Abnormal Use of Facial Information in High-Functioning Autism / Michael L. SPEZIO in Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 37-5 (May 2007)  

Public ISBD [article]  inJournal of Autism and Developmental Disorders > 37-5 (May 2007) . - p.929-939 Titre : Abnormal Use of Facial Information in High-Functioning Autism Type de document : Texte imprimé et/ou numérique Auteurs : Michael L. SPEZIO, Auteur ; Joseph PIVEN, Auteur ; Ralph ADOLPHS, Auteur ; Robert S. E. HURLEY, Auteur Année de publication : 2007 Article en page(s) : p.929-939 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Social-cognition Emotion Eyetracking Bubbles Facial-information Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Altered visual exploration of faces likely contributes to social cognition deficits seen in autism. To investigate the relationship between face gaze and social cognition in autism, we measured both face gaze and how facial regions were actually used during emotion judgments from faces. Compared to IQ-matched healthy controls, nine high-functioning adults with autism failed to make use of information from the eye region of faces, instead relying primarily on information from the mouth. Face gaze accounted for the increased reliance on the mouth, and partially accounted for the deficit in using information from the eyes. These findings provide a novel quantitative assessment of how people with autism utilize information in faces when making social judgments. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10803-006-0232-9 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=140 [article] Abnormal Use of Facial Information in High-Functioning Autism [Texte imprimé et/ou numérique] / Michael L. SPEZIO, Auteur ; Joseph PIVEN, Auteur ; Ralph ADOLPHS, Auteur ; Robert S. E. HURLEY, Auteur . - 2007 . - p.929-939. Langues : Anglais (eng) in Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders > 37-5 (May 2007) . - p.929-939 Mots-clés : Social-cognition Emotion Eyetracking Bubbles Facial-information Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Altered visual exploration of faces likely contributes to social cognition deficits seen in autism. To investigate the relationship between face gaze and social cognition in autism, we measured both face gaze and how facial regions were actually used during emotion judgments from faces. Compared to IQ-matched healthy controls, nine high-functioning adults with autism failed to make use of information from the eye region of faces, instead relying primarily on information from the mouth. Face gaze accounted for the increased reliance on the mouth, and partially accounted for the deficit in using information from the eyes. These findings provide a novel quantitative assessment of how people with autism utilize information in faces when making social judgments. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10803-006-0232-9 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=140

Atypical gaze patterns in autistic adults are heterogeneous across but reliable within individuals / Umit KELES in Molecular Autism, 13 (2022)  

Public ISBD [article]  inMolecular Autism > 13 (2022) . - 39 p. Titre : Atypical gaze patterns in autistic adults are heterogeneous across but reliable within individuals Type de document : Texte imprimé et/ou numérique Auteurs : Umit KELES, Auteur ; Dorit KLIEMANN, Auteur ; Lisa BYRGE, Auteur ; Heini SAARIMAKI, Auteur ; Lynn K. PAUL, Auteur ; Daniel P. KENNEDY, Auteur ; Ralph ADOLPHS, Auteur Article en page(s) : 39 p. Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Adult  Autism Spectrum Disorder/diagnosis  Autistic Disorder/diagnosis  Fixation, Ocular  Humans  Autism  Eye tracking  Heterogeneity  Individual differences  Videos Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : BACKGROUND: Across behavioral studies, autistic individuals show greater variability than typically developing individuals. However, it remains unknown to what extent this variability arises from heterogeneity across individuals, or from unreliability within individuals. Here, we focus on eye tracking, which provides rich dependent measures that have been used extensively in studies of autism. Autistic individuals have an atypical gaze onto both static visual images and dynamic videos that could be leveraged for diagnostic purposes if the above open question could be addressed. METHODS: We tested three competing hypotheses: (1) that gaze patterns of autistic individuals are less reliable or noisier than those of controls, (2) that atypical gaze patterns are individually reliable but heterogeneous across autistic individuals, or (3) that atypical gaze patterns are individually reliable and also homogeneous among autistic individuals. We collected desktop-based eye tracking data from two different full-length television sitcom episodes, at two independent sites (Caltech and Indiana University), in a total of over 150 adult participants (N=48 autistic individuals with IQ in the normal range, 105 controls) and quantified gaze onto features of the videos using automated computer vision-based feature extraction. RESULTS: We found support for the second of these hypotheses. Autistic people and controls showed equivalently reliable gaze onto specific features of videos, such as faces, so much so that individuals could be identified significantly above chance using a fingerprinting approach from video epochs as short as 2 min. However, classification of participants into diagnostic groups based on their eye tracking data failed to produce clear group classifications, due to heterogeneity in the autistic group. LIMITATIONS: Three limitations are the relatively small sample size, assessment across only two videos (from the same television series), and the absence of other dependent measures (e.g., neuroimaging or genetics) that might have revealed individual-level variability that was not evident with eye tracking. Future studies should expand to larger samples across longer longitudinal epochs, an aim that is now becoming feasible with Internet- and phone-based eye tracking. CONCLUSIONS: These findings pave the way for the investigation of autism subtypes, and for elucidating the specific visual features that best discriminate gaze patterns-directions that will also combine with and inform neuroimaging and genetic studies of this complex disorder. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13229-022-00517-2 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=491 [article] Atypical gaze patterns in autistic adults are heterogeneous across but reliable within individuals [Texte imprimé et/ou numérique] / Umit KELES, Auteur ; Dorit KLIEMANN, Auteur ; Lisa BYRGE, Auteur ; Heini SAARIMAKI, Auteur ; Lynn K. PAUL, Auteur ; Daniel P. KENNEDY, Auteur ; Ralph ADOLPHS, Auteur . - 39 p. Langues : Anglais (eng) in Molecular Autism > 13 (2022) . - 39 p. Mots-clés : Adult  Autism Spectrum Disorder/diagnosis  Autistic Disorder/diagnosis  Fixation, Ocular  Humans  Autism  Eye tracking  Heterogeneity  Individual differences  Videos Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : BACKGROUND: Across behavioral studies, autistic individuals show greater variability than typically developing individuals. However, it remains unknown to what extent this variability arises from heterogeneity across individuals, or from unreliability within individuals. Here, we focus on eye tracking, which provides rich dependent measures that have been used extensively in studies of autism. Autistic individuals have an atypical gaze onto both static visual images and dynamic videos that could be leveraged for diagnostic purposes if the above open question could be addressed. METHODS: We tested three competing hypotheses: (1) that gaze patterns of autistic individuals are less reliable or noisier than those of controls, (2) that atypical gaze patterns are individually reliable but heterogeneous across autistic individuals, or (3) that atypical gaze patterns are individually reliable and also homogeneous among autistic individuals. We collected desktop-based eye tracking data from two different full-length television sitcom episodes, at two independent sites (Caltech and Indiana University), in a total of over 150 adult participants (N=48 autistic individuals with IQ in the normal range, 105 controls) and quantified gaze onto features of the videos using automated computer vision-based feature extraction. RESULTS: We found support for the second of these hypotheses. Autistic people and controls showed equivalently reliable gaze onto specific features of videos, such as faces, so much so that individuals could be identified significantly above chance using a fingerprinting approach from video epochs as short as 2 min. However, classification of participants into diagnostic groups based on their eye tracking data failed to produce clear group classifications, due to heterogeneity in the autistic group. LIMITATIONS: Three limitations are the relatively small sample size, assessment across only two videos (from the same television series), and the absence of other dependent measures (e.g., neuroimaging or genetics) that might have revealed individual-level variability that was not evident with eye tracking. Future studies should expand to larger samples across longer longitudinal epochs, an aim that is now becoming feasible with Internet- and phone-based eye tracking. CONCLUSIONS: These findings pave the way for the investigation of autism subtypes, and for elucidating the specific visual features that best discriminate gaze patterns-directions that will also combine with and inform neuroimaging and genetic studies of this complex disorder. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13229-022-00517-2 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=491

Does bilateral damage to the human amygdala produce autistic symptoms? / L. K. PAUL in Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders, 2-3 (September 2010)  

Public ISBD [article]  inJournal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders > 2-3 (September 2010) . - p.165-173 Titre : Does bilateral damage to the human amygdala produce autistic symptoms? Type de document : Texte imprimé et/ou numérique Auteurs : L. K. PAUL, Auteur ; C. CORSELLO, Auteur ; D. TRANEL, Auteur ; Ralph ADOLPHS, Auteur Article en page(s) : p.165-173 Langues : Anglais (eng) Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : A leading neurological hypothesis for autism postulates amygdala dysfunction. This hypothesis has considerable support from anatomical and neuroimaging studies. Individuals with bilateral amygdala lesions show impairments in some aspects of social cognition. These impairments bear intriguing similarity to those reported in people with autism, such as impaired recognition of emotion in faces, impaired theory of mind abilities, failure to fixate eyes in faces, and difficulties in regulating personal space distance to others. Yet such neurological cases have never before been assessed directly to see if they meet criteria for autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Here we undertook such an investigation in two rare participants with developmental-onset bilateral amygdala lesions. We administered a comprehensive clinical examination, as well as the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS), the Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS), together with several other standardized questionnaires. Results from the two individuals with amygdala lesions were compared with published norms from both healthy populations as well as from people with ASD. Neither participant with amygdala lesions showed any evidence of autism across the array of different measures. The findings demonstrate that amygdala lesions in isolation are not sufficient for producing autistic symptoms. We suggest instead that it may be abnormal connectivity between the amygdala and other structures that contributes to autistic symptoms at a network level. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11689-010-9056-1 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=342 [article] Does bilateral damage to the human amygdala produce autistic symptoms? [Texte imprimé et/ou numérique] / L. K. PAUL, Auteur ; C. CORSELLO, Auteur ; D. TRANEL, Auteur ; Ralph ADOLPHS, Auteur . - p.165-173. Langues : Anglais (eng) in Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders > 2-3 (September 2010) . - p.165-173 Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : A leading neurological hypothesis for autism postulates amygdala dysfunction. This hypothesis has considerable support from anatomical and neuroimaging studies. Individuals with bilateral amygdala lesions show impairments in some aspects of social cognition. These impairments bear intriguing similarity to those reported in people with autism, such as impaired recognition of emotion in faces, impaired theory of mind abilities, failure to fixate eyes in faces, and difficulties in regulating personal space distance to others. Yet such neurological cases have never before been assessed directly to see if they meet criteria for autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Here we undertook such an investigation in two rare participants with developmental-onset bilateral amygdala lesions. We administered a comprehensive clinical examination, as well as the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS), the Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS), together with several other standardized questionnaires. Results from the two individuals with amygdala lesions were compared with published norms from both healthy populations as well as from people with ASD. Neither participant with amygdala lesions showed any evidence of autism across the array of different measures. The findings demonstrate that amygdala lesions in isolation are not sufficient for producing autistic symptoms. We suggest instead that it may be abnormal connectivity between the amygdala and other structures that contributes to autistic symptoms at a network level. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11689-010-9056-1 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=342

Facial emotion recognition in agenesis of the corpus callosum / M. W. BRIDGMAN in Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders, 6-1 (December 2014)  

Public ISBD [article]  inJournal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders > 6-1 (December 2014) . - p.32 Titre : Facial emotion recognition in agenesis of the corpus callosum Type de document : Texte imprimé et/ou numérique Auteurs : M. W. BRIDGMAN, Auteur ; W. S. BROWN, Auteur ; M. L. SPEZIO, Auteur ; M. K. LEONARD, Auteur ; Ralph ADOLPHS, Auteur ; L. K. PAUL, Auteur Article en page(s) : p.32 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Corpus callosum  Corpus callosum agenesis  Facial emotion Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : BACKGROUND: Impaired social functioning is a common symptom of individuals with developmental disruptions in callosal connectivity. Among these developmental conditions, agenesis of the corpus callosum provides the most extreme and clearly identifiable example of callosal disconnection. To date, deficits in nonliteral language comprehension, humor, theory of mind, and social reasoning have been documented in agenesis of the corpus callosum. Here, we examined a basic social ability as yet not investigated in this population: recognition of facial emotion and its association with social gaze. METHODS: Nine individuals with callosal agenesis and nine matched controls completed four tasks involving emotional faces: emotion recognition from upright and inverted faces, gender recognition, and passive viewing. Eye-tracking data were collected concurrently on all four tasks and analyzed according to designated facial regions of interest. RESULTS: Individuals with callosal agenesis exhibited impairments in recognizing emotions from upright faces, in particular lower accuracy for fear and anger, and these impairments were directly associated with diminished attention to the eye region. The callosal agenesis group exhibited greater consistency in emotion recognition across conditions (upright vs. inverted), with poorest performance for fear identification in both conditions. The callosal agenesis group also had atypical facial scanning (lower fractional dwell time in the eye region) during gender naming and passive viewing of faces, but they did not differ from controls on gender naming performance. The pattern of results did not differ when taking into account full-scale intelligence quotient or presence of autism spectrum symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: Agenesis of the corpus callosum results in a pattern of atypical facial scanning characterized by diminished attention to the eyes. This pattern suggests that reduced callosal connectivity may contribute to the development and maintenance of emotion processing deficits involving reduced attention to others' eyes. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1866-1955-6-32 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=346 [article] Facial emotion recognition in agenesis of the corpus callosum [Texte imprimé et/ou numérique] / M. W. BRIDGMAN, Auteur ; W. S. BROWN, Auteur ; M. L. SPEZIO, Auteur ; M. K. LEONARD, Auteur ; Ralph ADOLPHS, Auteur ; L. K. PAUL, Auteur . - p.32. Langues : Anglais (eng) in Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders > 6-1 (December 2014) . - p.32 Mots-clés : Corpus callosum  Corpus callosum agenesis  Facial emotion Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : BACKGROUND: Impaired social functioning is a common symptom of individuals with developmental disruptions in callosal connectivity. Among these developmental conditions, agenesis of the corpus callosum provides the most extreme and clearly identifiable example of callosal disconnection. To date, deficits in nonliteral language comprehension, humor, theory of mind, and social reasoning have been documented in agenesis of the corpus callosum. Here, we examined a basic social ability as yet not investigated in this population: recognition of facial emotion and its association with social gaze. METHODS: Nine individuals with callosal agenesis and nine matched controls completed four tasks involving emotional faces: emotion recognition from upright and inverted faces, gender recognition, and passive viewing. Eye-tracking data were collected concurrently on all four tasks and analyzed according to designated facial regions of interest. RESULTS: Individuals with callosal agenesis exhibited impairments in recognizing emotions from upright faces, in particular lower accuracy for fear and anger, and these impairments were directly associated with diminished attention to the eye region. The callosal agenesis group exhibited greater consistency in emotion recognition across conditions (upright vs. inverted), with poorest performance for fear identification in both conditions. The callosal agenesis group also had atypical facial scanning (lower fractional dwell time in the eye region) during gender naming and passive viewing of faces, but they did not differ from controls on gender naming performance. The pattern of results did not differ when taking into account full-scale intelligence quotient or presence of autism spectrum symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: Agenesis of the corpus callosum results in a pattern of atypical facial scanning characterized by diminished attention to the eyes. This pattern suggests that reduced callosal connectivity may contribute to the development and maintenance of emotion processing deficits involving reduced attention to others' eyes. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1866-1955-6-32 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=346

Reduced social preferences in autism: evidence from charitable donations / A. LIN in Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders, 4-1 (December 2012)  

Public ISBD [article]  inJournal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders > 4-1 (December 2012) . - p.8 Titre : Reduced social preferences in autism: evidence from charitable donations Type de document : Texte imprimé et/ou numérique Auteurs : A. LIN, Auteur ; K. TSAI, Auteur ; A. RANGEL, Auteur ; Ralph ADOLPHS, Auteur Article en page(s) : p.8 Langues : Anglais (eng) Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : BACKGROUND: People with autism have abnormal preferences, ranging from an apparent lack of preference for social stimuli to unusually strong preferences for restricted sets of highly idiosyncratic stimuli. Yet the profile of preferences across social and nonsocial domains has not been mapped out in detail, and the processes responsible remain poorly understood. METHODS: To assess preferences across a range of stimuli, we measured real monetary donations to 50 charities spanning categories pertaining to people, mental health, animals, or the environment. We compared the donations made by 16 high-functioning adults with autism to those made by neurotypical controls matched on age, gender and education. We additionally collected ratings of how people evaluated the different charities. RESULTS: Compared with controls, high-functioning adults with autism donated less overall and also showed a significantly disproportionate reduction in donations to people charities compared with donations to the other charities. Furthermore, whereas controls discriminated strongly between different people charities, choosing to donate a lot of money to some and very little to others, much less discrimination was seen in the autism group. Ratings that probed how participants constructed their preferences did not differ between groups, except for a difference in the perceived impact of pictures and text information about people charities. Strikingly, there were some charities related to mental health, and autism in particular, to which the autism group donated considerably more than did the controls. CONCLUSIONS: People with autism were found to have reduced preference and sensitivity towards charities benefiting other people. The findings provide evidence for a domain-specific impairment in social cognition in autism spectrum disorder, and in particular in linking otherwise intact social knowledge to the construction of value signals on which preferences regarding other people are based. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1866-1955-4-8 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=344 [article] Reduced social preferences in autism: evidence from charitable donations [Texte imprimé et/ou numérique] / A. LIN, Auteur ; K. TSAI, Auteur ; A. RANGEL, Auteur ; Ralph ADOLPHS, Auteur . - p.8. Langues : Anglais (eng) in Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders > 4-1 (December 2012) . - p.8 Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : BACKGROUND: People with autism have abnormal preferences, ranging from an apparent lack of preference for social stimuli to unusually strong preferences for restricted sets of highly idiosyncratic stimuli. Yet the profile of preferences across social and nonsocial domains has not been mapped out in detail, and the processes responsible remain poorly understood. METHODS: To assess preferences across a range of stimuli, we measured real monetary donations to 50 charities spanning categories pertaining to people, mental health, animals, or the environment. We compared the donations made by 16 high-functioning adults with autism to those made by neurotypical controls matched on age, gender and education. We additionally collected ratings of how people evaluated the different charities. RESULTS: Compared with controls, high-functioning adults with autism donated less overall and also showed a significantly disproportionate reduction in donations to people charities compared with donations to the other charities. Furthermore, whereas controls discriminated strongly between different people charities, choosing to donate a lot of money to some and very little to others, much less discrimination was seen in the autism group. Ratings that probed how participants constructed their preferences did not differ between groups, except for a difference in the perceived impact of pictures and text information about people charities. Strikingly, there were some charities related to mental health, and autism in particular, to which the autism group donated considerably more than did the controls. CONCLUSIONS: People with autism were found to have reduced preference and sensitivity towards charities benefiting other people. The findings provide evidence for a domain-specific impairment in social cognition in autism spectrum disorder, and in particular in linking otherwise intact social knowledge to the construction of value signals on which preferences regarding other people are based. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1866-1955-4-8 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=344

Reward processing in autism: a thematic series / Gabriel S. DICHTER in Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders, 4-1 (December 2012)  

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Smartphone-based gaze estimation for in-home autism research / Junfeng HE ; Qianying WU ; Na DAI ; Kai KOHLHOFF ; Jasmin TURNER ; Lynn K. PAUL ; Daniel P. KENNEDY ; Ralph ADOLPHS ; Vidhya NAVALPAKKAM in Autism Research, 17-6 (June 2024)  

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The Broad Autism Phenotype / Molly LOSH

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