference than TD children but lower than children with ASD-noID (all p?0.05). Negative associations between EQ-C and all autistic traits, null associations between SQ-C and all autistic traits, and positive associations between empathizing-systemizing difference and all autistic traits were found in all groups. We observed differences in empathizing, systemizing, and empathizing-systemizing difference and the consistency of their associations with autistic traits among the three groups. Our findings provide implication that behavioral interventions of ASD should consider the balance of empathizing and systemizing. LAY SUMMARY: We examined the profiles of empathizing, systemizing, and empathizing-systemizing difference in children with autism spectrum disorder, with and without intellectual disability (ASD?+?ID; ASD-noID), and typically developing (TD) children aged 6-12?years. We observed differences in these profiles and the consistency of their associations with autistic traits among the three groups. Empathizing and empathizing-systemizing difference, rather than systemizing, were associated with autistic traits within the three groups. Our findings provide implication that behavioral interventions of ASD should consider these imbalance profiles. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aur.2766 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=477 Investigating distinct and related contributions of Weak Central Coherence, Executive Dysfunction, and Systemizing theories to the cognitive profiles of children with Autism Spectrum Disorders and typically developing children / Sandra B. VANEGAS in Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 11 (March 2015)
PermalinkThe Empathizing-Systemizing Theory and 'Extreme Male Brain' (EMB) Theory in Parents of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD): An Explorative, Cross-Sectional Study / Francesco CRAIG in Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 49-10 (October 2019)
PermalinkA Critical Review of the Research on the Extreme Male Brain Theory and Digit Ratio (2D:4D) / Missy L. TEATERO in Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 43-11 (November 2013)
PermalinkSex differences in children with autism spectrum disorders compared with their unaffected siblings and typically developing children / Subin PARK in Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 6-2 (April-June 2012)
PermalinkTesting the Extreme Male Brain Theory of Autism Spectrum Disorder in a Familial Design / Ingeborg HAUTH in Autism Research, 7-4 (August 2014)
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