Dépouillements

What are infant siblings teaching us about autism in infancy? / Sally J ROGERS in Autism Research, 2-3 (June 2009)  

Public ISBD [article]  inAutism Research > 2-3 (June 2009) . - p.125-137 Titre : What are infant siblings teaching us about autism in infancy? Type de document : Texte imprimé et/ou numérique Auteurs : Sally J ROGERS, Auteur Année de publication : 2009 Article en page(s) : p.125-137 Langues : Anglais (eng) Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : International research to understand infant patterns of development in autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) has recently focused on a research paradigm involving prospective longitudinal studies of infant siblings of children with autism. Such designs use a comparison group of infant siblings without any familial risks (the low-risk group) to gather longitudinal information about developmental skills across the first 3 years of life, followed by clinical diagnosis of ASD at 36 months. This review focuses on five topics: presence of ASD in the infant sibling groups, patterns and characteristics of motor development, patterns and characteristics of social and emotional development, patterns and characteristics of intentional communication, both verbal and nonverbal, and patterns that mark the onset of behaviors pathognomonic for ASD. Symptoms in all these areas typically begin to be detected during the age period of 12-24 months in infants who will develop autism. Onset of the symptoms occurs at varying ages and in varying patterns, but the pattern of frank loss of skills and marked regression reported from previous retrospective studies in 20-30% of children is seldom reported in these infant sibling prospective studies. Two surprises involve the very early onset of repetitive and unusual sensory behaviors, and the lack of predictive symptoms at the age of 6 months. Contrary to current views that autism is a disorder that profoundly affects social development from the earliest months of life, the data from these studies presents a picture of autism as a disorder involving symptoms across multiple domains with a gradual onset that changes both ongoing developmental rate and established behavioral patterns across the first 2-3 years of life. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aur.81 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=936 [article] What are infant siblings teaching us about autism in infancy? [Texte imprimé et/ou numérique] / Sally J ROGERS, Auteur . - 2009 . - p.125-137. Langues : Anglais (eng) in Autism Research > 2-3 (June 2009) . - p.125-137 Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : International research to understand infant patterns of development in autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) has recently focused on a research paradigm involving prospective longitudinal studies of infant siblings of children with autism. Such designs use a comparison group of infant siblings without any familial risks (the low-risk group) to gather longitudinal information about developmental skills across the first 3 years of life, followed by clinical diagnosis of ASD at 36 months. This review focuses on five topics: presence of ASD in the infant sibling groups, patterns and characteristics of motor development, patterns and characteristics of social and emotional development, patterns and characteristics of intentional communication, both verbal and nonverbal, and patterns that mark the onset of behaviors pathognomonic for ASD. Symptoms in all these areas typically begin to be detected during the age period of 12-24 months in infants who will develop autism. Onset of the symptoms occurs at varying ages and in varying patterns, but the pattern of frank loss of skills and marked regression reported from previous retrospective studies in 20-30% of children is seldom reported in these infant sibling prospective studies. Two surprises involve the very early onset of repetitive and unusual sensory behaviors, and the lack of predictive symptoms at the age of 6 months. Contrary to current views that autism is a disorder that profoundly affects social development from the earliest months of life, the data from these studies presents a picture of autism as a disorder involving symptoms across multiple domains with a gradual onset that changes both ongoing developmental rate and established behavioral patterns across the first 2-3 years of life. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aur.81 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=936

Impairments on "open-ended" executive function tests in autism / Sarah WHITE in Autism Research, 2-3 (June 2009)  

Public ISBD [article]  inAutism Research > 2-3 (June 2009) . - p.138-147 Titre : Impairments on "open-ended" executive function tests in autism Type de document : Texte imprimé et/ou numérique Auteurs : Sarah WHITE, Auteur ; Elisabeth HILL, Auteur ; Paul W. BURGESS, Auteur Année de publication : 2009 Article en page(s) : p.138-147 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : autism executive-function ecological-validity open-ended implicit Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : The executive function (EF) theory of autism has received much support recently from a growing number of studies. However, executive impairments have not always been easy to identify consistently and so novel ecologically valid tests have been designed which tap into real-life scenarios that are relevant to and representative of everyday behavior. One characteristic of many of these tasks is that they present the participant with an ill-structured or open-ended situation. Here, we investigated the possibility that tasks with greater degrees of open-endedness might prove more sensitive to detecting executive impairment in autism. Forty-five children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) were compared to 27 age- and IQ-matched control children on a range of cognitive tests of EF. Group differences were found on half of the tasks, with the greatest degree of impairment detected on the more open-ended tasks. The ASD group also performed more poorly on a simple control condition of a task. Detailed consideration of task performance suggested that the ASD group tended to create fewer spontaneous strategies and exhibit more idiosyncratic behavior, which particularly disadvantaged them on the more open-ended tasks. These kinds of behaviors have been reported in studies of neurological patients with frontal lobe involvement, prima facie suggesting a link between the scientific fields. However, we suggest that this behavior might equally result from a poor understanding of the implicit demands made by the experimenter in open-ended test situations, due to the socio-communicative difficulties of these children. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aur.78 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=937 [article] Impairments on "open-ended" executive function tests in autism [Texte imprimé et/ou numérique] / Sarah WHITE, Auteur ; Elisabeth HILL, Auteur ; Paul W. BURGESS, Auteur . - 2009 . - p.138-147. Langues : Anglais (eng) in Autism Research > 2-3 (June 2009) . - p.138-147 Mots-clés : autism executive-function ecological-validity open-ended implicit Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : The executive function (EF) theory of autism has received much support recently from a growing number of studies. However, executive impairments have not always been easy to identify consistently and so novel ecologically valid tests have been designed which tap into real-life scenarios that are relevant to and representative of everyday behavior. One characteristic of many of these tasks is that they present the participant with an ill-structured or open-ended situation. Here, we investigated the possibility that tasks with greater degrees of open-endedness might prove more sensitive to detecting executive impairment in autism. Forty-five children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) were compared to 27 age- and IQ-matched control children on a range of cognitive tests of EF. Group differences were found on half of the tasks, with the greatest degree of impairment detected on the more open-ended tasks. The ASD group also performed more poorly on a simple control condition of a task. Detailed consideration of task performance suggested that the ASD group tended to create fewer spontaneous strategies and exhibit more idiosyncratic behavior, which particularly disadvantaged them on the more open-ended tasks. These kinds of behaviors have been reported in studies of neurological patients with frontal lobe involvement, prima facie suggesting a link between the scientific fields. However, we suggest that this behavior might equally result from a poor understanding of the implicit demands made by the experimenter in open-ended test situations, due to the socio-communicative difficulties of these children. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aur.78 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=937

Moral Dilemmas Film Task: a study of spontaneous narratives by individuals with autism spectrum conditions / Jennifer L. BARNES in Autism Research, 2-3 (June 2009)  

Public ISBD [article]  inAutism Research > 2-3 (June 2009) . - p.148-156 Titre : Moral Dilemmas Film Task: a study of spontaneous narratives by individuals with autism spectrum conditions Type de document : Texte imprimé et/ou numérique Auteurs : Jennifer L. BARNES, Auteur ; Simon BARON-COHEN, Auteur ; Sally WHEELWRIGHT, Auteur ; Michael V. LOMBARDO, Auteur Année de publication : 2009 Article en page(s) : p.148-156 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : autism empathy story-telling narrative verbal-ability moral-cognition film Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : People with autism spectrum conditions (ASC) have difficulties with mentalizing, empathy, and narrative comprehension. A new test of social and narrative cognition, the Moral Dilemmas Film Task, was developed to probe individuals' spontaneous understanding of naturalistic film scenes. Twenty-eight individuals with ASC and 28 neurotypical controls, matched for age, sex, and IQ, watched four short emotionally charged film clips each depicting a moral dilemma, and were asked to write about what they had seen. Individuals with ASC produced significantly shorter film-based narratives and showed a smaller bias for mental states over objects in their narratives than controls. A significant correlation was found between verbal IQ and the level of mentalizing in film narratives for the ASC group, but not the control group, while the reverse pattern was found with a measure of self-reported cognitive and affective empathy. These results suggest that to the extent that both groups succeed in viewing moral dilemmas in terms of mental content, they do so in different ways, with individuals with ASC using verbal scaffolding to increase their ability to draw meaning from social scenes. The well-established empathy deficit in ASC extends to spontaneous interpretation of moral dilemmas. This new film task has the potential to assay different aspects of how the social world is represented differently in ASC, including during moral comprehension. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aur.79 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=937 [article] Moral Dilemmas Film Task: a study of spontaneous narratives by individuals with autism spectrum conditions [Texte imprimé et/ou numérique] / Jennifer L. BARNES, Auteur ; Simon BARON-COHEN, Auteur ; Sally WHEELWRIGHT, Auteur ; Michael V. LOMBARDO, Auteur . - 2009 . - p.148-156. Langues : Anglais (eng) in Autism Research > 2-3 (June 2009) . - p.148-156 Mots-clés : autism empathy story-telling narrative verbal-ability moral-cognition film Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : People with autism spectrum conditions (ASC) have difficulties with mentalizing, empathy, and narrative comprehension. A new test of social and narrative cognition, the Moral Dilemmas Film Task, was developed to probe individuals' spontaneous understanding of naturalistic film scenes. Twenty-eight individuals with ASC and 28 neurotypical controls, matched for age, sex, and IQ, watched four short emotionally charged film clips each depicting a moral dilemma, and were asked to write about what they had seen. Individuals with ASC produced significantly shorter film-based narratives and showed a smaller bias for mental states over objects in their narratives than controls. A significant correlation was found between verbal IQ and the level of mentalizing in film narratives for the ASC group, but not the control group, while the reverse pattern was found with a measure of self-reported cognitive and affective empathy. These results suggest that to the extent that both groups succeed in viewing moral dilemmas in terms of mental content, they do so in different ways, with individuals with ASC using verbal scaffolding to increase their ability to draw meaning from social scenes. The well-established empathy deficit in ASC extends to spontaneous interpretation of moral dilemmas. This new film task has the potential to assay different aspects of how the social world is represented differently in ASC, including during moral comprehension. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aur.79 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=937

Genes related to sex steroids, neural growth, and social-emotional behavior are associated with autistic traits, empathy, and Asperger syndrome / Bhismadev CHAKRABARTI in Autism Research, 2-3 (June 2009)  

Public ISBD [article]  inAutism Research > 2-3 (June 2009) . - p.157-177 Titre : Genes related to sex steroids, neural growth, and social-emotional behavior are associated with autistic traits, empathy, and Asperger syndrome Type de document : Texte imprimé et/ou numérique Auteurs : Bhismadev CHAKRABARTI, Auteur ; Simon BARON-COHEN, Auteur ; Sally WHEELWRIGHT, Auteur ; Carrie ALLISON, Auteur ; F. DUDBRIDGE, Auteur ; G. HILL-CAWTHORNE, Auteur ; Sharmila BANERJEE-BASU, Auteur ; Lindsey KENT, Auteur Année de publication : 2009 Article en page(s) : p.157-177 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : genetics Asperger-syndrome autism empathy autistic-traits visual-search emotion-recognition SNP broader-autism-phenotype Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Genetic studies of autism spectrum conditions (ASC) have mostly focused on the low functioning severe clinical subgroup, treating it as a rare disorder. However, ASC is now thought to be relatively common (1%), and representing one end of a quasi-normal distribution of autistic traits in the general population. Here we report a study of common genetic variation in candidate genes associated with autistic traits and Asperger syndrome (AS). We tested single nucleotide polymorphisms in 68 candidate genes in three functional groups (sex steroid synthesis/transport, neural connectivity, and social-emotional responsivity) in two experiments. These were (a) an association study of relevant behavioral traits (the Empathy Quotient (EQ), the Autism Spectrum Quotient (AQ)) in a population sample (n=349); and (b) a case-control association study on a sample of people with AS, a high-functioning subgroup of ASC (n=174). 27 genes showed a nominally significant association with autistic traits and/or ASC diagnosis. Of these, 19 genes showed nominally significant association with AQ/EQ. In the sex steroid group, this included ESR2 and CYP11B1. In the neural connectivity group, this included HOXA1, NTRK1, and NLGN4X. In the socio-responsivity behavior group, this included MAOB, AVPR1B, and WFS1. Fourteen genes showed nominally significant association with AS. In the sex steroid group, this included CYP17A1 and CYP19A1. In the socio-emotional behavior group, this included OXT. Six genes were nominally associated in both experiments, providing a partial replication. Eleven genes survived family wise error rate (FWER) correction using permutations across both experiments, which is greater than would be expected by chance. CYP11B1 and NTRK1 emerged as significantly associated genes in both experiments, after FWER correction (P<0.05). This is the first candidate-gene association study of AS and of autistic traits. The most promising candidate genes require independent replication and fine mapping. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aur.80 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=937 [article] Genes related to sex steroids, neural growth, and social-emotional behavior are associated with autistic traits, empathy, and Asperger syndrome [Texte imprimé et/ou numérique] / Bhismadev CHAKRABARTI, Auteur ; Simon BARON-COHEN, Auteur ; Sally WHEELWRIGHT, Auteur ; Carrie ALLISON, Auteur ; F. DUDBRIDGE, Auteur ; G. HILL-CAWTHORNE, Auteur ; Sharmila BANERJEE-BASU, Auteur ; Lindsey KENT, Auteur . - 2009 . - p.157-177. Langues : Anglais (eng) in Autism Research > 2-3 (June 2009) . - p.157-177 Mots-clés : genetics Asperger-syndrome autism empathy autistic-traits visual-search emotion-recognition SNP broader-autism-phenotype Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Genetic studies of autism spectrum conditions (ASC) have mostly focused on the low functioning severe clinical subgroup, treating it as a rare disorder. However, ASC is now thought to be relatively common (1%), and representing one end of a quasi-normal distribution of autistic traits in the general population. Here we report a study of common genetic variation in candidate genes associated with autistic traits and Asperger syndrome (AS). We tested single nucleotide polymorphisms in 68 candidate genes in three functional groups (sex steroid synthesis/transport, neural connectivity, and social-emotional responsivity) in two experiments. These were (a) an association study of relevant behavioral traits (the Empathy Quotient (EQ), the Autism Spectrum Quotient (AQ)) in a population sample (n=349); and (b) a case-control association study on a sample of people with AS, a high-functioning subgroup of ASC (n=174). 27 genes showed a nominally significant association with autistic traits and/or ASC diagnosis. Of these, 19 genes showed nominally significant association with AQ/EQ. In the sex steroid group, this included ESR2 and CYP11B1. In the neural connectivity group, this included HOXA1, NTRK1, and NLGN4X. In the socio-responsivity behavior group, this included MAOB, AVPR1B, and WFS1. Fourteen genes showed nominally significant association with AS. In the sex steroid group, this included CYP17A1 and CYP19A1. In the socio-emotional behavior group, this included OXT. Six genes were nominally associated in both experiments, providing a partial replication. Eleven genes survived family wise error rate (FWER) correction using permutations across both experiments, which is greater than would be expected by chance. CYP11B1 and NTRK1 emerged as significantly associated genes in both experiments, after FWER correction (P<0.05). This is the first candidate-gene association study of AS and of autistic traits. The most promising candidate genes require independent replication and fine mapping. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aur.80 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=937

Literature Review: Preference for physical compared to biological motion; Genome-wide association study / Edwin H. Jr COOK in Autism Research, 2-3 (June 2009)  

Public ISBD [article]  inAutism Research > 2-3 (June 2009) . - p.178-179 Titre : Literature Review: Preference for physical compared to biological motion; Genome-wide association study Type de document : Texte imprimé et/ou numérique Auteurs : Edwin H. Jr COOK, Auteur Année de publication : 2009 Article en page(s) : p.178-179 Langues : Anglais (eng) Index. décimale : PER Périodiques En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aur.82 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=937 [article] Literature Review: Preference for physical compared to biological motion; Genome-wide association study [Texte imprimé et/ou numérique] / Edwin H. Jr COOK, Auteur . - 2009 . - p.178-179. Langues : Anglais (eng) in Autism Research > 2-3 (June 2009) . - p.178-179 Index. décimale : PER Périodiques En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aur.82 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=937

Lay abstracts in Autism Research, 2-3 (June 2009)  

Public ISBD [article]  inAutism Research > 2-3 (June 2009) . - p.180-181 Titre : Lay abstracts Type de document : Texte imprimé et/ou numérique Année de publication : 2009 Article en page(s) : p.180-181 Langues : Anglais (eng) Index. décimale : PER Périodiques En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aur.85 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=937 [article] Lay abstracts [Texte imprimé et/ou numérique] . - 2009 . - p.180-181. Langues : Anglais (eng) in Autism Research > 2-3 (June 2009) . - p.180-181 Index. décimale : PER Périodiques En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aur.85 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=937

International Society for Autism Research News in Autism Research, 2-3 (June 2009)  

Public ISBD [article]  inAutism Research > 2-3 (June 2009) . - p.182 Titre : International Society for Autism Research News Type de document : Texte imprimé et/ou numérique Année de publication : 2009 Article en page(s) : p.182 Langues : Anglais (eng) Index. décimale : PER Périodiques En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aur.86 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=937 [article] International Society for Autism Research News [Texte imprimé et/ou numérique] . - 2009 . - p.182. Langues : Anglais (eng) in Autism Research > 2-3 (June 2009) . - p.182 Index. décimale : PER Périodiques En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aur.86 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=937