Gaze aversion as a cognitive load management strategy in autism spectrum disorder and Williams syndrome / DOHERTY-SNEDDON GWYNETH in Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 53-4 (April 2012)  

Public ISBD [article]  inJournal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry > 53-4 (April 2012) . - p.420-430 Titre : Gaze aversion as a cognitive load management strategy in autism spectrum disorder and Williams syndrome Type de document : Texte imprimé et/ou numérique Auteurs : DOHERTY-SNEDDON GWYNETH, Auteur ; Deborah M. RIBY, Auteur ; Lisa WHITTLE, Auteur Année de publication : 2012 Article en page(s) : p.420-430 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Eye contact  gaze  Williams syndrome  gaze aversion  autism spectrum disorder Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Background:  During face-to-face questioning, typically developing children and adults use gaze aversion (GA), away from their questioner, when thinking. GA increases with question difficulty and improves the accuracy of responses. This is the first study to investigate whether individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD; associated with reduced sociability and atypical face gaze) and Williams syndrome (WS; associated with hypersociability and atypical face gaze) use GA to manage cognitive load during face-to-face interactions. Methods:  Two studies were conducted exploring the typicality of GA during face-to-face questioning in (a) ASD and (b) WS. Results:  In Study 1, children with ASD increased their GA as question difficulty increased. In addition, they used most GA when thinking about their responses to questions, mirroring evidence from typically developing children. An important atypicality for participants with ASD was a significantly higher level of GA when listening to interlocutors. In Study 2, participants with WS showed typical patterns of GA in relation to question difficulty and across different points of the interaction. Conclusions:  Two different neuro-developmental disorders, both characterized by significant problems with executive control of attention and atypicalities of social interactions, exhibited generally typical patterns of GA. All groups used most GA while thinking about questions, and increased their GA as questions got harder. In addition, children with ASD showed elevated levels of GA while listening to questions, but not while thinking about or making their responses, suggesting that they sometimes fail to see the relevance of attending to visual cues rather than actively avoiding them. Results have important implications for how professionals interpret GA in these populations and for social skills training. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2011.02481.x Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=152 [article] Gaze aversion as a cognitive load management strategy in autism spectrum disorder and Williams syndrome [Texte imprimé et/ou numérique] / DOHERTY-SNEDDON GWYNETH, Auteur ; Deborah M. RIBY, Auteur ; Lisa WHITTLE, Auteur . - 2012 . - p.420-430. Langues : Anglais (eng) in Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry > 53-4 (April 2012) . - p.420-430 Mots-clés : Eye contact  gaze  Williams syndrome  gaze aversion  autism spectrum disorder Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Background:  During face-to-face questioning, typically developing children and adults use gaze aversion (GA), away from their questioner, when thinking. GA increases with question difficulty and improves the accuracy of responses. This is the first study to investigate whether individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD; associated with reduced sociability and atypical face gaze) and Williams syndrome (WS; associated with hypersociability and atypical face gaze) use GA to manage cognitive load during face-to-face interactions. Methods:  Two studies were conducted exploring the typicality of GA during face-to-face questioning in (a) ASD and (b) WS. Results:  In Study 1, children with ASD increased their GA as question difficulty increased. In addition, they used most GA when thinking about their responses to questions, mirroring evidence from typically developing children. An important atypicality for participants with ASD was a significantly higher level of GA when listening to interlocutors. In Study 2, participants with WS showed typical patterns of GA in relation to question difficulty and across different points of the interaction. Conclusions:  Two different neuro-developmental disorders, both characterized by significant problems with executive control of attention and atypicalities of social interactions, exhibited generally typical patterns of GA. All groups used most GA while thinking about questions, and increased their GA as questions got harder. In addition, children with ASD showed elevated levels of GA while listening to questions, but not while thinking about or making their responses, suggesting that they sometimes fail to see the relevance of attending to visual cues rather than actively avoiding them. Results have important implications for how professionals interpret GA in these populations and for social skills training. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2011.02481.x Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=152

Reduced goal-directed action control in autism spectrum disorder / Gail A. ALVARES in Autism Research, 9-12 (December 2016)  

Public ISBD [article]  inAutism Research > 9-12 (December 2016) . - p.1285-1293 Titre : Reduced goal-directed action control in autism spectrum disorder Type de document : Texte imprimé et/ou numérique Auteurs : Gail A. ALVARES, Auteur ; Bernard W. BALLEINE, Auteur ; Lisa WHITTLE, Auteur ; Adam J. GUASTELLA, Auteur Article en page(s) : p.1285-1293 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : goal-directed behavior  habits  behavioral neuroscience  action control  outcome devaluation Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a group of heterogeneous neurodevelopmental conditions associated with persistent, stereotyped or repetitive actions, and patterns of interest that are maintained in spite of possible negative outcomes. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether impairments in the ability to execute flexible goal-directed actions may be an underlying feature in ASD contributing to these symptoms. Young adults diagnosed with ASD were recruited along with controls and adults with social anxiety disorder (SAD). Participants were trained to make keyboard actions for food outcomes and then subsequently allowed to consume one outcome till satiety. As expected, this outcome devaluation procedure reduced subsequent responding for actions predicting the devalued outcome, while maintaining responding on the other still-valued action, in controls. However, both ASD and SAD participants were unable to demonstrate flexible goal-directed actions, and were insensitive to the change in outcome value on subsequent action control. This behavioral deficit was not due to impairments in appropriate contingency awareness, as all groups rated the devalued food outcome as less pleasant after devaluation. A lack of control over actions may underlie persistent and habitual actions in anxiety-inducing contexts typical in both ASD and SAD, such as avoidance and safety behaviors. Using a translational behavioral paradigm, this study demonstrated that individuals with ASD are unable to use changes in the environment to flexibly update their behavior in the same context. This reduced behavioral control may underlie persistence of intrusive actions and restricted inflexible cognition, representing a specific area for targeted behavioral interventions. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aur.1613 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=298 [article] Reduced goal-directed action control in autism spectrum disorder [Texte imprimé et/ou numérique] / Gail A. ALVARES, Auteur ; Bernard W. BALLEINE, Auteur ; Lisa WHITTLE, Auteur ; Adam J. GUASTELLA, Auteur . - p.1285-1293. Langues : Anglais (eng) in Autism Research > 9-12 (December 2016) . - p.1285-1293 Mots-clés : goal-directed behavior  habits  behavioral neuroscience  action control  outcome devaluation Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a group of heterogeneous neurodevelopmental conditions associated with persistent, stereotyped or repetitive actions, and patterns of interest that are maintained in spite of possible negative outcomes. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether impairments in the ability to execute flexible goal-directed actions may be an underlying feature in ASD contributing to these symptoms. Young adults diagnosed with ASD were recruited along with controls and adults with social anxiety disorder (SAD). Participants were trained to make keyboard actions for food outcomes and then subsequently allowed to consume one outcome till satiety. As expected, this outcome devaluation procedure reduced subsequent responding for actions predicting the devalued outcome, while maintaining responding on the other still-valued action, in controls. However, both ASD and SAD participants were unable to demonstrate flexible goal-directed actions, and were insensitive to the change in outcome value on subsequent action control. This behavioral deficit was not due to impairments in appropriate contingency awareness, as all groups rated the devalued food outcome as less pleasant after devaluation. A lack of control over actions may underlie persistent and habitual actions in anxiety-inducing contexts typical in both ASD and SAD, such as avoidance and safety behaviors. Using a translational behavioral paradigm, this study demonstrated that individuals with ASD are unable to use changes in the environment to flexibly update their behavior in the same context. This reduced behavioral control may underlie persistence of intrusive actions and restricted inflexible cognition, representing a specific area for targeted behavioral interventions. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aur.1613 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=298

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