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Thinking, Reasoning, and Decision Making in Autism / Kinga MORSANYI

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Titre :

Thinking, Reasoning, and Decision Making in Autism

Type de document :

texte imprimé

Auteurs :

Kinga MORSANYI, Auteur ; Ruth M. J. BYRNE, Auteur

Editeur :

London, [Angleterre] : Routledge

Année de publication :

2019

Collection :

Current issues in thinking and reasoning

Importance :

161 p.

ISBN/ISSN/EAN :

978-1-138-48117-6

Note générale :

Bibliogr., Index

Langues :

Anglais (eng)

Mots-clés :

Raisonnement Prise de décision

Index. décimale :

PAR-A PAR-A - Fonctionnement Autistique

Résumé :

Thinking and Reasoning in Autism provides fresh insights into the cognitive processes that underlie some of the typical characteristics of autism. Autism has long been considered an enigma, and no single theory so far has been able to explain, or even fully describe, the key characteristics of the autistic mind. From the interdisciplinary perspective of new research in cognitive psychology, linguistics, philosophy, and neuroscience, this book explores thinking, reasoning and decision making in autism.

The new cognitive approaches challenge some of the existing assumptions of the nature of thought in autism, including presumed areas of impairments. Instead, this book focuses on the nuanced array of cognitive signatures that characterize the autistic mind, and in many cases it reveals the possibility of intact performance alongside instances of remarkably enhanced thinking. The book considers the implications of these characteristics, providing in-depth analyses of specific areas of cognitive functioning, and their everyday manifestations.

Featuring contributions from world-leading researchers from the fields of cognitive science and autism research, this volume will be essential reading for advanced students and researchers, as well as those working with individuals with autism spectrum disorders. [Résumé d'Auteur/Editeur]

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Contenu

How do individuals with autism think ? / Kinga MORSANYI

in Thinking, Reasoning, and Decision Making in Autism / Kinga MORSANYI

Titre :

How do individuals with autism think ?

Type de document :

texte imprimé

Auteurs :

Kinga MORSANYI, Auteur ; Ruth M. J. BYRNE, Auteur

Année de publication :

2019

Importance :

p.1-12

Langues :

Anglais (eng)

Index. décimale :

PAR-A PAR-A - Fonctionnement Autistique

Résumé :

This introduction presents an overview of the key concepts discussed in the subsequent chapters of this book. The book focuses on decision making, imaginative thought, and pragmatic communication and inference in individuals with autism. There are many other fascinating questions about how individuals with autism think compared to typical individuals. The book suggests that individuals with autism tend not to be “lazy thinkers” and instead tend to rely on deliberative reflection. They review evidence that adults with autism are less susceptible to producing intuitive responses in decision-making and logical reasoning. The book shows that on the contrary, striking similarities are observed between individuals with autism and typical individuals in their abilities to engage in analogical thought. It presents evidence that children with autism make fewer correct counterfactual inferences than typically developing children, and they create different sorts of alternatives to reality and emphasize that pragmatic difficulties in individuals with autism are neither global nor uniform.

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The Dual Process Theory of Autism / Chris ASHWIN

in Thinking, Reasoning, and Decision Making in Autism / Kinga MORSANYI

Titre :

The Dual Process Theory of Autism

Type de document :

texte imprimé

Auteurs :

Chris ASHWIN, Auteur ; Mark BROSNAN, Auteur

Année de publication :

2019

Importance :

p.13-38

Langues :

Anglais (eng)

Index. décimale :

PAR-A PAR-A - Fonctionnement Autistique

Résumé :

Autism Spectrum Disorder is characterized by difficulties in social communication and interaction alongside repetitive and stereotyped behaviors, interests, and activities. Results with the cognitive reflections test task revealed the autism group had reduced incorrect responses and greater correct responses compared to controls. Therefore, people with autism were more correct and showed less susceptibility to the typical reasoning biases which typically lead people to choose intuitive, but wrong, answers. The dual process theory of autism also proposes a relative bias toward deliberative processing, which may also provide an account of the strengths associated with autism in the literature such as pattern recognition and attention to detail. The dual process theory of autism proposes that deficits in engaging in intuitive processing result in decreased application of social heuristics. This may relate to a perceived lack of agreeableness, which has been found to correlate with empathizing.

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Decision-making processes of high-functioning adults on the autism spectrum / Irwin P. LEVIN

in Thinking, Reasoning, and Decision Making in Autism / Kinga MORSANYI

Titre :

Decision-making processes of high-functioning adults on the autism spectrum

Type de document :

texte imprimé

Auteurs :

Irwin P. LEVIN, Auteur ; Gary J. GAETH, Auteur ; Aron M. LEVIN, Auteur ; Eleanor V. BURKE, Auteur

Année de publication :

2019

Importance :

p.39-58

Langues :

Anglais (eng)

Index. décimale :

PAR-A PAR-A - Fonctionnement Autistique

Résumé :

This chapter describes the most important findings from an ongoing series of studies aimed at uncovering the distinctive decision processes of high-functioning adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder. The greater reliance on analytic and logical processing in autistic individuals may underlie the difficulty in making efficient and quick decisions which may be particularly important in the social world. However, those who are higher functioning may learn to rely more on non-social cues in solving problems. Thus, it is important to separate the roles of social and non-social processes in understanding the decision making of high-functioning persons with autism in different decision domains. Larger and more geographically diverse samples were recruited to understand the everyday decision making of high-functioning adults on the autism spectrum. Difficulty with everyday decisions can clearly be seen as a deficit that affects quality of life. Likewise, avoidance of risks in the social domain and avoidance of personal contacts can interfere with a successful lifestyle.

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Analogical reasoning in autism. A systematic review and meta-analysis / Kinga MORSANYI

in Thinking, Reasoning, and Decision Making in Autism / Kinga MORSANYI

Titre :

Analogical reasoning in autism. A systematic review and meta-analysis

Type de document :

texte imprimé

Auteurs :

Kinga MORSANYI, Auteur ; Dušan STAMENKOVIC, Auteur ; Keith J. HOLYOAK, Auteur

Année de publication :

2019

Importance :

p.59-87

Langues :

Anglais (eng)

Index. décimale :

PAR-A PAR-A - Fonctionnement Autistique

Résumé :

This chapter provides a brief overview of analogical reasoning, first in the typically developing population and then in the autism spectrum disorder (ASD) population. Many studies of analogical reasoning have used variations of a mapping task, which requires the participant to identify correspondences between specific objects in the source and target. Instructions sometimes specify that a relational match is to be sought, but may instead leave the match criterion relatively vague. The chapter presents a systematic review of empirical investigations of analogical reasoning in autism, including studies that assessed performance on J. C. Raven’s matrices. The spared analogical abilities observed in ASD also suggest refinements in models of autistic functioning. On the face of it, solving problems of the type exemplified by Raven’s matrices requires attention to visuospatial relations between geometrical forms and also requires integration of constraints provided by multiple relations.

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Pragmatic reasoning in autism / Bart GEURTS

in Thinking, Reasoning, and Decision Making in Autism / Kinga MORSANYI

Titre :

Pragmatic reasoning in autism

Type de document :

texte imprimé

Auteurs :

Bart GEURTS, Auteur ; Mikhail KISSINE, Auteur ; Bob VAN TIEL, Auteur

Année de publication :

2019

Importance :

p.113-134

Langues :

Anglais (eng)

Index. décimale :

PAR-A PAR-A - Fonctionnement Autistique

Résumé :

One line of explanation which has been particularly influential links the pragmatic deficits in autism with the reduced ability to attribute mental states to oneself and others, an ability that is variously known as “mind reading,” “theory of mind,” “mentalizing,” and “folk psychology. Of course, pragmatic difficulties in autism also surface on the production side, most notably in the management of conversation dynamics and social interaction. Irony may be one of the most complex pragmatic phenomena, as it is defined by a conflict between literal and conveyed meaning, in some respect or other. In some cases at least, reversing the literal interpretation and getting to the ironic meaning requires that the speaker’s intentions be taken into account. Pragmatic theories make various distinctions between types of communicative skills and sub-skills, and there is a certain amount of consensus on what the key distinctions are.

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Counterfactual and false-belief reasoning in individuals with autism / Célia RASGA

in Thinking, Reasoning, and Decision Making in Autism / Kinga MORSANYI

Titre :

Counterfactual and false-belief reasoning in individuals with autism

Type de document :

texte imprimé

Auteurs :

Célia RASGA, Auteur ; A. Cristina QUELHAS, Auteur ; Ruth M. J. BYRNE, Auteur

Année de publication :

2019

Importance :

p.88-112

Langues :

Anglais (eng)

Index. décimale :

PAR-A PAR-A - Fonctionnement Autistique

Résumé :

This chapter focuses on the cognitive processes that underlie the well-documented difficulties in false-belief reasoning experienced by individuals with autism. It provides a brief introduction to counterfactual thinking in typically developing individuals and to some of the differences in counterfactual thinking in children and adults with autism. The chapter discusses the idea that counterfactual thinking is an important ingredient in false-belief reasoning in typically developing children. It proposes that a crucial feature of counterfactual thoughts is that they enable people to view an event in different ways – the way the event actually happened, and some of the various ways in which it could have happened differently. The chapter argues that the differences observed in the way in which individuals with autism engage in counterfactual thinking provide an important clue to understanding their difficulties in false-belief reasoning. Counterfactual imagination may be an essential ingredient in the development of false-belief reasoning.

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Reasoning and discourse coherence in Autism Spectrum Disorder / Keith STENNING

in Thinking, Reasoning, and Decision Making in Autism / Kinga MORSANYI

Titre :

Reasoning and discourse coherence in Autism Spectrum Disorder

Type de document :

texte imprimé

Auteurs :

Keith STENNING, Auteur ; Michiel VAN LAMBALGEN, Auteur

Année de publication :

2019

Importance :

p.135-155

Langues :

Anglais (eng)

Index. décimale :

PAR-A PAR-A - Fonctionnement Autistique

Résumé :

This chapter shows that people with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) differ from neurotypicals in some of the logical inferences that they endorse or reject and explains that this fact is a fundamental feature of autistic cognition, rooted in homologies between language and motor planning, particularly action-goals and the synthesis of action sequences. A reconceptualization of the false-belief task as including a suppression task for modus ponens suggests that people with ASD will suppress modus ponens much less than neurotypical controls. This conjecture receives further support from an experiment designed to test the executive dysfunction theory of autism. There are several reasons why inhibition is compromised in ASD e.g., immature inhibitory interneurons, and a pruning process which selectively spares excitatory neurons. For neurotypicals the rate of endorsement drops from 67.1% to 35.7%, and for subjects with ASD there was a drop from 45% to 28%. After conditionalization that difference is not significant.

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