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Digit Ratio 2D:4D in Relation to Autism Spectrum Disorders, Empathizing, and Systemizing: A Quantitative Review / Johannes HONEKOPP in Autism Research, 5-4 (August 2012)
[article]
Titre : Digit Ratio 2D:4D in Relation to Autism Spectrum Disorders, Empathizing, and Systemizing: A Quantitative Review Type de document : Texte imprimé et/ou numérique Auteurs : Johannes HONEKOPP, Auteur Année de publication : 2012 Article en page(s) : p.221-30 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : autism digit ratio prenatal testosterone empathizing systemizing sex differences Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Prenatal testosterone (PT) effects have been proposed to increase systemizing (the drive to understand lawful input–output relationships), to decrease empathizing (the drive to understand others), and to cause autism via hypermasculinization of the brain. Digit ratio 2D:4D is a putative marker of PT effects in humans. An online study (n = 1896) into the relationship between the Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test (a widely used measure of empathizing) and self-measured 2D:4D in a nonclinical sample is reported. No evidence for a link between empathizing and 2D:4D in either females or males emerged. Further, three meta-analyses are presented that look into the relationships of 2D:4D with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), systemizing, and empathizing. 2D:4D was substantially lower (more masculine) in ASD-affected individuals than in normal controls (d = −0.58, P < 0.001). However, 2D:4D was found to be virtually unrelated to systemizing and empathizing in normal adults. The results support the idea that high PT is a risk factor for autism, but they challenge the view that PT substantially contributes to sex differences in systemizing and empathizing. Possibly, this pattern reflects an interaction effect, whereby PT drives ASD characteristic changes only in brains with a specific damage. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aur.1230 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=179
in Autism Research > 5-4 (August 2012) . - p.221-30[article] Digit Ratio 2D:4D in Relation to Autism Spectrum Disorders, Empathizing, and Systemizing: A Quantitative Review [Texte imprimé et/ou numérique] / Johannes HONEKOPP, Auteur . - 2012 . - p.221-30.
Langues : Anglais (eng)
in Autism Research > 5-4 (August 2012) . - p.221-30
Mots-clés : autism digit ratio prenatal testosterone empathizing systemizing sex differences Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Prenatal testosterone (PT) effects have been proposed to increase systemizing (the drive to understand lawful input–output relationships), to decrease empathizing (the drive to understand others), and to cause autism via hypermasculinization of the brain. Digit ratio 2D:4D is a putative marker of PT effects in humans. An online study (n = 1896) into the relationship between the Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test (a widely used measure of empathizing) and self-measured 2D:4D in a nonclinical sample is reported. No evidence for a link between empathizing and 2D:4D in either females or males emerged. Further, three meta-analyses are presented that look into the relationships of 2D:4D with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), systemizing, and empathizing. 2D:4D was substantially lower (more masculine) in ASD-affected individuals than in normal controls (d = −0.58, P < 0.001). However, 2D:4D was found to be virtually unrelated to systemizing and empathizing in normal adults. The results support the idea that high PT is a risk factor for autism, but they challenge the view that PT substantially contributes to sex differences in systemizing and empathizing. Possibly, this pattern reflects an interaction effect, whereby PT drives ASD characteristic changes only in brains with a specific damage. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aur.1230 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=179 The Empathizing-Systemizing Theory and 'Extreme Male Brain' (EMB) Theory in Parents of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD): An Explorative, Cross-Sectional Study / Francesco CRAIG in Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 49-10 (October 2019)
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Titre : The Empathizing-Systemizing Theory and 'Extreme Male Brain' (EMB) Theory in Parents of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD): An Explorative, Cross-Sectional Study Type de document : Texte imprimé et/ou numérique Auteurs : Francesco CRAIG, Auteur ; A. DE GIACOMO, Auteur ; R. SAVINO, Auteur ; M. RUGGIERO, Auteur ; L. RUSSO, Auteur ; I. FANIZZA, Auteur ; L. MARGARI, Auteur ; A. TRABACCA, Auteur Article en page(s) : p.4067-4078 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Autism spectrum disorder Empathizing Extreme male brain theory Parental broad autism phenotype Systemizing Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : The aim of this study was to evaluate whether empathizing and systemizing are part of the parental broad autism phenotype (BAP). Parents (N = 76) of preschool children with a diagnosis of ASD and parents (N = 48) of typically developing (TD) children completed the Empathy Quotient (EQ) and Systemizing Quotient-Revised (SQ-R) questionnaires. The E-S discrepancy (D score) was used to test for sex differences in five "brain types". Our results suggest that the E-S theory do not seem to be part of the BAP. However, a stronger drive to systemize than empathize (Type S brain) could be a highly inheritable cognitive endophenotype of mothers of children with ASD. This study should be repeated with a larger sample size. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10803-019-04114-w Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=407
in Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders > 49-10 (October 2019) . - p.4067-4078[article] The Empathizing-Systemizing Theory and 'Extreme Male Brain' (EMB) Theory in Parents of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD): An Explorative, Cross-Sectional Study [Texte imprimé et/ou numérique] / Francesco CRAIG, Auteur ; A. DE GIACOMO, Auteur ; R. SAVINO, Auteur ; M. RUGGIERO, Auteur ; L. RUSSO, Auteur ; I. FANIZZA, Auteur ; L. MARGARI, Auteur ; A. TRABACCA, Auteur . - p.4067-4078.
Langues : Anglais (eng)
in Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders > 49-10 (October 2019) . - p.4067-4078
Mots-clés : Autism spectrum disorder Empathizing Extreme male brain theory Parental broad autism phenotype Systemizing Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : The aim of this study was to evaluate whether empathizing and systemizing are part of the parental broad autism phenotype (BAP). Parents (N = 76) of preschool children with a diagnosis of ASD and parents (N = 48) of typically developing (TD) children completed the Empathy Quotient (EQ) and Systemizing Quotient-Revised (SQ-R) questionnaires. The E-S discrepancy (D score) was used to test for sex differences in five "brain types". Our results suggest that the E-S theory do not seem to be part of the BAP. However, a stronger drive to systemize than empathize (Type S brain) could be a highly inheritable cognitive endophenotype of mothers of children with ASD. This study should be repeated with a larger sample size. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10803-019-04114-w Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=407 A Critical Review of the Research on the Extreme Male Brain Theory and Digit Ratio (2D:4D) / Missy L. TEATERO in Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 43-11 (November 2013)
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Titre : A Critical Review of the Research on the Extreme Male Brain Theory and Digit Ratio (2D:4D) Type de document : Texte imprimé et/ou numérique Auteurs : Missy L. TEATERO, Auteur ; Charles NETLEY, Auteur Article en page(s) : p.2664-2676 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Extreme male brain Autism spectrum Empathizing Systemizing Digit ratio 2D:4D Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Boys are more likely than girls to be diagnosed with an autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The extreme male brain (EMB) theory of ASD suggests that fetal testosterone (FT) exposure may underlie sex differences in autistic traits. A link between the organizational effects of FT on the brain and ASD is often drawn based on research using digit ratio (2D:4D), a putative biomarker, without a full survey of the findings. This paper critically and quantitatively reviews the research on the relationship between 2D:4D and ASD as well as autism spectrum, empathizing, and systemizing measures in neurotypical populations. Overall, there is some support for the EMB theory in all four areas, particularly the 2D:4D–ASD relationship. Recommendations for future research are provided. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10803-013-1819-6 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=217
in Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders > 43-11 (November 2013) . - p.2664-2676[article] A Critical Review of the Research on the Extreme Male Brain Theory and Digit Ratio (2D:4D) [Texte imprimé et/ou numérique] / Missy L. TEATERO, Auteur ; Charles NETLEY, Auteur . - p.2664-2676.
Langues : Anglais (eng)
in Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders > 43-11 (November 2013) . - p.2664-2676
Mots-clés : Extreme male brain Autism spectrum Empathizing Systemizing Digit ratio 2D:4D Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Boys are more likely than girls to be diagnosed with an autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The extreme male brain (EMB) theory of ASD suggests that fetal testosterone (FT) exposure may underlie sex differences in autistic traits. A link between the organizational effects of FT on the brain and ASD is often drawn based on research using digit ratio (2D:4D), a putative biomarker, without a full survey of the findings. This paper critically and quantitatively reviews the research on the relationship between 2D:4D and ASD as well as autism spectrum, empathizing, and systemizing measures in neurotypical populations. Overall, there is some support for the EMB theory in all four areas, particularly the 2D:4D–ASD relationship. Recommendations for future research are provided. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10803-013-1819-6 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=217 Sex differences in children with autism spectrum disorders compared with their unaffected siblings and typically developing children / Subin PARK in Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 6-2 (April-June 2012)
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Titre : Sex differences in children with autism spectrum disorders compared with their unaffected siblings and typically developing children Type de document : Texte imprimé et/ou numérique Auteurs : Subin PARK, Auteur ; Soo-Churl CHO, Auteur ; In Hee CHO, Auteur ; Boong-Nyun KIM, Auteur ; Jae-Won KIM, Auteur ; Min-Sup SHIN, Auteur ; Un-Sun CHUNG, Auteur ; Tae-Won PARK, Auteur ; Jung-Woo SON, Auteur ; Hee Jeong YOO, Auteur Année de publication : 2012 Article en page(s) : p.861-870 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Autism Sex Autistic symptoms Behavior problems Empathizing Systemizing Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : This study examined the nature of cognitive and behavioral sex differences in children with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) and two comparison groups: a group of typically developing (TD) children and a group of unaffected siblings of ASD children. Sex differences in core autistic symptoms, co-occurring behavioral symptoms, and cognitive styles were assessed in each group. Females with ASD were less severely affected than IQ- and age-matched males with ASD in the communication and repetitive stereotyped behavior domains, as measured by the ADI-R, but such sex differences were less significant than they were in the unaffected sibling group. Several behavioral/emotional symptom scores were significantly higher in male siblings than in female siblings. However, the ASD and TD groups did not show sex differences in any behavioral/emotional symptom scores. Males were superior in systemizing relative to empathizing, while the opposite was true for females in the unaffected sibling group and the TD children group; however, both males and females were superior in systemizing relative to empathizing in the ASD group. Our findings support the extreme male brain theory of autism, and further studies are needed to understand the mechanisms behind and developmental perspectives on the nature of sex differences in ASD. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2011.11.006 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=150
in Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders > 6-2 (April-June 2012) . - p.861-870[article] Sex differences in children with autism spectrum disorders compared with their unaffected siblings and typically developing children [Texte imprimé et/ou numérique] / Subin PARK, Auteur ; Soo-Churl CHO, Auteur ; In Hee CHO, Auteur ; Boong-Nyun KIM, Auteur ; Jae-Won KIM, Auteur ; Min-Sup SHIN, Auteur ; Un-Sun CHUNG, Auteur ; Tae-Won PARK, Auteur ; Jung-Woo SON, Auteur ; Hee Jeong YOO, Auteur . - 2012 . - p.861-870.
Langues : Anglais (eng)
in Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders > 6-2 (April-June 2012) . - p.861-870
Mots-clés : Autism Sex Autistic symptoms Behavior problems Empathizing Systemizing Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : This study examined the nature of cognitive and behavioral sex differences in children with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) and two comparison groups: a group of typically developing (TD) children and a group of unaffected siblings of ASD children. Sex differences in core autistic symptoms, co-occurring behavioral symptoms, and cognitive styles were assessed in each group. Females with ASD were less severely affected than IQ- and age-matched males with ASD in the communication and repetitive stereotyped behavior domains, as measured by the ADI-R, but such sex differences were less significant than they were in the unaffected sibling group. Several behavioral/emotional symptom scores were significantly higher in male siblings than in female siblings. However, the ASD and TD groups did not show sex differences in any behavioral/emotional symptom scores. Males were superior in systemizing relative to empathizing, while the opposite was true for females in the unaffected sibling group and the TD children group; however, both males and females were superior in systemizing relative to empathizing in the ASD group. Our findings support the extreme male brain theory of autism, and further studies are needed to understand the mechanisms behind and developmental perspectives on the nature of sex differences in ASD. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2011.11.006 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=150 Testing the Extreme Male Brain Theory of Autism Spectrum Disorder in a Familial Design / Ingeborg HAUTH in Autism Research, 7-4 (August 2014)
[article]
Titre : Testing the Extreme Male Brain Theory of Autism Spectrum Disorder in a Familial Design Type de document : Texte imprimé et/ou numérique Auteurs : Ingeborg HAUTH, Auteur ; Yvette G. E. DE BRUIJN, Auteur ; Wouter STAAL, Auteur ; Jan K. BUITELAAR, Auteur ; Nanda N. ROMMELSE, Auteur Année de publication : 2014 Article en page(s) : p.491-500 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : autism spectrum disorder extreme male brain theory testosterone 2D:4D finger length siblings parents empathizing systemizing Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) may be an extreme manifestation of some male-typical traits in both neuroanatomy and cognition. Using the ratio of the second to fourth digit (2D:4D) and digit length as biomarkers of (pre- and postnatal) testosterone levels, examined was whether hypermasculinized digit ratios and/or lengths were familial traits in ASD and investigated their relation to sexually dimorphic cognitive abilities. 2D:4D ratios and digit lengths of 216 children with ASD, 202 unaffected siblings, and 360 parents were compared with those of 174 control children and their 146 parents. Generalized Estimation Equations, Generalized Linear Models, and Linear Mixed Models were used to investigate parent–offspring relationships and group differences. In ASD probands and their relatives alike, digit length relative to overall height was significantly increased in comparison to controls. No significant group differences were found between affected and unaffected subjects, or between males and females. Additionally, 2D:4D ratios increased with age. No (consistent) associations were found between 2D:4D ratio or digit lengths and systemizing and empathizing skills. The findings emphasize the role of familially based elevated pre- and postnatal testosterone levels in the liability for ASD, but challenge the use of 2D:4D ratio as a proxy of prenatal testosterone exposure solely. Given that many genes influence digit length, the exact mechanisms underlying a familial predisposition toward increased digit length in ASD are as yet unknown and needs to be explored in future studies. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aur.1384 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=238
in Autism Research > 7-4 (August 2014) . - p.491-500[article] Testing the Extreme Male Brain Theory of Autism Spectrum Disorder in a Familial Design [Texte imprimé et/ou numérique] / Ingeborg HAUTH, Auteur ; Yvette G. E. DE BRUIJN, Auteur ; Wouter STAAL, Auteur ; Jan K. BUITELAAR, Auteur ; Nanda N. ROMMELSE, Auteur . - 2014 . - p.491-500.
Langues : Anglais (eng)
in Autism Research > 7-4 (August 2014) . - p.491-500
Mots-clés : autism spectrum disorder extreme male brain theory testosterone 2D:4D finger length siblings parents empathizing systemizing Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) may be an extreme manifestation of some male-typical traits in both neuroanatomy and cognition. Using the ratio of the second to fourth digit (2D:4D) and digit length as biomarkers of (pre- and postnatal) testosterone levels, examined was whether hypermasculinized digit ratios and/or lengths were familial traits in ASD and investigated their relation to sexually dimorphic cognitive abilities. 2D:4D ratios and digit lengths of 216 children with ASD, 202 unaffected siblings, and 360 parents were compared with those of 174 control children and their 146 parents. Generalized Estimation Equations, Generalized Linear Models, and Linear Mixed Models were used to investigate parent–offspring relationships and group differences. In ASD probands and their relatives alike, digit length relative to overall height was significantly increased in comparison to controls. No significant group differences were found between affected and unaffected subjects, or between males and females. Additionally, 2D:4D ratios increased with age. No (consistent) associations were found between 2D:4D ratio or digit lengths and systemizing and empathizing skills. The findings emphasize the role of familially based elevated pre- and postnatal testosterone levels in the liability for ASD, but challenge the use of 2D:4D ratio as a proxy of prenatal testosterone exposure solely. Given that many genes influence digit length, the exact mechanisms underlying a familial predisposition toward increased digit length in ASD are as yet unknown and needs to be explored in future studies. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aur.1384 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=238