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Memory for facial expressions on the autism spectrum: The influence of gaze direction and type of expression / Sylwia MACINSKA in Autism Research, 15-5 (May 2022)
[article]
Titre : Memory for facial expressions on the autism spectrum: The influence of gaze direction and type of expression Type de document : Texte imprimé et/ou numérique Auteurs : Sylwia MACINSKA, Auteur ; Tjeerd JELLEMA, Auteur Article en page(s) : p.870-880 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Autism Spectrum Disorder/complications/psychology Autistic Disorder/psychology Emotions Facial Expression Happiness Humans autistic-like traits facial expressions gaze direction high-functioning autism memory social perception Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Face memory research in autism has largely neglected memory for facial expressions, in favor of memory for identity. This study in three experiments examined the role of gaze direction and type of expression on memory for facial expressions in relation to the autism spectrum. In the learning phase, four combinations of facial expressions (joy/anger) and gaze direction (toward/away), displayed by 16 different identities, were presented. In a subsequent surprise test the same identities were presented displaying neutral expressions, and the expression of each identity had to be recalled. In Experiment 1, typically-developed (TD) individuals with low and high Autism Quotient (AQ) scores were tested with three repetitions of each emotion/gaze combination, which did not produce any modulations. In Experiment 2, another group of TD individuals with low and high AQ scores were tested with eight repetitions, resulting in a "happy advantage" and a "direct gaze advantage", but no interactions. In Experiment 3, individuals with high-functioning autism (HFA) and a matched TD group were tested using eight repetitions. The HFA group revealed no emotion or gaze effects, while the matched TD group showed both a happy and a direct gaze advantage, and again no interaction. The results suggest that in autistic individuals the memory for facial expressions is intact, but is not modulated by the person's expression type and gaze direction. We discuss whether anomalous implicit learning of facial cues could have contributed to these findings, its relevance for social intuition, and its possible contribution to social deficits in autism. LAY SUMMARY: It has often been found that memory for someone's face (facial identity) is less good in autism. However, it is not yet known whether memory for someone's facial expression is also less good in autism. In this study, the memory for expressions of joy and anger was investigated in typically-developed (TD) individuals who possessed either few or many autistic-like traits (Experiments 1 and 2), and in individuals with high-functioning autism (Experiment 3). The gaze direction was also varied (directed either toward, or away from, the observer). We found that TD individuals best remembered expressions of joy, and remembered expressions of both joy and anger better when the gaze was directed at them. These effects did not depend on the extent to which they possessed autistic-like traits. Autistic participants remembered the facial expression of a previously encountered person as good as TD participants did. However, in contrast to the TD participants, the memory of autistic participants was not influenced by the expression type and gaze direction of the previously encountered persons. We discuss whether this may lead to difficulties in the development of social intuition, which in turn could give rise to difficulties in social interaction that are characteristic for autism. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aur.2682 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=473
in Autism Research > 15-5 (May 2022) . - p.870-880[article] Memory for facial expressions on the autism spectrum: The influence of gaze direction and type of expression [Texte imprimé et/ou numérique] / Sylwia MACINSKA, Auteur ; Tjeerd JELLEMA, Auteur . - p.870-880.
Langues : Anglais (eng)
in Autism Research > 15-5 (May 2022) . - p.870-880
Mots-clés : Autism Spectrum Disorder/complications/psychology Autistic Disorder/psychology Emotions Facial Expression Happiness Humans autistic-like traits facial expressions gaze direction high-functioning autism memory social perception Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Face memory research in autism has largely neglected memory for facial expressions, in favor of memory for identity. This study in three experiments examined the role of gaze direction and type of expression on memory for facial expressions in relation to the autism spectrum. In the learning phase, four combinations of facial expressions (joy/anger) and gaze direction (toward/away), displayed by 16 different identities, were presented. In a subsequent surprise test the same identities were presented displaying neutral expressions, and the expression of each identity had to be recalled. In Experiment 1, typically-developed (TD) individuals with low and high Autism Quotient (AQ) scores were tested with three repetitions of each emotion/gaze combination, which did not produce any modulations. In Experiment 2, another group of TD individuals with low and high AQ scores were tested with eight repetitions, resulting in a "happy advantage" and a "direct gaze advantage", but no interactions. In Experiment 3, individuals with high-functioning autism (HFA) and a matched TD group were tested using eight repetitions. The HFA group revealed no emotion or gaze effects, while the matched TD group showed both a happy and a direct gaze advantage, and again no interaction. The results suggest that in autistic individuals the memory for facial expressions is intact, but is not modulated by the person's expression type and gaze direction. We discuss whether anomalous implicit learning of facial cues could have contributed to these findings, its relevance for social intuition, and its possible contribution to social deficits in autism. LAY SUMMARY: It has often been found that memory for someone's face (facial identity) is less good in autism. However, it is not yet known whether memory for someone's facial expression is also less good in autism. In this study, the memory for expressions of joy and anger was investigated in typically-developed (TD) individuals who possessed either few or many autistic-like traits (Experiments 1 and 2), and in individuals with high-functioning autism (Experiment 3). The gaze direction was also varied (directed either toward, or away from, the observer). We found that TD individuals best remembered expressions of joy, and remembered expressions of both joy and anger better when the gaze was directed at them. These effects did not depend on the extent to which they possessed autistic-like traits. Autistic participants remembered the facial expression of a previously encountered person as good as TD participants did. However, in contrast to the TD participants, the memory of autistic participants was not influenced by the expression type and gaze direction of the previously encountered persons. We discuss whether this may lead to difficulties in the development of social intuition, which in turn could give rise to difficulties in social interaction that are characteristic for autism. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aur.2682 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=473 Effects of eye gaze directions of facial images on looking behaviour and autonomic responses in adolescents with autism spectrum disorders / A. LOUWERSE in Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 7-9 (September 2013)
[article]
Titre : Effects of eye gaze directions of facial images on looking behaviour and autonomic responses in adolescents with autism spectrum disorders Type de document : Texte imprimé et/ou numérique Auteurs : A. LOUWERSE, Auteur ; J. N. VAN DER GEEST, Auteur ; J. H. M. TULEN, Auteur ; J. VAN DER ENDE, Auteur ; A. R. VAN GOOL, Auteur ; F. C. VERHULST, Auteur ; Kirstin GREAVES-LORD, Auteur Article en page(s) : p.1043-1053 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Autism spectrum disorders Eyes Gaze direction Eye-tracking Heart rate Skin conductance response Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Abstract It has been suggested that atypical eye contact of individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) arises from an unusually high level of autonomic activity elicited by another person's gaze. The present study investigated visual fixation duration and autonomic reactivity (heart rate, skin conductance response) simultaneously, while adolescents looked towards photographs of neutral faces, with either direct eye gaze, averted eye gaze or closed eyes. Both cognitively able adolescents with ASD (n = 31, mean age = 16 years, mean IQ = 104) and typically developing (TD) adolescents (n = 34, mean age = 16 years, mean IQ = 108) looked significantly longer towards the eye region of faces with direct eye gaze compared with faces with averted eye gaze or closed eyes. The adolescents with ASD did not show higher levels of autonomic activity than TD adolescents while they were instructed to look at the eye region. This suggests that looking at the eye region of static faces does not particularly trigger high autonomic arousal in adolescents with ASD. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2013.04.013 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=211
in Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders > 7-9 (September 2013) . - p.1043-1053[article] Effects of eye gaze directions of facial images on looking behaviour and autonomic responses in adolescents with autism spectrum disorders [Texte imprimé et/ou numérique] / A. LOUWERSE, Auteur ; J. N. VAN DER GEEST, Auteur ; J. H. M. TULEN, Auteur ; J. VAN DER ENDE, Auteur ; A. R. VAN GOOL, Auteur ; F. C. VERHULST, Auteur ; Kirstin GREAVES-LORD, Auteur . - p.1043-1053.
Langues : Anglais (eng)
in Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders > 7-9 (September 2013) . - p.1043-1053
Mots-clés : Autism spectrum disorders Eyes Gaze direction Eye-tracking Heart rate Skin conductance response Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Abstract It has been suggested that atypical eye contact of individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) arises from an unusually high level of autonomic activity elicited by another person's gaze. The present study investigated visual fixation duration and autonomic reactivity (heart rate, skin conductance response) simultaneously, while adolescents looked towards photographs of neutral faces, with either direct eye gaze, averted eye gaze or closed eyes. Both cognitively able adolescents with ASD (n = 31, mean age = 16 years, mean IQ = 104) and typically developing (TD) adolescents (n = 34, mean age = 16 years, mean IQ = 108) looked significantly longer towards the eye region of faces with direct eye gaze compared with faces with averted eye gaze or closed eyes. The adolescents with ASD did not show higher levels of autonomic activity than TD adolescents while they were instructed to look at the eye region. This suggests that looking at the eye region of static faces does not particularly trigger high autonomic arousal in adolescents with ASD. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2013.04.013 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=211 Anticipation of Action Intentions in Autism Spectrum Disorder / Matthew HUDSON in Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 42-8 (August 2012)
[article]
Titre : Anticipation of Action Intentions in Autism Spectrum Disorder Type de document : Texte imprimé et/ou numérique Auteurs : Matthew HUDSON, Auteur ; Hollie G. BURNETT, Auteur ; Tjeerd JELLEMA, Auteur Année de publication : 2012 Article en page(s) : p.1684-1693 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Autism spectrum disorder Gaze direction Action anticipation Representational momentum Motor intention Goal directed action Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : We investigated whether individuals with a mild form of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are influenced by an actor’s gaze direction when anticipating how an observed action will continue in the immediate future. Participants observed a head rotate towards them, while the gaze direction was either leading, or lagging behind, rotation. They also observed identical rotations of a cylinder containing the geometrical equivalent of the gaze manipulation. The control group was influenced by the gaze manipulations for the animate but not the inanimate stimulus. The ASD group did not discriminate between the stimuli, showing a similar influence for both. This suggests that the ASD responses in the animate condition were biased by the low-level directional features of the eyes rather than by the conveyed intentions. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10803-011-1410-y Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=178
in Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders > 42-8 (August 2012) . - p.1684-1693[article] Anticipation of Action Intentions in Autism Spectrum Disorder [Texte imprimé et/ou numérique] / Matthew HUDSON, Auteur ; Hollie G. BURNETT, Auteur ; Tjeerd JELLEMA, Auteur . - 2012 . - p.1684-1693.
Langues : Anglais (eng)
in Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders > 42-8 (August 2012) . - p.1684-1693
Mots-clés : Autism spectrum disorder Gaze direction Action anticipation Representational momentum Motor intention Goal directed action Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : We investigated whether individuals with a mild form of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are influenced by an actor’s gaze direction when anticipating how an observed action will continue in the immediate future. Participants observed a head rotate towards them, while the gaze direction was either leading, or lagging behind, rotation. They also observed identical rotations of a cylinder containing the geometrical equivalent of the gaze manipulation. The control group was influenced by the gaze manipulations for the animate but not the inanimate stimulus. The ASD group did not discriminate between the stimuli, showing a similar influence for both. This suggests that the ASD responses in the animate condition were biased by the low-level directional features of the eyes rather than by the conveyed intentions. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10803-011-1410-y Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=178 Eye contact perception in high-functioning adults with autism spectrum disorder / Shota UONO in Autism, 25-1 (January 2021)
[article]
Titre : Eye contact perception in high-functioning adults with autism spectrum disorder Type de document : Texte imprimé et/ou numérique Auteurs : Shota UONO, Auteur ; Sayaka YOSHIMURA, Auteur ; Motomi TOICHI, Auteur Article en page(s) : p.137-147 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : autism spectrum disorder emotion eye contact gaze direction ingroup bias social anxiety Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : The detection of a self-directed gaze is often the starting point for social interactions and a person who feels as if they are being watched can prepare to respond to others' actions irrespective of the real gaze direction because the other person may likely be motivated to approach. Although many studies demonstrated that individuals with autism spectrum disorder have difficulty discriminating gaze direction, it remains unclear how the perception of self-directed gaze by individuals with autism spectrum disorder differs from that of age-, sex-, and IQ-matched typically developing individuals. Participants observed faces with various gaze directions and answered whether the person in the photograph was looking at them or not. Individuals with and without autism spectrum disorder were just as likely to perceive subtle averted gazes as self-directed gazes. The frequency of perceiving a self-directed gaze decreased as gaze aversion increased in both groups and, in general, individuals with autism spectrum disorder showed a comparable ability to perceive a self-directed gaze as that of typically developing individuals. Interestingly, considering face membership of photographs (ingroup or outgroup faces), typically developing individuals, but not individuals with autism spectrum disorder, were more likely to perceive self-directed gazes from ingroup faces than from outgroup faces. However, individuals with autism spectrum disorder had different affective experiences in response to ingroup and outgroup faces. These results suggest that individuals with autism spectrum disorder did not show an ingroup bias for the perception of a self-directed gaze, and raise a possibility that an atypical emotional experience contributes to the diminished ingroup bias. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1362361320949721 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=437
in Autism > 25-1 (January 2021) . - p.137-147[article] Eye contact perception in high-functioning adults with autism spectrum disorder [Texte imprimé et/ou numérique] / Shota UONO, Auteur ; Sayaka YOSHIMURA, Auteur ; Motomi TOICHI, Auteur . - p.137-147.
Langues : Anglais (eng)
in Autism > 25-1 (January 2021) . - p.137-147
Mots-clés : autism spectrum disorder emotion eye contact gaze direction ingroup bias social anxiety Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : The detection of a self-directed gaze is often the starting point for social interactions and a person who feels as if they are being watched can prepare to respond to others' actions irrespective of the real gaze direction because the other person may likely be motivated to approach. Although many studies demonstrated that individuals with autism spectrum disorder have difficulty discriminating gaze direction, it remains unclear how the perception of self-directed gaze by individuals with autism spectrum disorder differs from that of age-, sex-, and IQ-matched typically developing individuals. Participants observed faces with various gaze directions and answered whether the person in the photograph was looking at them or not. Individuals with and without autism spectrum disorder were just as likely to perceive subtle averted gazes as self-directed gazes. The frequency of perceiving a self-directed gaze decreased as gaze aversion increased in both groups and, in general, individuals with autism spectrum disorder showed a comparable ability to perceive a self-directed gaze as that of typically developing individuals. Interestingly, considering face membership of photographs (ingroup or outgroup faces), typically developing individuals, but not individuals with autism spectrum disorder, were more likely to perceive self-directed gazes from ingroup faces than from outgroup faces. However, individuals with autism spectrum disorder had different affective experiences in response to ingroup and outgroup faces. These results suggest that individuals with autism spectrum disorder did not show an ingroup bias for the perception of a self-directed gaze, and raise a possibility that an atypical emotional experience contributes to the diminished ingroup bias. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1362361320949721 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=437 Implicit Social Learning in Relation to Autistic-Like Traits / Matthew HUDSON in Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 42-12 (December 2012)
[article]
Titre : Implicit Social Learning in Relation to Autistic-Like Traits Type de document : Texte imprimé et/ou numérique Auteurs : Matthew HUDSON, Auteur ; Tanja C. W. NIJBOER, Auteur ; Tjeerd JELLEMA, Auteur Année de publication : 2012 Article en page(s) : p.2534-2545 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Intention Gaze direction Autism spectrum Emotional expression Gaze cueing Implicit learning Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : We investigated if variation in autistic traits in the typically-developed population (using the Autism-spectrum Quotient, AQ) influenced implicit learning of social information. In the learning phase, participants repeatedly observed two identities whose gaze and expression conveyed either a pro- or antisocial disposition. These identities were then employed in a gaze-cueing paradigm. Participants made speeded responses to a peripheral target that was spatially pre-cued by a non-predictive gaze direction. The low AQ group (n = 50) showed a smaller gaze-cueing effect for the antisocial than for the prosocial identity. The high AQ group (n = 48) showed equivalent gaze-cueing for both identities. Others' intentions/dispositions can be learned implicitly and affect subsequent responses to their behavior. This ability is impaired with increasing levels of autistic traits. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10803-012-1510-3 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=184
in Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders > 42-12 (December 2012) . - p.2534-2545[article] Implicit Social Learning in Relation to Autistic-Like Traits [Texte imprimé et/ou numérique] / Matthew HUDSON, Auteur ; Tanja C. W. NIJBOER, Auteur ; Tjeerd JELLEMA, Auteur . - 2012 . - p.2534-2545.
Langues : Anglais (eng)
in Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders > 42-12 (December 2012) . - p.2534-2545
Mots-clés : Intention Gaze direction Autism spectrum Emotional expression Gaze cueing Implicit learning Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : We investigated if variation in autistic traits in the typically-developed population (using the Autism-spectrum Quotient, AQ) influenced implicit learning of social information. In the learning phase, participants repeatedly observed two identities whose gaze and expression conveyed either a pro- or antisocial disposition. These identities were then employed in a gaze-cueing paradigm. Participants made speeded responses to a peripheral target that was spatially pre-cued by a non-predictive gaze direction. The low AQ group (n = 50) showed a smaller gaze-cueing effect for the antisocial than for the prosocial identity. The high AQ group (n = 48) showed equivalent gaze-cueing for both identities. Others' intentions/dispositions can be learned implicitly and affect subsequent responses to their behavior. This ability is impaired with increasing levels of autistic traits. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10803-012-1510-3 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=184