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“I want to fit in… but I don’t want to change myself fundamentally”: A qualitative exploration of the relationship between masking and mental health for autistic teenagers / Louise CHAPMAN in Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 99 (November)
[article]
Titre : “I want to fit in… but I don’t want to change myself fundamentally”: A qualitative exploration of the relationship between masking and mental health for autistic teenagers Type de document : Texte imprimé et/ou numérique Auteurs : Louise CHAPMAN, Auteur ; Kieran ROSE, Auteur ; Laura HULL, Auteur ; William MANDY, Auteur Année de publication : 2022 Article en page(s) : 102069 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Autism Masking Authenticity Mental health Young people Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Background Previous research has identified an association between masking and mental health for autistic people. However, the direction of causality and mechanisms involved in this relationship are not well understood. This qualitative study aimed to investigate autistic teenagers’ experiences of masking, mental health and how the two develop and interact. Methods Twenty autistic teenagers took part in a semi-structured interview. The interviews were analysed using Reflexive Thematic Analysis. Results From the analysis, one theme was identified to conceptualise masking as described by participants. Five more inter-related themes were identified, each involved both in the relationship between masking and mental health and conversely in the relationship between authenticity and mental health. Participants described how masking and mental health both influence each other, and both are influenced by social and environmental factors. Conclusions The findings are consistent with previous research indicating that masking is associated with mental health difficulties. Our analysis presents a broader conceptualisation of masking than previously defined in the literature, placing social oppression of autistic people at the heart of the relationship between masking and mental health. The findings have implications for diagnostic services, post-diagnostic support and therapeutic interventions, highlighting the need to challenge deficit-based narratives of autism. En ligne : https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2022.102069 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=491
in Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders > 99 (November) . - 102069[article] “I want to fit in… but I don’t want to change myself fundamentally”: A qualitative exploration of the relationship between masking and mental health for autistic teenagers [Texte imprimé et/ou numérique] / Louise CHAPMAN, Auteur ; Kieran ROSE, Auteur ; Laura HULL, Auteur ; William MANDY, Auteur . - 2022 . - 102069.
Langues : Anglais (eng)
in Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders > 99 (November) . - 102069
Mots-clés : Autism Masking Authenticity Mental health Young people Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Background Previous research has identified an association between masking and mental health for autistic people. However, the direction of causality and mechanisms involved in this relationship are not well understood. This qualitative study aimed to investigate autistic teenagers’ experiences of masking, mental health and how the two develop and interact. Methods Twenty autistic teenagers took part in a semi-structured interview. The interviews were analysed using Reflexive Thematic Analysis. Results From the analysis, one theme was identified to conceptualise masking as described by participants. Five more inter-related themes were identified, each involved both in the relationship between masking and mental health and conversely in the relationship between authenticity and mental health. Participants described how masking and mental health both influence each other, and both are influenced by social and environmental factors. Conclusions The findings are consistent with previous research indicating that masking is associated with mental health difficulties. Our analysis presents a broader conceptualisation of masking than previously defined in the literature, placing social oppression of autistic people at the heart of the relationship between masking and mental health. The findings have implications for diagnostic services, post-diagnostic support and therapeutic interventions, highlighting the need to challenge deficit-based narratives of autism. En ligne : https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2022.102069 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=491 Cognitive Predictors of Self-Reported Camouflaging in Autistic Adolescents / Laura HULL in Autism Research, 14-3 (March 2021)
[article]
Titre : Cognitive Predictors of Self-Reported Camouflaging in Autistic Adolescents Type de document : Texte imprimé et/ou numérique Auteurs : Laura HULL, Auteur ; K. V. PETRIDES, Auteur ; William MANDY, Auteur Article en page(s) : p.523-532 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : adolescence camouflaging compensation executive function masking Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Camouflaging involves masking and/or compensating for autistic characteristics and has been identified in autistic individuals through a variety of different methods. Individual variation in the extent, processes and outcomes of camouflaging has been reported in autistic adults, and there has been some investigation of camouflaging by autistic adolescents. This study was conducted to better understand how some of these individual differences emerge, by examining potential mechanisms (theory of mind, executive function, intelligence quotient and age) involved in camouflaging by 58 autistic adolescents aged 13-18?years (29 females, 29 males). Fewer executive function difficulties predicted greater use of total camouflaging strategies and the compensation subscale, but not the masking or assimilation subscales; no other predictors reached statistical significance. These findings suggest that individual differences in executive function ability may underlie variation in the use of camouflaging by adolescents. The total variance explained in the model was small, suggesting the need to examine other factors which may underpin camouflaging. The implications of this finding for the relationship between camouflaging and well-being are discussed, along with the distinction between attempts to camouflage and the efficacy of those attempts. LAY SUMMARY: Camouflaging involves hiding your autism or finding ways around difficulties in order to fit in during social situations. This study found that autistic teenagers with good executive function abilities camouflage their autism more than those who struggle with executive function (which includes planning, goal-direction and memory). This may have implications for teenagers' mental health and their social functioning. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aur.2407 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=443
in Autism Research > 14-3 (March 2021) . - p.523-532[article] Cognitive Predictors of Self-Reported Camouflaging in Autistic Adolescents [Texte imprimé et/ou numérique] / Laura HULL, Auteur ; K. V. PETRIDES, Auteur ; William MANDY, Auteur . - p.523-532.
Langues : Anglais (eng)
in Autism Research > 14-3 (March 2021) . - p.523-532
Mots-clés : adolescence camouflaging compensation executive function masking Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Camouflaging involves masking and/or compensating for autistic characteristics and has been identified in autistic individuals through a variety of different methods. Individual variation in the extent, processes and outcomes of camouflaging has been reported in autistic adults, and there has been some investigation of camouflaging by autistic adolescents. This study was conducted to better understand how some of these individual differences emerge, by examining potential mechanisms (theory of mind, executive function, intelligence quotient and age) involved in camouflaging by 58 autistic adolescents aged 13-18?years (29 females, 29 males). Fewer executive function difficulties predicted greater use of total camouflaging strategies and the compensation subscale, but not the masking or assimilation subscales; no other predictors reached statistical significance. These findings suggest that individual differences in executive function ability may underlie variation in the use of camouflaging by adolescents. The total variance explained in the model was small, suggesting the need to examine other factors which may underpin camouflaging. The implications of this finding for the relationship between camouflaging and well-being are discussed, along with the distinction between attempts to camouflage and the efficacy of those attempts. LAY SUMMARY: Camouflaging involves hiding your autism or finding ways around difficulties in order to fit in during social situations. This study found that autistic teenagers with good executive function abilities camouflage their autism more than those who struggle with executive function (which includes planning, goal-direction and memory). This may have implications for teenagers' mental health and their social functioning. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aur.2407 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=443
[article]
Titre : Confirming the nature of autistic burnout Type de document : Texte imprimé et/ou numérique Auteurs : Samuel RC ARNOLD, Auteur ; Julianne M HIGGINS, Auteur ; Janelle WEISE, Auteur ; Aishani DESAI, Auteur ; Elizabeth PELLICANO, Auteur ; Julian N TROLLOR, Auteur Article en page(s) : p.1906-1918 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : autism autistic burnout burnout camouflaging double empathy masking Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Autistic burnout is an experience commonly described by autistic people (#AutBurnout and #AutisticBurnout on social media). Recently, two definitions of this syndrome have been published. Both describe debilitating exhaustion with onset related to various stressors including masking, though several differences exist, such as the characteristic of interpersonal withdrawal. We sought to explore the content validity of these definitions including duration and frequency criteria, using descriptive statistics, content analysis and reflexive thematic analysis. A co-produced survey of 141 autistic adults with experience of autistic burnout showed strong endorsement of the definition by Higgins et al., where exhaustion and interpersonal withdrawal occur alongside reduced functioning, executive functioning difficulties, and increased manifestation of autistic traits. Duration and frequency criteria were unresolved, with qualitative data highlighting varying (both acute and chronic) experiences. Autistic burnout is frequently misdiagnosed as depression, anxiety, bipolar disorder, borderline personality disorder or other conditions. Work is needed to increase community and clinician awareness, as well as initiatives to improve unaccommodating neurotypical environments. More research and validation are needed in larger samples not restricted to autistic adults who have experienced autistic burnout to determine prevalence and risk factors as well as duration and frequency.Lay abstractAutistic burnout is something autistic people have been talking about for a while (see #AutBurnout and #AutisticBurnout on social media). Recently, researchers published two different definitions of autistic burnout. We wanted to test these definitions. We wanted to confirm the duration and frequency of autistic burnout. That is, how long and how often do people get autistic burnout? We surveyed 141 autistic adults who had autistic burnout. We used descriptive statistics, content analysis and reflexive thematic analysis to analyse the survey responses. Autistic adults strongly agreed with the definition published by Higgins et al. How long and how often people get autistic burnout was not clear. Participants told us they have both short and long episodes. Participants told us that autistic burnout leads to exhaustion. They needed to withdraw from being with other people. They needed to stay away from autism unfriendly places. Many had been misdiagnosed as having depression, anxiety, bipolar disorder, borderline personality disorder or other conditions. We need increased awareness of autistic burnout. Autistic people need more help. More research is needed, we need to have bigger studies to understand autistic burnout. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/13623613221147410 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=510
in Autism > 27-7 (October 2023) . - p.1906-1918[article] Confirming the nature of autistic burnout [Texte imprimé et/ou numérique] / Samuel RC ARNOLD, Auteur ; Julianne M HIGGINS, Auteur ; Janelle WEISE, Auteur ; Aishani DESAI, Auteur ; Elizabeth PELLICANO, Auteur ; Julian N TROLLOR, Auteur . - p.1906-1918.
Langues : Anglais (eng)
in Autism > 27-7 (October 2023) . - p.1906-1918
Mots-clés : autism autistic burnout burnout camouflaging double empathy masking Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Autistic burnout is an experience commonly described by autistic people (#AutBurnout and #AutisticBurnout on social media). Recently, two definitions of this syndrome have been published. Both describe debilitating exhaustion with onset related to various stressors including masking, though several differences exist, such as the characteristic of interpersonal withdrawal. We sought to explore the content validity of these definitions including duration and frequency criteria, using descriptive statistics, content analysis and reflexive thematic analysis. A co-produced survey of 141 autistic adults with experience of autistic burnout showed strong endorsement of the definition by Higgins et al., where exhaustion and interpersonal withdrawal occur alongside reduced functioning, executive functioning difficulties, and increased manifestation of autistic traits. Duration and frequency criteria were unresolved, with qualitative data highlighting varying (both acute and chronic) experiences. Autistic burnout is frequently misdiagnosed as depression, anxiety, bipolar disorder, borderline personality disorder or other conditions. Work is needed to increase community and clinician awareness, as well as initiatives to improve unaccommodating neurotypical environments. More research and validation are needed in larger samples not restricted to autistic adults who have experienced autistic burnout to determine prevalence and risk factors as well as duration and frequency.Lay abstractAutistic burnout is something autistic people have been talking about for a while (see #AutBurnout and #AutisticBurnout on social media). Recently, researchers published two different definitions of autistic burnout. We wanted to test these definitions. We wanted to confirm the duration and frequency of autistic burnout. That is, how long and how often do people get autistic burnout? We surveyed 141 autistic adults who had autistic burnout. We used descriptive statistics, content analysis and reflexive thematic analysis to analyse the survey responses. Autistic adults strongly agreed with the definition published by Higgins et al. How long and how often people get autistic burnout was not clear. Participants told us they have both short and long episodes. Participants told us that autistic burnout leads to exhaustion. They needed to withdraw from being with other people. They needed to stay away from autism unfriendly places. Many had been misdiagnosed as having depression, anxiety, bipolar disorder, borderline personality disorder or other conditions. We need increased awareness of autistic burnout. Autistic people need more help. More research is needed, we need to have bigger studies to understand autistic burnout. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/13623613221147410 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=510 Exploring autistic adults' psychosocial experiences affecting beginnings, continuity and change in camouflaging over time: A qualitative study in Singapore / Beatrice Rui Yi LOO in Autism, 28-3 (March 2024)
[article]
Titre : Exploring autistic adults' psychosocial experiences affecting beginnings, continuity and change in camouflaging over time: A qualitative study in Singapore Type de document : Texte imprimé et/ou numérique Auteurs : Beatrice Rui Yi LOO, Auteur ; Truman Jing Yang TEO, Auteur ; Melanie Jiamin LIANG, Auteur ; Dawn-Joy LEONG, Auteur ; Diana Weiting TAN, Auteur ; Sici ZHUANG, Auteur ; Laura HULL, Auteur ; Lucy A. LIVINGSTON, Auteur ; Will MANDY, Auteur ; Francesca HAPPE, Auteur ; Iliana MAGIATI, Auteur Article en page(s) : p.627-643 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : adults autism camouflaging masking mental health well-being Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Camouflaging (or otherwise referred to as masking or passing) involves hiding one?s autistic-related characteristics and differences to get by in social situations in predominantly non-autistic societies. Very little is known to date about the course of camouflaging motivations and strategies over time or the psychosocial factors that may influence autistic people?s camouflaging choices and trajectories. In an exploratory qualitative study within an Asian sociocultural context, we interviewed 11 Singaporean autistic adults (9 males, 2 females, aged 22-45?years) about their camouflaging experiences to better understand (1) their camouflaging motivations and strategies over time, and (2) related psychosocial influences. Organised across four phases (pre-camouflaging, beginnings, continuity and change over time), 17 themes relating to camouflaging motivations and 8 themes relating to strategies were identified. The earliest camouflaging motivations were predominantly relational, linked to a negative self-identity that had been shaped by adverse social experiences. Camouflaging strategies became increasingly complex and integrated into one?s sense of self over time. Our findings highlight the role of psychosocial pressures precipitating camouflaging and emphasise the need for individual and societal changes, including moving towards enhanced acceptance and inclusion to reduce psychosocial pressures on autistic people to camouflage. Lay Abstract Over their lifetimes, many autistic people learn to camouflage (hide or mask) their autism-related differences to forge relationships, find work and live independently in largely non-autistic societies. Autistic adults have described camouflaging as a 'lifetime of conditioning . . . to act normal' involving 'years of effort', suggesting that camouflaging develops over an autistic person?s lifetime and may start early on, in childhood or adolescence. Yet, we know very little about why and how autistic people start to camouflage, or why and how their camouflaging behaviours continue or change over time. We interviewed 11 Singaporean autistic adults (9 male, 2 female, 22-45?years old) who shared their camouflaging experiences. We found that autistic adults' earliest motivations to camouflage were largely related to the desire to fit in and connect with others. They also camouflaged to avoid difficult social experiences (such as being teased or bullied). Autistic adults shared that their camouflaging behaviours became more complex and that, for some, camouflaging became a part of their self-identity over time. Our findings suggest that society should not pathologise autistic differences, but instead accept and include autistic people, to reduce the pressure on autistic people to hide who they truly are. En ligne : https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/13623613231180075 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=523
in Autism > 28-3 (March 2024) . - p.627-643[article] Exploring autistic adults' psychosocial experiences affecting beginnings, continuity and change in camouflaging over time: A qualitative study in Singapore [Texte imprimé et/ou numérique] / Beatrice Rui Yi LOO, Auteur ; Truman Jing Yang TEO, Auteur ; Melanie Jiamin LIANG, Auteur ; Dawn-Joy LEONG, Auteur ; Diana Weiting TAN, Auteur ; Sici ZHUANG, Auteur ; Laura HULL, Auteur ; Lucy A. LIVINGSTON, Auteur ; Will MANDY, Auteur ; Francesca HAPPE, Auteur ; Iliana MAGIATI, Auteur . - p.627-643.
Langues : Anglais (eng)
in Autism > 28-3 (March 2024) . - p.627-643
Mots-clés : adults autism camouflaging masking mental health well-being Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Camouflaging (or otherwise referred to as masking or passing) involves hiding one?s autistic-related characteristics and differences to get by in social situations in predominantly non-autistic societies. Very little is known to date about the course of camouflaging motivations and strategies over time or the psychosocial factors that may influence autistic people?s camouflaging choices and trajectories. In an exploratory qualitative study within an Asian sociocultural context, we interviewed 11 Singaporean autistic adults (9 males, 2 females, aged 22-45?years) about their camouflaging experiences to better understand (1) their camouflaging motivations and strategies over time, and (2) related psychosocial influences. Organised across four phases (pre-camouflaging, beginnings, continuity and change over time), 17 themes relating to camouflaging motivations and 8 themes relating to strategies were identified. The earliest camouflaging motivations were predominantly relational, linked to a negative self-identity that had been shaped by adverse social experiences. Camouflaging strategies became increasingly complex and integrated into one?s sense of self over time. Our findings highlight the role of psychosocial pressures precipitating camouflaging and emphasise the need for individual and societal changes, including moving towards enhanced acceptance and inclusion to reduce psychosocial pressures on autistic people to camouflage. Lay Abstract Over their lifetimes, many autistic people learn to camouflage (hide or mask) their autism-related differences to forge relationships, find work and live independently in largely non-autistic societies. Autistic adults have described camouflaging as a 'lifetime of conditioning . . . to act normal' involving 'years of effort', suggesting that camouflaging develops over an autistic person?s lifetime and may start early on, in childhood or adolescence. Yet, we know very little about why and how autistic people start to camouflage, or why and how their camouflaging behaviours continue or change over time. We interviewed 11 Singaporean autistic adults (9 male, 2 female, 22-45?years old) who shared their camouflaging experiences. We found that autistic adults' earliest motivations to camouflage were largely related to the desire to fit in and connect with others. They also camouflaged to avoid difficult social experiences (such as being teased or bullied). Autistic adults shared that their camouflaging behaviours became more complex and that, for some, camouflaging became a part of their self-identity over time. Our findings suggest that society should not pathologise autistic differences, but instead accept and include autistic people, to reduce the pressure on autistic people to hide who they truly are. En ligne : https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/13623613231180075 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=523 Gender differences in self-reported camouflaging in autistic and non-autistic adults / Laura HULL in Autism, 24-2 (February 2020)
[article]
Titre : Gender differences in self-reported camouflaging in autistic and non-autistic adults Type de document : Texte imprimé et/ou numérique Auteurs : Laura HULL, Auteur ; Meng-Chuan LAI, Auteur ; Simon BARON-COHEN, Auteur ; Carrie ALLISON, Auteur ; Paula SMITH, Auteur ; K. V. PETRIDES, Auteur ; William MANDY, Auteur Article en page(s) : p.352-363 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : adult autism camouflaging compensation females gender differences masking Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Social camouflaging describes the use of strategies to compensate for and mask autistic characteristics during social interactions. A newly developed self-reported measure of camouflaging (Camouflaging Autistic Traits Questionnaire) was used in an online survey to measure gender differences in autistic (n = 306) and non-autistic adults (n = 472) without intellectual disability for the first time. Controlling for age and autistic-like traits, an interaction between gender and diagnostic status was found: autistic females demonstrated higher total camouflaging scores than autistic males (partial eta(2) = 0.08), but there was no camouflaging gender difference for non-autistic people. Autistic females scored higher than males on two of three Camouflaging Autistic Traits Questionnaire subscales: Masking (partial eta(2) = 0.05) and Assimilation (partial eta(2) = 0.06), but not on the Compensation subscale. No differences were found between non-autistic males and females on any subscale. No differences were found between non-binary individuals and other genders in either autistic or non-autistic groups, although samples were underpowered. These findings support previous observations of greater camouflaging in autistic females than males and demonstrate for the first time no self-reported gender difference in non-autistic adults. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1362361319864804 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=415
in Autism > 24-2 (February 2020) . - p.352-363[article] Gender differences in self-reported camouflaging in autistic and non-autistic adults [Texte imprimé et/ou numérique] / Laura HULL, Auteur ; Meng-Chuan LAI, Auteur ; Simon BARON-COHEN, Auteur ; Carrie ALLISON, Auteur ; Paula SMITH, Auteur ; K. V. PETRIDES, Auteur ; William MANDY, Auteur . - p.352-363.
Langues : Anglais (eng)
in Autism > 24-2 (February 2020) . - p.352-363
Mots-clés : adult autism camouflaging compensation females gender differences masking Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Social camouflaging describes the use of strategies to compensate for and mask autistic characteristics during social interactions. A newly developed self-reported measure of camouflaging (Camouflaging Autistic Traits Questionnaire) was used in an online survey to measure gender differences in autistic (n = 306) and non-autistic adults (n = 472) without intellectual disability for the first time. Controlling for age and autistic-like traits, an interaction between gender and diagnostic status was found: autistic females demonstrated higher total camouflaging scores than autistic males (partial eta(2) = 0.08), but there was no camouflaging gender difference for non-autistic people. Autistic females scored higher than males on two of three Camouflaging Autistic Traits Questionnaire subscales: Masking (partial eta(2) = 0.05) and Assimilation (partial eta(2) = 0.06), but not on the Compensation subscale. No differences were found between non-autistic males and females on any subscale. No differences were found between non-binary individuals and other genders in either autistic or non-autistic groups, although samples were underpowered. These findings support previous observations of greater camouflaging in autistic females than males and demonstrate for the first time no self-reported gender difference in non-autistic adults. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1362361319864804 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=415 "I felt like I deserved it because I was autistic": Understanding the impact of interpersonal victimisation in the lives of autistic people / Amy PEARSON in Autism, 27-2 (February 2023)
PermalinkPermalinkAutistic adults’ experience of restricted repetitive behaviours / E. COLLIS in Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 90 (February 2022)
PermalinkCamouflaging in Autistic and Non-autistic Adolescents in the Modern Context of Social Media / A. JEDRZEJEWSKA in Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 52-2 (February 2022)
PermalinkCamouflaging Intent, First Impressions, and Age of ASC Diagnosis in Autistic Men and Women / Hannah L. BELCHER in Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 52-8 (August 2022)
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