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8 recherche sur le mot-clé 'extreme male brain'
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A Critical Review of the Research on the Extreme Male Brain Theory and Digit Ratio (2D:4D) / Missy L. TEATERO in Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 43-11 (November 2013)
[article]
Titre : A Critical Review of the Research on the Extreme Male Brain Theory and Digit Ratio (2D:4D) Type de document : Texte imprimé et/ou numérique Auteurs : Missy L. TEATERO, Auteur ; Charles NETLEY, Auteur Article en page(s) : p.2664-2676 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Extreme male brain Autism spectrum Empathizing Systemizing Digit ratio 2D:4D Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Boys are more likely than girls to be diagnosed with an autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The extreme male brain (EMB) theory of ASD suggests that fetal testosterone (FT) exposure may underlie sex differences in autistic traits. A link between the organizational effects of FT on the brain and ASD is often drawn based on research using digit ratio (2D:4D), a putative biomarker, without a full survey of the findings. This paper critically and quantitatively reviews the research on the relationship between 2D:4D and ASD as well as autism spectrum, empathizing, and systemizing measures in neurotypical populations. Overall, there is some support for the EMB theory in all four areas, particularly the 2D:4D–ASD relationship. Recommendations for future research are provided. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10803-013-1819-6 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=217
in Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders > 43-11 (November 2013) . - p.2664-2676[article] A Critical Review of the Research on the Extreme Male Brain Theory and Digit Ratio (2D:4D) [Texte imprimé et/ou numérique] / Missy L. TEATERO, Auteur ; Charles NETLEY, Auteur . - p.2664-2676.
Langues : Anglais (eng)
in Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders > 43-11 (November 2013) . - p.2664-2676
Mots-clés : Extreme male brain Autism spectrum Empathizing Systemizing Digit ratio 2D:4D Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Boys are more likely than girls to be diagnosed with an autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The extreme male brain (EMB) theory of ASD suggests that fetal testosterone (FT) exposure may underlie sex differences in autistic traits. A link between the organizational effects of FT on the brain and ASD is often drawn based on research using digit ratio (2D:4D), a putative biomarker, without a full survey of the findings. This paper critically and quantitatively reviews the research on the relationship between 2D:4D and ASD as well as autism spectrum, empathizing, and systemizing measures in neurotypical populations. Overall, there is some support for the EMB theory in all four areas, particularly the 2D:4D–ASD relationship. Recommendations for future research are provided. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10803-013-1819-6 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=217 Some difficulties behind the concept of the ‘Extreme male brain’ in autism research. A theoretical review / Rosalind RIDLEY in Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 57 (January 2019)
[article]
Titre : Some difficulties behind the concept of the ‘Extreme male brain’ in autism research. A theoretical review Type de document : Texte imprimé et/ou numérique Auteurs : Rosalind RIDLEY, Auteur Article en page(s) : p.19-27 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Extreme male brain Gender Autism Asperger’s syndrome Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : The idea that autistic symptoms are produced by an ‘extreme male brain’ warrants further examination. The concept of the ‘extreme male brain’ derives from scores on the Autism Spectrum Questionnaire (AQ) i.e. it is defined behaviourally rather than anatomically. But if the concept of the ‘extreme male brain’ is to explain rather than describe autistic behaviour then evidence must come from a non-behavioural (e.g. physiological, biochemical or anatomical) source to avoid circularity of argument. The lack of a cognitive intervening variable linking autistic behavioural traits to brain activity casts doubt on the existence of a uni-dimensional spectrum of ‘brain gender’ for which autism is to be found at the ‘extreme male’ end. The inappropriate conflation of the dependent variable (score on the AQ) and the independent variable (brain anatomy of respondent) has led to the claim that a person with autism, even if female, has an ‘extreme male brain’. This is comparable to the claim that, because on average men are taller than women, extremely tall women have ‘extreme male height’. This stereotypical view of gender fails to recognize the overlapping diversity of cognitive styles found in males and females. En ligne : https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2018.09.007 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=371
in Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders > 57 (January 2019) . - p.19-27[article] Some difficulties behind the concept of the ‘Extreme male brain’ in autism research. A theoretical review [Texte imprimé et/ou numérique] / Rosalind RIDLEY, Auteur . - p.19-27.
Langues : Anglais (eng)
in Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders > 57 (January 2019) . - p.19-27
Mots-clés : Extreme male brain Gender Autism Asperger’s syndrome Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : The idea that autistic symptoms are produced by an ‘extreme male brain’ warrants further examination. The concept of the ‘extreme male brain’ derives from scores on the Autism Spectrum Questionnaire (AQ) i.e. it is defined behaviourally rather than anatomically. But if the concept of the ‘extreme male brain’ is to explain rather than describe autistic behaviour then evidence must come from a non-behavioural (e.g. physiological, biochemical or anatomical) source to avoid circularity of argument. The lack of a cognitive intervening variable linking autistic behavioural traits to brain activity casts doubt on the existence of a uni-dimensional spectrum of ‘brain gender’ for which autism is to be found at the ‘extreme male’ end. The inappropriate conflation of the dependent variable (score on the AQ) and the independent variable (brain anatomy of respondent) has led to the claim that a person with autism, even if female, has an ‘extreme male brain’. This is comparable to the claim that, because on average men are taller than women, extremely tall women have ‘extreme male height’. This stereotypical view of gender fails to recognize the overlapping diversity of cognitive styles found in males and females. En ligne : https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2018.09.007 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=371 Network-specific sex differentiation of intrinsic brain function in males with autism / D. L. FLORIS in Molecular Autism, 9 (2018)
[article]
Titre : Network-specific sex differentiation of intrinsic brain function in males with autism Type de document : Texte imprimé et/ou numérique Auteurs : D. L. FLORIS, Auteur ; Meng-Chuan LAI, Auteur ; T. NATH, Auteur ; M. P. MILHAM, Auteur ; A. DI MARTINO, Auteur Article en page(s) : 17p. Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Autism spectrum disorder Extreme Male Brain Gender Incoherence Resting-state fMRI Sex differentiation Sex mosaicism Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Background: The male predominance in the prevalence of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has motivated research on sex differentiation in ASD. Multiple sources of evidence have suggested a neurophenotypic convergence of ASD-related characteristics and typical sex differences. Two existing, albeit competing, models provide predictions on such neurophenotypic convergence. These two models are testable with neuroimaging. Specifically, the Extreme Male Brain (EMB) model predicts that ASD is associated with enhanced brain maleness in both males and females with ASD (i.e., a shift-towards-maleness). In contrast, the Gender Incoherence (GI) model predicts a shift-towards-maleness in females, yet a shift-towards-femaleness in males with ASD. Methods: To clarify whether either model applies to the intrinsic functional properties of the brain in males with ASD, we measured the statistical overlap between typical sex differences and ASD-related atypicalities in resting-state fMRI (R-fMRI) datasets largely available in males. Main analyses focused on two large-scale R-fMRI samples: 357 neurotypical (NT) males and 471 NT females from the 1000 Functional Connectome Project and 360 males with ASD and 403 NT males from the Autism Brain Imaging Data Exchange. Results: Across all R-fMRI metrics, results revealed coexisting, but network-specific, shift-towards-maleness and shift-towards-femaleness in males with ASD. A shift-towards-maleness mostly involved the default network, while a shift-towards-femaleness mostly occurred in the somatomotor network. Explorations of the associated cognitive processes using available cognitive ontology maps indicated that higher-order social cognitive functions corresponded to the shift-towards-maleness, while lower-order sensory motor processes corresponded to the shift-towards-femaleness. Conclusions: The present findings suggest that atypical intrinsic brain properties in males with ASD partly reflect mechanisms involved in sexual differentiation. A model based on network-dependent atypical sex mosaicism can synthesize prior competing theories on factors involved in sex differentiation in ASD. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13229-018-0192-x Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=354
in Molecular Autism > 9 (2018) . - 17p.[article] Network-specific sex differentiation of intrinsic brain function in males with autism [Texte imprimé et/ou numérique] / D. L. FLORIS, Auteur ; Meng-Chuan LAI, Auteur ; T. NATH, Auteur ; M. P. MILHAM, Auteur ; A. DI MARTINO, Auteur . - 17p.
Langues : Anglais (eng)
in Molecular Autism > 9 (2018) . - 17p.
Mots-clés : Autism spectrum disorder Extreme Male Brain Gender Incoherence Resting-state fMRI Sex differentiation Sex mosaicism Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Background: The male predominance in the prevalence of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has motivated research on sex differentiation in ASD. Multiple sources of evidence have suggested a neurophenotypic convergence of ASD-related characteristics and typical sex differences. Two existing, albeit competing, models provide predictions on such neurophenotypic convergence. These two models are testable with neuroimaging. Specifically, the Extreme Male Brain (EMB) model predicts that ASD is associated with enhanced brain maleness in both males and females with ASD (i.e., a shift-towards-maleness). In contrast, the Gender Incoherence (GI) model predicts a shift-towards-maleness in females, yet a shift-towards-femaleness in males with ASD. Methods: To clarify whether either model applies to the intrinsic functional properties of the brain in males with ASD, we measured the statistical overlap between typical sex differences and ASD-related atypicalities in resting-state fMRI (R-fMRI) datasets largely available in males. Main analyses focused on two large-scale R-fMRI samples: 357 neurotypical (NT) males and 471 NT females from the 1000 Functional Connectome Project and 360 males with ASD and 403 NT males from the Autism Brain Imaging Data Exchange. Results: Across all R-fMRI metrics, results revealed coexisting, but network-specific, shift-towards-maleness and shift-towards-femaleness in males with ASD. A shift-towards-maleness mostly involved the default network, while a shift-towards-femaleness mostly occurred in the somatomotor network. Explorations of the associated cognitive processes using available cognitive ontology maps indicated that higher-order social cognitive functions corresponded to the shift-towards-maleness, while lower-order sensory motor processes corresponded to the shift-towards-femaleness. Conclusions: The present findings suggest that atypical intrinsic brain properties in males with ASD partly reflect mechanisms involved in sexual differentiation. A model based on network-dependent atypical sex mosaicism can synthesize prior competing theories on factors involved in sex differentiation in ASD. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13229-018-0192-x Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=354 Absence of sex differences in mental rotation performance in autism spectrum disorder / M. S. ROHDE in Autism, 22-7 (October 2018)
[article]
Titre : Absence of sex differences in mental rotation performance in autism spectrum disorder Type de document : Texte imprimé et/ou numérique Auteurs : M. S. ROHDE, Auteur ; Alexandra Livia GEORGESCU, Auteur ; Kai VOGELEY, Auteur ; R. FIMMERS, Auteur ; C. M. FALTER-WAGNER, Auteur Article en page(s) : p.855-865 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : adults autism spectrum disorders extreme male brain mental rotation sex differences visuo-spatial Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Mental rotation is one of the most investigated cognitive functions showing consistent sex differences. The 'Extreme Male Brain' hypothesis attributes the cognitive profile of individuals with autism spectrum disorder to an extreme version of the male cognitive profile. Previous investigations focused almost exclusively on males with autism spectrum disorder with only limited implications for affected females. This study is the first testing a sample of 12 female adults with high-functioning autism spectrum disorder compared to 14 males with autism spectrum disorder, 12 typically developing females and 14 typically developing males employing a computerised version of the mental rotation test. Reaction time and accuracy served as dependent variables. Their linear relationship with degree of rotation allows separation of rotational aspects of the task, indicated by slopes of the psychometric function, and non-rotational aspects, indicated by intercepts of the psychometric function. While the typical and expected sex difference for rotational task aspects was corroborated in typically developing individuals, no comparable sex difference was found in autism spectrum disorder individuals. Autism spectrum disorder and typically developing individuals did not differ in mental rotation performance. This finding does not support the extreme male brain hypothesis of autism. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1362361317714991 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=370
in Autism > 22-7 (October 2018) . - p.855-865[article] Absence of sex differences in mental rotation performance in autism spectrum disorder [Texte imprimé et/ou numérique] / M. S. ROHDE, Auteur ; Alexandra Livia GEORGESCU, Auteur ; Kai VOGELEY, Auteur ; R. FIMMERS, Auteur ; C. M. FALTER-WAGNER, Auteur . - p.855-865.
Langues : Anglais (eng)
in Autism > 22-7 (October 2018) . - p.855-865
Mots-clés : adults autism spectrum disorders extreme male brain mental rotation sex differences visuo-spatial Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Mental rotation is one of the most investigated cognitive functions showing consistent sex differences. The 'Extreme Male Brain' hypothesis attributes the cognitive profile of individuals with autism spectrum disorder to an extreme version of the male cognitive profile. Previous investigations focused almost exclusively on males with autism spectrum disorder with only limited implications for affected females. This study is the first testing a sample of 12 female adults with high-functioning autism spectrum disorder compared to 14 males with autism spectrum disorder, 12 typically developing females and 14 typically developing males employing a computerised version of the mental rotation test. Reaction time and accuracy served as dependent variables. Their linear relationship with degree of rotation allows separation of rotational aspects of the task, indicated by slopes of the psychometric function, and non-rotational aspects, indicated by intercepts of the psychometric function. While the typical and expected sex difference for rotational task aspects was corroborated in typically developing individuals, no comparable sex difference was found in autism spectrum disorder individuals. Autism spectrum disorder and typically developing individuals did not differ in mental rotation performance. This finding does not support the extreme male brain hypothesis of autism. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1362361317714991 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=370 Autistic traits, systemising, empathising, and theory of mind in transgender and non-binary adults / Karson T. F. KUNG in Molecular Autism, 11 (2020)
[article]
Titre : Autistic traits, systemising, empathising, and theory of mind in transgender and non-binary adults Type de document : Texte imprimé et/ou numérique Auteurs : Karson T. F. KUNG, Auteur Article en page(s) : 73 p. Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Autism Empathy Extreme male brain Gender minority Non-binary Systemising Theory of mind Transgender Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : BACKGROUND: Prior research examining autistic traits in gender minority adults has reported mixed findings. Most prior studies did not include non-binary individuals. Little is known about the mechanisms shaping autistic traits in gender minority adults. This study examined autistic traits, as well as constructs related to the extreme male brain theory of autism and the mindblindness theory, in transgender and non-binary adults. METHODS: An online survey was conducted to assess autism-related traits in 323 gender minority adults, including 74 transgender men (individuals assigned female at birth and identify as a man), 95 transgender women (individuals assigned male at birth and identify as a woman), 104 non-binary AFAB (individuals assigned female at birth and identify as non-binary), and 50 non-binary AMAB (individuals assigned male at birth and identify as non-binary). Autistic traits, systemising, empathising, and Theory of Mind (ToM) were measured using the Autism Spectrum Quotient (AQ), the short forms of the Systemising Quotient (SQ-Short) and the Empathy Quotient (EQ-Short), the 10-item version of the Empathy Quotient (EQ-10) and the Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test (Eyes Test). Participants' scores on these measures were compared with previously published scores based on large-scale general population samples including thousands of participants. RESULTS: On average, compared with control females in the general population samples, both transgender men and non-binary AFAB scored significantly higher on the AQ and the SQ-Short but scored significantly lower on the EQ-Short, the EQ-10, and the Eyes Test. No clear or consistent group differences emerged when transgender women and non-binary AMAB were compared with control males. LIMITATIONS: The present study does not have a large sample of gender minority adults. It has been argued that the measures employed may not provide a precise assessment of the psychological constructs of interest. The present study has a "non-clinical" sample. However, not all gender minorities have access to or require clinical services, and so a "non-clinical" sample may be more representative of the gender minority community as a whole than samples recruited through clinics. CONCLUSIONS: The current findings suggest a "masculinised" autism-related profile and reduced ToM in transgender men and in non-binary AFAB. These findings might be interpreted to support the extreme male brain theory of autism and the mindblindness theory. Further research is needed to corroborate these findings. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13229-020-00378-7 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=433
in Molecular Autism > 11 (2020) . - 73 p.[article] Autistic traits, systemising, empathising, and theory of mind in transgender and non-binary adults [Texte imprimé et/ou numérique] / Karson T. F. KUNG, Auteur . - 73 p.
Langues : Anglais (eng)
in Molecular Autism > 11 (2020) . - 73 p.
Mots-clés : Autism Empathy Extreme male brain Gender minority Non-binary Systemising Theory of mind Transgender Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : BACKGROUND: Prior research examining autistic traits in gender minority adults has reported mixed findings. Most prior studies did not include non-binary individuals. Little is known about the mechanisms shaping autistic traits in gender minority adults. This study examined autistic traits, as well as constructs related to the extreme male brain theory of autism and the mindblindness theory, in transgender and non-binary adults. METHODS: An online survey was conducted to assess autism-related traits in 323 gender minority adults, including 74 transgender men (individuals assigned female at birth and identify as a man), 95 transgender women (individuals assigned male at birth and identify as a woman), 104 non-binary AFAB (individuals assigned female at birth and identify as non-binary), and 50 non-binary AMAB (individuals assigned male at birth and identify as non-binary). Autistic traits, systemising, empathising, and Theory of Mind (ToM) were measured using the Autism Spectrum Quotient (AQ), the short forms of the Systemising Quotient (SQ-Short) and the Empathy Quotient (EQ-Short), the 10-item version of the Empathy Quotient (EQ-10) and the Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test (Eyes Test). Participants' scores on these measures were compared with previously published scores based on large-scale general population samples including thousands of participants. RESULTS: On average, compared with control females in the general population samples, both transgender men and non-binary AFAB scored significantly higher on the AQ and the SQ-Short but scored significantly lower on the EQ-Short, the EQ-10, and the Eyes Test. No clear or consistent group differences emerged when transgender women and non-binary AMAB were compared with control males. LIMITATIONS: The present study does not have a large sample of gender minority adults. It has been argued that the measures employed may not provide a precise assessment of the psychological constructs of interest. The present study has a "non-clinical" sample. However, not all gender minorities have access to or require clinical services, and so a "non-clinical" sample may be more representative of the gender minority community as a whole than samples recruited through clinics. CONCLUSIONS: The current findings suggest a "masculinised" autism-related profile and reduced ToM in transgender men and in non-binary AFAB. These findings might be interpreted to support the extreme male brain theory of autism and the mindblindness theory. Further research is needed to corroborate these findings. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13229-020-00378-7 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=433 No relationship between prenatal androgen exposure and autistic traits: convergent evidence from studies of children with congenital adrenal hyperplasia and of amniotic testosterone concentrations in typically developing children / Karson T. F. KUNG in Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 57-12 (December 2016)
PermalinkNo relationship between prenatal or early postnatal androgen exposure and autistic traits: evidence using anogenital distance and penile length measurements at birth and 3 months of age / Karson T. F. KUNG in Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 62-7 (July 2021)
PermalinkAssociation between early androgens and autistic traits: A systematic review and meta-analysis / Nadia COSCINI in Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 85 (July 2021)
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