Camouflaging in autism spectrum disorder: Examining the roles of sex, gender identity, and diagnostic timing / G. A. MCQUAID in Autism, 26-2 (February 2022)  

Public ISBD [article]  inAutism > 26-2 (February 2022) . - p.552-559 Titre : Camouflaging in autism spectrum disorder: Examining the roles of sex, gender identity, and diagnostic timing Type de document : Texte imprimé et/ou numérique Auteurs : G. A. MCQUAID, Auteur ; N. R. LEE, Auteur ; Gregory L. WALLACE, Auteur Article en page(s) : p.552-559 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : adults  autism  camouflaging  diagnosis  gender  sex Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Camouflaging in autism spectrum disorder refers to behaviors and/or strategies that mask the presentation of autism spectrum disorder features in social contexts in order to appear "non-autistic" (Attwood, 2007). Camouflaging modifies the behavioral presentation of core autism spectrum disorder features (e.g. social and communication differences), but the underlying autistic profile is unaffected, yielding a mismatch between external observable features and the internal lived experience of autism. Camouflaging could be an important factor in later diagnosis of individuals without co-occurring intellectual disability, especially among those designated female sex at birth. Little research to date has examined how gender identity impacts camouflaging, however. Furthermore, no study has compared groups that differ in diagnostic timing to directly investigate if later-diagnosed individuals show elevated camouflaging relative to those receiving an earlier diagnosis. We used the Camouflaging Autistic Traits Questionnaire subscales (Assimilation, Compensation, and Masking) and investigated the roles of sex, gender identity (gender diverse vs cisgender), and diagnostic timing (childhood/adolescent-diagnosed vs adult-diagnosed), and the interactions of these factors, in autistic adults (N?=?502; ages 18-49?years). Main effects of sex, gender identity, and diagnostic timing were revealed. Autistic females reported more camouflaging across all three Camouflaging Autistic Traits Questionnaire subscales compared to males. Gender diverse adults reported elevated camouflaging on the Compensation subscale compared to cisgender adults. Adulthood-diagnosed individuals reported elevated Assimilation and Compensation compared to childhood/adolescence-diagnosed individuals. We discuss how the aspects of camouflaging may have unique implications for later diagnostic timing and for the intersection of neurodiversity and gender diversity. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/13623613211042131 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=452 [article] Camouflaging in autism spectrum disorder: Examining the roles of sex, gender identity, and diagnostic timing [Texte imprimé et/ou numérique] / G. A. MCQUAID, Auteur ; N. R. LEE, Auteur ; Gregory L. WALLACE, Auteur . - p.552-559. Langues : Anglais (eng) in Autism > 26-2 (February 2022) . - p.552-559 Mots-clés : adults  autism  camouflaging  diagnosis  gender  sex Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Camouflaging in autism spectrum disorder refers to behaviors and/or strategies that mask the presentation of autism spectrum disorder features in social contexts in order to appear "non-autistic" (Attwood, 2007). Camouflaging modifies the behavioral presentation of core autism spectrum disorder features (e.g. social and communication differences), but the underlying autistic profile is unaffected, yielding a mismatch between external observable features and the internal lived experience of autism. Camouflaging could be an important factor in later diagnosis of individuals without co-occurring intellectual disability, especially among those designated female sex at birth. Little research to date has examined how gender identity impacts camouflaging, however. Furthermore, no study has compared groups that differ in diagnostic timing to directly investigate if later-diagnosed individuals show elevated camouflaging relative to those receiving an earlier diagnosis. We used the Camouflaging Autistic Traits Questionnaire subscales (Assimilation, Compensation, and Masking) and investigated the roles of sex, gender identity (gender diverse vs cisgender), and diagnostic timing (childhood/adolescent-diagnosed vs adult-diagnosed), and the interactions of these factors, in autistic adults (N?=?502; ages 18-49?years). Main effects of sex, gender identity, and diagnostic timing were revealed. Autistic females reported more camouflaging across all three Camouflaging Autistic Traits Questionnaire subscales compared to males. Gender diverse adults reported elevated camouflaging on the Compensation subscale compared to cisgender adults. Adulthood-diagnosed individuals reported elevated Assimilation and Compensation compared to childhood/adolescence-diagnosed individuals. We discuss how the aspects of camouflaging may have unique implications for later diagnostic timing and for the intersection of neurodiversity and gender diversity. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/13623613211042131 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=452

Memory profiles in Down syndrome across development: a review of memory abilities through the lifespan / M. GODFREY in Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders, 10-1 (December 2018)  

Public ISBD [article]  inJournal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders > 10-1 (December 2018) . - p.5 Titre : Memory profiles in Down syndrome across development: a review of memory abilities through the lifespan Type de document : Texte imprimé et/ou numérique Auteurs : M. GODFREY, Auteur ; N. R. LEE, Auteur Article en page(s) : p.5 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Cognition  Developmental trajectory  Intellectual disability Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Down syndrome (DS) is associated with a variety of cognitive impairments, notably memory impairments. Due to the high prevalence rates of early-onset dementia associated with DS, it is imperative to understand the comprehensive development of memory impairments beginning in childhood and into adulthood, as this may help researchers identify precursors of dementia at earlier stages of development and pinpoint targets for memory intervention. The current paper provides a systematic, developmentally focused review of the nature of memory difficulties in DS across the lifespan. Specifically, this review summarizes what is known about long-term, short-term, and working memory abilities (distinguishing between verbal and nonverbal modalities) in DS, compared to both mental age-matched typically developing peers and individuals with other forms of intellectual disability (ID) at three developmental stages (i.e., preschool, adolescence, and adulthood). Additionally, this review examines the degree of impairment reported relative to typically developing mental age-matched peers in the existing literature by examining effect size data across memory domains as a function of age. With few exceptions, memory abilities were impaired across the lifespan compared to mental age-matched typically developing peers. Relative to other groups with ID, research findings are mixed. Our review of the literature identified a scarcity of memory studies in early childhood, particularly for STM and WM. In adulthood, research was limited in the LTM and WM domains and very little research has compared memory abilities in older adults with DS to those with typical development. Looking to the future, longitudinal studies could provide a better understanding of the developmental trajectory of memory abilities in DS, and the possible associations between memory abilities and real-world functioning. This research could ultimately inform interventions to improve independence and overall quality of life for those with DS and their families. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s11689-017-9220-y Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=351 [article] Memory profiles in Down syndrome across development: a review of memory abilities through the lifespan [Texte imprimé et/ou numérique] / M. GODFREY, Auteur ; N. R. LEE, Auteur . - p.5. Langues : Anglais (eng) in Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders > 10-1 (December 2018) . - p.5 Mots-clés : Cognition  Developmental trajectory  Intellectual disability Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Down syndrome (DS) is associated with a variety of cognitive impairments, notably memory impairments. Due to the high prevalence rates of early-onset dementia associated with DS, it is imperative to understand the comprehensive development of memory impairments beginning in childhood and into adulthood, as this may help researchers identify precursors of dementia at earlier stages of development and pinpoint targets for memory intervention. The current paper provides a systematic, developmentally focused review of the nature of memory difficulties in DS across the lifespan. Specifically, this review summarizes what is known about long-term, short-term, and working memory abilities (distinguishing between verbal and nonverbal modalities) in DS, compared to both mental age-matched typically developing peers and individuals with other forms of intellectual disability (ID) at three developmental stages (i.e., preschool, adolescence, and adulthood). Additionally, this review examines the degree of impairment reported relative to typically developing mental age-matched peers in the existing literature by examining effect size data across memory domains as a function of age. With few exceptions, memory abilities were impaired across the lifespan compared to mental age-matched typically developing peers. Relative to other groups with ID, research findings are mixed. Our review of the literature identified a scarcity of memory studies in early childhood, particularly for STM and WM. In adulthood, research was limited in the LTM and WM domains and very little research has compared memory abilities in older adults with DS to those with typical development. Looking to the future, longitudinal studies could provide a better understanding of the developmental trajectory of memory abilities in DS, and the possible associations between memory abilities and real-world functioning. This research could ultimately inform interventions to improve independence and overall quality of life for those with DS and their families. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s11689-017-9220-y Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=351

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