Autism spectrum disorder in Qatar: Profiles and correlates of a large clinical sample / Fouad ALSHABAN in Autism & Developmental Language Impairments, 2 (January-December 2017)  

Public ISBD [article]  inAutism & Developmental Language Impairments > 2 (January-December 2017) Titre : Autism spectrum disorder in Qatar: Profiles and correlates of a large clinical sample Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Fouad ALSHABAN, Auteur ; Mohammed ALDOSARI, Auteur ; Zakaria EL SAYED, Auteur ; Mohammed TOLEFAT, Auteur ; Saba EL-HAG, Auteur ; Hawraa AL-SHAMMARI, Auteur ; Iman GHAZAL, Auteur ; Eric FOMBONNE, Auteur Langues : Anglais (eng) Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is an increasingly prevalent disorder. Although around 15% of cases are caused by specific genetic causes, most cases involve a complex and variable combination of genetic risk and environmental factors that are not yet identified. There is a paucity of studies on ASD in Qatar, mostly in the form of case reports and genetic causes. The current study was designed to describe the clinical characteristics of ASD and its correlates in Qatar. Individuals with ASD were recruited from the Shafallah Center for Children with Special Needs which is the largest special needs center in Qatar. Within the sample of 171 individuals with ASD, 47% were ethnic Qataris, while 53% were nonethnic Qataris (Arabs and other nationalities). The analysis included the following factors: nationality, age, gender, socioeconomic status, consanguinity, prenatal/postnatal complications, and comorbidities. Eighty percent of the identified cases were males, with a 4:1 male to female ratio. Additionally, 83% of the families had one proband, 9.9% with 2 probands, and 7.1% with more than two. Comorbid conditions included: intellectual disabilities (ID) in 83% and epilepsy in 18.8%. 76.6% of subjects were nonverbal. There were 3 (1.8%) children with Rett?s syndrome, 3 (1.8%) with Fragile X, and 1 (0.6%) with tuberous sclerosis. There are currently no publications that clarify the mean age of diagnosis in Qatar, however, the present study showed that more than half of the diagnosed cases were among the ages of 7 14 years (56%). The effect of consanguinity as a risk factor was not found to be significant. En ligne : https://doi.org/10.1177/2396941517699215 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=386 [article] Autism spectrum disorder in Qatar: Profiles and correlates of a large clinical sample [texte imprimé] / Fouad ALSHABAN, Auteur ; Mohammed ALDOSARI, Auteur ; Zakaria EL SAYED, Auteur ; Mohammed TOLEFAT, Auteur ; Saba EL-HAG, Auteur ; Hawraa AL-SHAMMARI, Auteur ; Iman GHAZAL, Auteur ; Eric FOMBONNE, Auteur. Langues : Anglais (eng) in Autism & Developmental Language Impairments > 2 (January-December 2017) Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is an increasingly prevalent disorder. Although around 15% of cases are caused by specific genetic causes, most cases involve a complex and variable combination of genetic risk and environmental factors that are not yet identified. There is a paucity of studies on ASD in Qatar, mostly in the form of case reports and genetic causes. The current study was designed to describe the clinical characteristics of ASD and its correlates in Qatar. Individuals with ASD were recruited from the Shafallah Center for Children with Special Needs which is the largest special needs center in Qatar. Within the sample of 171 individuals with ASD, 47% were ethnic Qataris, while 53% were nonethnic Qataris (Arabs and other nationalities). The analysis included the following factors: nationality, age, gender, socioeconomic status, consanguinity, prenatal/postnatal complications, and comorbidities. Eighty percent of the identified cases were males, with a 4:1 male to female ratio. Additionally, 83% of the families had one proband, 9.9% with 2 probands, and 7.1% with more than two. Comorbid conditions included: intellectual disabilities (ID) in 83% and epilepsy in 18.8%. 76.6% of subjects were nonverbal. There were 3 (1.8%) children with Rett?s syndrome, 3 (1.8%) with Fragile X, and 1 (0.6%) with tuberous sclerosis. There are currently no publications that clarify the mean age of diagnosis in Qatar, however, the present study showed that more than half of the diagnosed cases were among the ages of 7 14 years (56%). The effect of consanguinity as a risk factor was not found to be significant. En ligne : https://doi.org/10.1177/2396941517699215 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=386

Consanguinity as a Risk Factor for Autism / Mohammed ALDOSARI ; Iman GHAZAL ; Hawraa AL-SHAMMARI ; Saba ELHAG ; I. Richard THOMPSON ; Jennifer BRUDER ; Hibah SHAATH ; Fatema AL-FARAJ ; Mohamed TOLEFAT ; Assal NASIR ; Eric FOMBONNE in Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 55-6 (June 2025)  

Public ISBD [article]  inJournal of Autism and Developmental Disorders > 55-6 (June 2025) . - p.1945-1952 Titre : Consanguinity as a Risk Factor for Autism Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Mohammed ALDOSARI, Auteur ; Iman GHAZAL, Auteur ; Hawraa AL-SHAMMARI, Auteur ; Saba ELHAG, Auteur ; I. Richard THOMPSON, Auteur ; Jennifer BRUDER, Auteur ; Hibah SHAATH, Auteur ; Fatema AL-FARAJ, Auteur ; Mohamed TOLEFAT, Auteur ; Assal NASIR, Auteur ; Eric FOMBONNE, Auteur Article en page(s) : p.1945-1952 Langues : Anglais (eng) Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Purpose: Genetic and environmental risk factors associated with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) continue to be a focus of research worldwide. Consanguinity, the cultural practice of marrying within a family, is common in cultures and societies of the Middle East, North Africa and parts of Asia. Consanguinity has been investigated as a risk factor for ASD in a limited number of studies, with mixed results. We employed registry and survey data from Qatar to evaluate the role of consanguinity as a risk factor for ASD. Methods: Data were sourced from a national registry and a population-based survey of autism recently conducted in Qatar. We selected a sample of 891 children (mean age: 8.3 years) with (N = 361) or without (N = 530) ASD. Data on consanguinity and covariates were collected through questionnaires and interviews. Results: The prevalence of consanguinity in the overall sample was 41.2% with no significant difference between cases and controls (42.1% vs 41.3%; p = .836). In adjusted multiple logistic regression analyses, consanguinity was not associated with risk of ASD (aOR = 1.065; 95% CI: .751-1.509; NS). Conclusion: Parental consanguinity was not associated with autism risk in our study. Replication in other populations with high rates of consanguineous unions is recommended. En ligne : https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-023-06137-w Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=556 [article] Consanguinity as a Risk Factor for Autism [texte imprimé] / Mohammed ALDOSARI, Auteur ; Iman GHAZAL, Auteur ; Hawraa AL-SHAMMARI, Auteur ; Saba ELHAG, Auteur ; I. Richard THOMPSON, Auteur ; Jennifer BRUDER, Auteur ; Hibah SHAATH, Auteur ; Fatema AL-FARAJ, Auteur ; Mohamed TOLEFAT, Auteur ; Assal NASIR, Auteur ; Eric FOMBONNE, Auteur . - p.1945-1952. Langues : Anglais (eng) in Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders > 55-6 (June 2025) . - p.1945-1952 Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Purpose: Genetic and environmental risk factors associated with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) continue to be a focus of research worldwide. Consanguinity, the cultural practice of marrying within a family, is common in cultures and societies of the Middle East, North Africa and parts of Asia. Consanguinity has been investigated as a risk factor for ASD in a limited number of studies, with mixed results. We employed registry and survey data from Qatar to evaluate the role of consanguinity as a risk factor for ASD. Methods: Data were sourced from a national registry and a population-based survey of autism recently conducted in Qatar. We selected a sample of 891 children (mean age: 8.3 years) with (N = 361) or without (N = 530) ASD. Data on consanguinity and covariates were collected through questionnaires and interviews. Results: The prevalence of consanguinity in the overall sample was 41.2% with no significant difference between cases and controls (42.1% vs 41.3%; p = .836). In adjusted multiple logistic regression analyses, consanguinity was not associated with risk of ASD (aOR = 1.065; 95% CI: .751-1.509; NS). Conclusion: Parental consanguinity was not associated with autism risk in our study. Replication in other populations with high rates of consanguineous unions is recommended. En ligne : https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-023-06137-w Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=556

Development and validation of an Arabic language eye-tracking paradigm for the early screening and diagnosis of autism spectrum disorders in Qatar / Iman GHAZAL ; I. Richard THOMPSON ; Eric W. KLINGEMIER ; Mohammed ALDOSARI ; Hawraa AL-SHAMMARI ; Fatema AL-FARAJ ; Saba EL-HAG ; Mohamed TOLEFAT ; Mogahed ALI ; Bisher NASIR ; Thomas W. FRAZIER in Autism Research, 16-12 (December 2023)  

Public ISBD [article]  inAutism Research > 16-12 (December 2023) . - p.2291-2301 Titre : Development and validation of an Arabic language eye-tracking paradigm for the early screening and diagnosis of autism spectrum disorders in Qatar Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Iman GHAZAL, Auteur ; I. Richard THOMPSON, Auteur ; Eric W. KLINGEMIER, Auteur ; Mohammed ALDOSARI, Auteur ; Hawraa AL-SHAMMARI, Auteur ; Fatema AL-FARAJ, Auteur ; Saba EL-HAG, Auteur ; Mohamed TOLEFAT, Auteur ; Mogahed ALI, Auteur ; Bisher NASIR, Auteur ; Thomas W. FRAZIER, Auteur Article en page(s) : p.2291-2301 Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Abstract Abnormal eye gaze is a hallmark characteristic of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The primary aim of the present research was to develop an Arabic version of an objective measure of ASD, the "autism index" (AI), based on eye gaze tracking to social and nonsocial stimuli validated initially in the United States. The initial phase of this study included the translation of English language eye-tracking stimuli into stimuli appropriate for an Arabic-speaking culture. During the second phase, we tested it on a total of 144 children with ASD, and 96 controls. The AI had excellent internal consistency and test-retest reliability. Moreover, the AI showed good differentiation of ASD from control cases (AUC = 0.730, SE = 0.035). The AI was significantly positively correlated with SCQ total raw scores (r = 0.46, p<0.001). ADOS-2 scores were only available in the ASD group and did not show a significant relationship with AI scores (r = 0.10, p = 0.348), likely due to the restricted range. The AI, when implemented using Arabic-translated stimuli in a Qatari sample, showed good diagnostic differentiation and a strong correlation with parent-reported ASD symptoms. Thus, the AI appears to have cross-cultural validity and may be useful as a diagnostic aide to inform clinical judgment and track ASD symptom levels as part of the evaluation process. En ligne : https://doi.org/10.1002/aur.3046 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=518 [article] Development and validation of an Arabic language eye-tracking paradigm for the early screening and diagnosis of autism spectrum disorders in Qatar [texte imprimé] / Iman GHAZAL, Auteur ; I. Richard THOMPSON, Auteur ; Eric W. KLINGEMIER, Auteur ; Mohammed ALDOSARI, Auteur ; Hawraa AL-SHAMMARI, Auteur ; Fatema AL-FARAJ, Auteur ; Saba EL-HAG, Auteur ; Mohamed TOLEFAT, Auteur ; Mogahed ALI, Auteur ; Bisher NASIR, Auteur ; Thomas W. FRAZIER, Auteur . - p.2291-2301. in Autism Research > 16-12 (December 2023) . - p.2291-2301 Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Abstract Abnormal eye gaze is a hallmark characteristic of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The primary aim of the present research was to develop an Arabic version of an objective measure of ASD, the "autism index" (AI), based on eye gaze tracking to social and nonsocial stimuli validated initially in the United States. The initial phase of this study included the translation of English language eye-tracking stimuli into stimuli appropriate for an Arabic-speaking culture. During the second phase, we tested it on a total of 144 children with ASD, and 96 controls. The AI had excellent internal consistency and test-retest reliability. Moreover, the AI showed good differentiation of ASD from control cases (AUC = 0.730, SE = 0.035). The AI was significantly positively correlated with SCQ total raw scores (r = 0.46, p<0.001). ADOS-2 scores were only available in the ASD group and did not show a significant relationship with AI scores (r = 0.10, p = 0.348), likely due to the restricted range. The AI, when implemented using Arabic-translated stimuli in a Qatari sample, showed good diagnostic differentiation and a strong correlation with parent-reported ASD symptoms. Thus, the AI appears to have cross-cultural validity and may be useful as a diagnostic aide to inform clinical judgment and track ASD symptom levels as part of the evaluation process. En ligne : https://doi.org/10.1002/aur.3046 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=518

Development and Validation of a Short Version Eye-Tracking Paradigm for the Screening and Diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder in Qatar / Fouad Al SHABAN in Autism Research, 19-6 (June 2026)  

Public ISBD [article]  inAutism Research > 19-6 (June 2026) . - p.e70242 Titre : Development and Validation of a Short Version Eye-Tracking Paradigm for the Screening and Diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder in Qatar Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Fouad Al SHABAN, Auteur ; Iman GHAZAL, Auteur ; Fatema AL-FARAJ, Auteur ; Sarah AQEL, Auteur ; I. Richard THOMPSON, Auteur Article en page(s) : p.e70242 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : autism spectrum disorder  diagnosis  eye-tracking  gaze behavior  rapid screening Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : ABSTRACT Objective behavioral assessments for autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are often time-intensive and require substantial clinical expertise. Eye-tracking?based paradigms offer quantifiable measures of social attention that can complement traditional tools. The current study builds on our previously validated Arabic-language Autism Index (AI) by developing and validating a 4?min short version designed to improve feasibility in clinical and community settings while maintaining diagnostic accuracy. A total of 236 participants (127 with ASD, 109 non-autistic controls including those with developmental delays (DD)) aged 1?16?years were assessed using an eye-tracking paradigm consisting of 19 short dynamic videos depicting social and non-social scenes. The AI was computed as the ratio of dwell time toward social versus non-social stimuli. Diagnostic classification was established using ADOS-2 and SCQ. Reliability and validity were assessed using Cronbach's α, Pearson's r, and ROC analyses, including age-stratified performance and comparison with the original 10?min version. Feasibility was assessed by the proportion of valid stimuli. The short-version AI demonstrated excellent internal consistency (α?=?0.91) and test?retest reliability (r?=?0.83). Diagnostic accuracy was high (AUC?=?0.878, SE?=?0.023), with age-stratified AUCs ranging from 0.846 to 0.939. AI scores correlated strongly with ADOS-2 severity (r?=?0.54, p? En ligne : https://doi.org/10.1002/aur.70242 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=589 [article] Development and Validation of a Short Version Eye-Tracking Paradigm for the Screening and Diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder in Qatar [texte imprimé] / Fouad Al SHABAN, Auteur ; Iman GHAZAL, Auteur ; Fatema AL-FARAJ, Auteur ; Sarah AQEL, Auteur ; I. Richard THOMPSON, Auteur . - p.e70242. Langues : Anglais (eng) in Autism Research > 19-6 (June 2026) . - p.e70242 Mots-clés : autism spectrum disorder  diagnosis  eye-tracking  gaze behavior  rapid screening Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : ABSTRACT Objective behavioral assessments for autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are often time-intensive and require substantial clinical expertise. Eye-tracking?based paradigms offer quantifiable measures of social attention that can complement traditional tools. The current study builds on our previously validated Arabic-language Autism Index (AI) by developing and validating a 4?min short version designed to improve feasibility in clinical and community settings while maintaining diagnostic accuracy. A total of 236 participants (127 with ASD, 109 non-autistic controls including those with developmental delays (DD)) aged 1?16?years were assessed using an eye-tracking paradigm consisting of 19 short dynamic videos depicting social and non-social scenes. The AI was computed as the ratio of dwell time toward social versus non-social stimuli. Diagnostic classification was established using ADOS-2 and SCQ. Reliability and validity were assessed using Cronbach's α, Pearson's r, and ROC analyses, including age-stratified performance and comparison with the original 10?min version. Feasibility was assessed by the proportion of valid stimuli. The short-version AI demonstrated excellent internal consistency (α?=?0.91) and test?retest reliability (r?=?0.83). Diagnostic accuracy was high (AUC?=?0.878, SE?=?0.023), with age-stratified AUCs ranging from 0.846 to 0.939. AI scores correlated strongly with ADOS-2 severity (r?=?0.54, p? En ligne : https://doi.org/10.1002/aur.70242 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=589

Prevalence and correlates of autism spectrum disorder in Qatar: a national study / Fouad ALSHABAN in Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 60-12 (December 2019)  

Public ISBD [article]  inJournal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry > 60-12 (December 2019) . - p.1254-1268 Titre : Prevalence and correlates of autism spectrum disorder in Qatar: a national study Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Fouad ALSHABAN, Auteur ; Mohammed ALDOSARI, Auteur ; Hawraa AL-SHAMMARI, Auteur ; Saba EL-HAG, Auteur ; Iman GHAZAL, Auteur ; Mohamed TOLEFAT, Auteur ; Mogahed ALI, Auteur ; Madeeha KAMAL, Auteur ; Nazim ABDEL AATI, Auteur ; Mahmoud ABEIDAH, Auteur ; Ahmad Hassan SAAD, Auteur ; Lobna DEKAIR, Auteur ; Mohanad AL KHASAWNEH, Auteur ; Katrina RAMSAY, Auteur ; Eric FOMBONNE, Auteur Article en page(s) : p.1254-1268 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Arabic  autism spectrum disorders  child  consanguinity  epidemiology  prevalence  regression  school age  screening Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : BACKGROUND: Few epidemiological data on autism spectrum disorders (ASD) exist for Arabic countries. We conducted the first survey of ASD in Qatar, a population with high consanguinity level. METHODS: This cross-sectional survey was conducted from 2015 to 2018 in Qatar school-age children (N = 176,960) from national and immigrant families. Children diagnosed with ASD were identified through medical centers and special needs schools. Records were abstracted and supplemented by parental interviews. Additionally, children attending 93 schools were screened; ASD case status was confirmed in random samples of screen-positive and screen-negative children. Prevalence was estimated after taking into account different sampling fractions and participation rates at each survey phase. RESULTS: One thousand three hundred and ninety-three children already diagnosed with ASD were identified. Among 9,074 school survey participants, 760 screen-negative children and 163 screen-positive children were evaluated; 17 were confirmed to have ASD including five children newly diagnosed. Prevalence was 1.14% (95% CI: 0.89-1.46) among 6- to 11-year-olds. ASD was reported in full siblings/extended relatives in 5.9% (95% CI: 0.042-0.080)/11.8% (95% CI: 0.095-0.146) families. First-degree consanguinity in Qatari cases (45%) was comparable to known population levels. Among 844 ASD cases (mean age: 7.2 years; 81% male), most children experienced language delay (words: 75.1%; phrase speech: 91.4%), and 19.4% reported developmental regression. At the time of the survey, persisting deficits in expressive language (19.4%) and peer interactions (14.0%) were reported in conjunction with behavioral problems (ADHD: 30.2%; anxiety: 11.0%). In multivariate logistic regression, ASD severity was associated with parental consanguinity, gestational diabetes, delay in walking, and developmental regression. CONCLUSIONS: ASD prevalence in Qatar is consistent with recent international studies. The methods employed in this study should help designing comparable surveys in the region. We estimated that 187,000 youths under age 20 have ASD in Gulf countries. This figure should assist in planning health and educational services for a young, fast-growing population. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.13066 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=412 [article] Prevalence and correlates of autism spectrum disorder in Qatar: a national study [texte imprimé] / Fouad ALSHABAN, Auteur ; Mohammed ALDOSARI, Auteur ; Hawraa AL-SHAMMARI, Auteur ; Saba EL-HAG, Auteur ; Iman GHAZAL, Auteur ; Mohamed TOLEFAT, Auteur ; Mogahed ALI, Auteur ; Madeeha KAMAL, Auteur ; Nazim ABDEL AATI, Auteur ; Mahmoud ABEIDAH, Auteur ; Ahmad Hassan SAAD, Auteur ; Lobna DEKAIR, Auteur ; Mohanad AL KHASAWNEH, Auteur ; Katrina RAMSAY, Auteur ; Eric FOMBONNE, Auteur . - p.1254-1268. Langues : Anglais (eng) in Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry > 60-12 (December 2019) . - p.1254-1268 Mots-clés : Arabic  autism spectrum disorders  child  consanguinity  epidemiology  prevalence  regression  school age  screening Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : BACKGROUND: Few epidemiological data on autism spectrum disorders (ASD) exist for Arabic countries. We conducted the first survey of ASD in Qatar, a population with high consanguinity level. METHODS: This cross-sectional survey was conducted from 2015 to 2018 in Qatar school-age children (N = 176,960) from national and immigrant families. Children diagnosed with ASD were identified through medical centers and special needs schools. Records were abstracted and supplemented by parental interviews. Additionally, children attending 93 schools were screened; ASD case status was confirmed in random samples of screen-positive and screen-negative children. Prevalence was estimated after taking into account different sampling fractions and participation rates at each survey phase. RESULTS: One thousand three hundred and ninety-three children already diagnosed with ASD were identified. Among 9,074 school survey participants, 760 screen-negative children and 163 screen-positive children were evaluated; 17 were confirmed to have ASD including five children newly diagnosed. Prevalence was 1.14% (95% CI: 0.89-1.46) among 6- to 11-year-olds. ASD was reported in full siblings/extended relatives in 5.9% (95% CI: 0.042-0.080)/11.8% (95% CI: 0.095-0.146) families. First-degree consanguinity in Qatari cases (45%) was comparable to known population levels. Among 844 ASD cases (mean age: 7.2 years; 81% male), most children experienced language delay (words: 75.1%; phrase speech: 91.4%), and 19.4% reported developmental regression. At the time of the survey, persisting deficits in expressive language (19.4%) and peer interactions (14.0%) were reported in conjunction with behavioral problems (ADHD: 30.2%; anxiety: 11.0%). In multivariate logistic regression, ASD severity was associated with parental consanguinity, gestational diabetes, delay in walking, and developmental regression. CONCLUSIONS: ASD prevalence in Qatar is consistent with recent international studies. The methods employed in this study should help designing comparable surveys in the region. We estimated that 187,000 youths under age 20 have ASD in Gulf countries. This figure should assist in planning health and educational services for a young, fast-growing population. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.13066 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=412

Social attention as a cross-cultural transdiagnostic neurodevelopmental risk marker / Thomas W. FRAZIER in Autism Research, 14-9 (September 2021)  

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Validation of the Arabic version of the Social Communication Questionnaire / Mohammed ALDOSARI in Autism, 23-7 (October 2019)  

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