Preserved search asymmetry in the detection of fearful faces among neutral faces in individuals with Williams syndrome revealed by measurement of both manual responses and eye tracking / M. HIRAI in Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders, 9-1 (December 2017)  

Public ISBD [article]  inJournal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders > 9-1 (December 2017) . - p.8 Titre : Preserved search asymmetry in the detection of fearful faces among neutral faces in individuals with Williams syndrome revealed by measurement of both manual responses and eye tracking Type de document : Texte imprimé et/ou numérique Auteurs : M. HIRAI, Auteur ; Y. MURAMATSU, Auteur ; S. MIZUNO, Auteur ; N. KURAHASHI, Auteur ; H. KURAHASHI, Auteur ; M. NAKAMURA, Auteur Article en page(s) : p.8 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Attention  Eye tracking  Fearful face detection  Search asymmetry  Visual search  Williams syndrome Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : BACKGROUND: Individuals with Williams syndrome (WS) exhibit an atypical social phenotype termed hypersociability. One theory accounting for hypersociability presumes an atypical function of the amygdala, which processes fear-related information. However, evidence is lacking regarding the detection mechanisms of fearful faces for individuals with WS. Here, we introduce a visual search paradigm to elucidate the mechanisms for detecting fearful faces by evaluating the search asymmetry; the reaction time when both the target and distractors were swapped was asymmetrical. METHODS: Eye movements reflect subtle atypical attentional properties, whereas, manual responses are unable to capture atypical attentional profiles toward faces in individuals with WS. Therefore, we measured both eye movements and manual responses of individuals with WS and typically developed children and adults in visual searching for a fearful face among neutral faces or a neutral face among fearful faces. Two task measures, namely reaction time and performance accuracy, were analyzed for each stimulus as well as gaze behavior and the initial fixation onset latency. RESULTS: Overall, reaction times in the WS group and the mentally age-matched control group were significantly longer than those in the chronologically age-matched group. We observed a search asymmetry effect in all groups: when a neutral target facial expression was presented among fearful faces, the reaction times were significantly prolonged in comparison with when a fearful target facial expression was displayed among neutral distractor faces. Furthermore, the first fixation onset latency of eye movement toward a target facial expression showed a similar tendency for manual responses. CONCLUSIONS: Although overall responses in detecting fearful faces for individuals with WS are slower than those for control groups, search asymmetry was observed. Therefore, cognitive mechanisms underlying the detection of fearful faces seem to be typical in individuals with WS. This finding is discussed with reference to the amygdala account explaining hypersociability in individuals with WS. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s11689-017-9190-0 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=349 [article] Preserved search asymmetry in the detection of fearful faces among neutral faces in individuals with Williams syndrome revealed by measurement of both manual responses and eye tracking [Texte imprimé et/ou numérique] / M. HIRAI, Auteur ; Y. MURAMATSU, Auteur ; S. MIZUNO, Auteur ; N. KURAHASHI, Auteur ; H. KURAHASHI, Auteur ; M. NAKAMURA, Auteur . - p.8. Langues : Anglais (eng) in Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders > 9-1 (December 2017) . - p.8 Mots-clés : Attention  Eye tracking  Fearful face detection  Search asymmetry  Visual search  Williams syndrome Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : BACKGROUND: Individuals with Williams syndrome (WS) exhibit an atypical social phenotype termed hypersociability. One theory accounting for hypersociability presumes an atypical function of the amygdala, which processes fear-related information. However, evidence is lacking regarding the detection mechanisms of fearful faces for individuals with WS. Here, we introduce a visual search paradigm to elucidate the mechanisms for detecting fearful faces by evaluating the search asymmetry; the reaction time when both the target and distractors were swapped was asymmetrical. METHODS: Eye movements reflect subtle atypical attentional properties, whereas, manual responses are unable to capture atypical attentional profiles toward faces in individuals with WS. Therefore, we measured both eye movements and manual responses of individuals with WS and typically developed children and adults in visual searching for a fearful face among neutral faces or a neutral face among fearful faces. Two task measures, namely reaction time and performance accuracy, were analyzed for each stimulus as well as gaze behavior and the initial fixation onset latency. RESULTS: Overall, reaction times in the WS group and the mentally age-matched control group were significantly longer than those in the chronologically age-matched group. We observed a search asymmetry effect in all groups: when a neutral target facial expression was presented among fearful faces, the reaction times were significantly prolonged in comparison with when a fearful target facial expression was displayed among neutral distractor faces. Furthermore, the first fixation onset latency of eye movement toward a target facial expression showed a similar tendency for manual responses. CONCLUSIONS: Although overall responses in detecting fearful faces for individuals with WS are slower than those for control groups, search asymmetry was observed. Therefore, cognitive mechanisms underlying the detection of fearful faces seem to be typical in individuals with WS. This finding is discussed with reference to the amygdala account explaining hypersociability in individuals with WS. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s11689-017-9190-0 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=349

Typical visual search performance and atypical gaze behaviors in response to faces in Williams syndrome / M. HIRAI in Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders, 8-1 (December 2016)  

Public ISBD [article]  inJournal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders > 8-1 (December 2016) . - p.38 Titre : Typical visual search performance and atypical gaze behaviors in response to faces in Williams syndrome Type de document : Texte imprimé et/ou numérique Auteurs : M. HIRAI, Auteur ; Y. MURAMATSU, Auteur ; S. MIZUNO, Auteur ; N. KURAHASHI, Auteur ; H. KURAHASHI, Auteur ; M. NAKAMURA, Auteur Article en page(s) : p.38 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Attention  Eye tracking  Face perception  Williams syndrome Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : BACKGROUND: Evidence indicates that individuals with Williams syndrome (WS) exhibit atypical attentional characteristics when viewing faces. However, the dynamics of visual attention captured by faces remain unclear, especially when explicit attentional forces are present. To clarify this, we introduced a visual search paradigm and assessed how the relative strength of visual attention captured by a face and explicit attentional control changes as search progresses. METHODS: Participants (WS and controls) searched for a target (butterfly) within an array of distractors, which sometimes contained an upright face. We analyzed reaction time and location of the first fixation-which reflect the attentional profile at the initial stage-and fixation durations. These features represent aspects of attention at later stages of visual search. The strength of visual attention captured by faces and explicit attentional control (toward the butterfly) was characterized by the frequency of first fixations on a face or butterfly and on the duration of face or butterfly fixations. RESULTS: Although reaction time was longer in all groups when faces were present, and visual attention was not dominated by faces in any group during the initial stages of the search, when faces were present, attention to faces dominated in the WS group during the later search stages. Furthermore, for the WS group, reaction time correlated with eye-movement measures at different stages of searching such that longer reaction times were associated with longer face-fixations, specifically at the initial stage of searching. Moreover, longer reaction times were associated with longer face-fixations at the later stages of searching, while shorter reaction times were associated with longer butterfly fixations. CONCLUSIONS: The relative strength of attention captured by faces in people with WS is not observed at the initial stage of searching but becomes dominant as the search progresses. Furthermore, although behavioral responses are associated with some aspects of eye movements, they are not as sensitive as eye-movement measurements themselves at detecting atypical attentional characteristics in people with WS. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s11689-016-9172-7 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=349 [article] Typical visual search performance and atypical gaze behaviors in response to faces in Williams syndrome [Texte imprimé et/ou numérique] / M. HIRAI, Auteur ; Y. MURAMATSU, Auteur ; S. MIZUNO, Auteur ; N. KURAHASHI, Auteur ; H. KURAHASHI, Auteur ; M. NAKAMURA, Auteur . - p.38. Langues : Anglais (eng) in Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders > 8-1 (December 2016) . - p.38 Mots-clés : Attention  Eye tracking  Face perception  Williams syndrome Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : BACKGROUND: Evidence indicates that individuals with Williams syndrome (WS) exhibit atypical attentional characteristics when viewing faces. However, the dynamics of visual attention captured by faces remain unclear, especially when explicit attentional forces are present. To clarify this, we introduced a visual search paradigm and assessed how the relative strength of visual attention captured by a face and explicit attentional control changes as search progresses. METHODS: Participants (WS and controls) searched for a target (butterfly) within an array of distractors, which sometimes contained an upright face. We analyzed reaction time and location of the first fixation-which reflect the attentional profile at the initial stage-and fixation durations. These features represent aspects of attention at later stages of visual search. The strength of visual attention captured by faces and explicit attentional control (toward the butterfly) was characterized by the frequency of first fixations on a face or butterfly and on the duration of face or butterfly fixations. RESULTS: Although reaction time was longer in all groups when faces were present, and visual attention was not dominated by faces in any group during the initial stages of the search, when faces were present, attention to faces dominated in the WS group during the later search stages. Furthermore, for the WS group, reaction time correlated with eye-movement measures at different stages of searching such that longer reaction times were associated with longer face-fixations, specifically at the initial stage of searching. Moreover, longer reaction times were associated with longer face-fixations at the later stages of searching, while shorter reaction times were associated with longer butterfly fixations. CONCLUSIONS: The relative strength of attention captured by faces in people with WS is not observed at the initial stage of searching but becomes dominant as the search progresses. Furthermore, although behavioral responses are associated with some aspects of eye movements, they are not as sensitive as eye-movement measurements themselves at detecting atypical attentional characteristics in people with WS. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s11689-016-9172-7 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=349

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