47 recherche sur le mot-clé 'camouflaging'

Camouflaging in autism: A cause or a consequence of mental health difficulties? / Audrey J.J. MOL ; Tulsi A. RADHOE ; Carolien TORENVLIET ; Joost A. AGELINK VAN RENTERGEM ; Annabeth P. GROENMAN ; Hilde M. GEURTS in Autism, 29-10 (October 2025)  

Public ISBD [article]  inAutism > 29-10 (October 2025) . - p.2604-2617 Titre : Camouflaging in autism: A cause or a consequence of mental health difficulties? Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Audrey J.J. MOL, Auteur ; Tulsi A. RADHOE, Auteur ; Carolien TORENVLIET, Auteur ; Joost A. AGELINK VAN RENTERGEM, Auteur ; Annabeth P. GROENMAN, Auteur ; Hilde M. GEURTS, Auteur Article en page(s) : p.2604-2617 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : autism  camouflaging  mental health difficulties Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Camouflaging ([un]consciously hiding one?s autism traits) is hypothesized to be an underlying mechanism explaining elevated levels of mental health difficulties in autistic adults. As previous studies investigating this relationship were all cross-sectional, the direction of this association remains unclear. Therefore, we investigated whether (1) camouflaging predicts a change in mental health difficulties and (2) mental health difficulties predict a change in camouflaging. For this, 332 autistic adults aged 30 to 84 years (157 women) filled in the Dutch Camouflaging Autistic Traits Questionnaire, Symptom Checklist-90 Revised, and Autism Spectrum Quotient at two timepoints with an average time interval of 2 years. Preregistered multilevel analyses showed a negative interaction between initial camouflaging and time, indicating that people with higher initial levels of camouflaging showed a decrease in mental health difficulties, while for lower initial levels of camouflaging there was an increase. However, this effect was small. Initial mental health difficulties did not predict changes in camouflaging behavior, but findings were inconsistent across total camouflaging and assimilation. Thus, we did not find strong evidence for camouflaging to be associated with development of mental health difficulties. However, future research is needed before we can draw strong conclusions about directionality and causality.Plain Language Summary When autistic people use strategies to hide their autism traits, we refer to this as camouflaging. It has been thought that camouflaging could be a reason why autistic people develop mental health difficulties more often than non-autistic people. Research has shown that, in general, people who report more camouflaging behavior also report more mental health difficulties. However, we do not know whether camouflaging can be a reason for people to develop mental health difficulties or whether mental health difficulties may explain why autistic people use camouflaging strategies. Therefore, in this study we investigated whether (1) camouflaging is a predictor for a change in mental health difficulties and (2) mental health difficulties are a predictor for a change in camouflaging. For this study, 332 autistic adults aged 30 to 84 years (157 women) filled in questionnaires about camouflaging, mental health difficulties, and autism traits at two moments with an average of 2 years between measurements. We found that people with a higher level of initial camouflaging showed a decrease in mental health difficulties, while for people with lower levels of initial camouflaging behavior there was an increase in mental health difficulties. However, this effect was small. Initial mental health difficulties did not seem to predict a change in camouflaging behavior. Thus, we did not find evidence that camouflaging was followed by an increase in mental health difficulties. Therefore, future research is needed before we can draw strong conclusions about what comes first and what causes what, camouflaging or mental health. En ligne : https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/13623613251347104 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=567 [article] Camouflaging in autism: A cause or a consequence of mental health difficulties? [texte imprimé] / Audrey J.J. MOL, Auteur ; Tulsi A. RADHOE, Auteur ; Carolien TORENVLIET, Auteur ; Joost A. AGELINK VAN RENTERGEM, Auteur ; Annabeth P. GROENMAN, Auteur ; Hilde M. GEURTS, Auteur . - p.2604-2617. Langues : Anglais (eng) in Autism > 29-10 (October 2025) . - p.2604-2617 Mots-clés : autism  camouflaging  mental health difficulties Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Camouflaging ([un]consciously hiding one?s autism traits) is hypothesized to be an underlying mechanism explaining elevated levels of mental health difficulties in autistic adults. As previous studies investigating this relationship were all cross-sectional, the direction of this association remains unclear. Therefore, we investigated whether (1) camouflaging predicts a change in mental health difficulties and (2) mental health difficulties predict a change in camouflaging. For this, 332 autistic adults aged 30 to 84 years (157 women) filled in the Dutch Camouflaging Autistic Traits Questionnaire, Symptom Checklist-90 Revised, and Autism Spectrum Quotient at two timepoints with an average time interval of 2 years. Preregistered multilevel analyses showed a negative interaction between initial camouflaging and time, indicating that people with higher initial levels of camouflaging showed a decrease in mental health difficulties, while for lower initial levels of camouflaging there was an increase. However, this effect was small. Initial mental health difficulties did not predict changes in camouflaging behavior, but findings were inconsistent across total camouflaging and assimilation. Thus, we did not find strong evidence for camouflaging to be associated with development of mental health difficulties. However, future research is needed before we can draw strong conclusions about directionality and causality.Plain Language Summary When autistic people use strategies to hide their autism traits, we refer to this as camouflaging. It has been thought that camouflaging could be a reason why autistic people develop mental health difficulties more often than non-autistic people. Research has shown that, in general, people who report more camouflaging behavior also report more mental health difficulties. However, we do not know whether camouflaging can be a reason for people to develop mental health difficulties or whether mental health difficulties may explain why autistic people use camouflaging strategies. Therefore, in this study we investigated whether (1) camouflaging is a predictor for a change in mental health difficulties and (2) mental health difficulties are a predictor for a change in camouflaging. For this study, 332 autistic adults aged 30 to 84 years (157 women) filled in questionnaires about camouflaging, mental health difficulties, and autism traits at two moments with an average of 2 years between measurements. We found that people with a higher level of initial camouflaging showed a decrease in mental health difficulties, while for people with lower levels of initial camouflaging behavior there was an increase in mental health difficulties. However, this effect was small. Initial mental health difficulties did not seem to predict a change in camouflaging behavior. Thus, we did not find evidence that camouflaging was followed by an increase in mental health difficulties. Therefore, future research is needed before we can draw strong conclusions about what comes first and what causes what, camouflaging or mental health. En ligne : https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/13623613251347104 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=567

Camouflaging in autism spectrum disorder: Examining the roles of sex, gender identity, and diagnostic timing / Goldie A. MCQUAID in Autism, 26-2 (February 2022)  

Public ISBD [article]  inAutism > 26-2 (February 2022) . - p.552-559 Titre : Camouflaging in autism spectrum disorder: Examining the roles of sex, gender identity, and diagnostic timing Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Goldie A. MCQUAID, Auteur ; Nancy R. LEE, Auteur ; Gregory L. WALLACE, Auteur Article en page(s) : p.552-559 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : adults  autism  camouflaging  diagnosis  gender  sex Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Camouflaging in autism spectrum disorder refers to behaviors and/or strategies that mask the presentation of autism spectrum disorder features in social contexts in order to appear "non-autistic" (Attwood, 2007). Camouflaging modifies the behavioral presentation of core autism spectrum disorder features (e.g. social and communication differences), but the underlying autistic profile is unaffected, yielding a mismatch between external observable features and the internal lived experience of autism. Camouflaging could be an important factor in later diagnosis of individuals without co-occurring intellectual disability, especially among those designated female sex at birth. Little research to date has examined how gender identity impacts camouflaging, however. Furthermore, no study has compared groups that differ in diagnostic timing to directly investigate if later-diagnosed individuals show elevated camouflaging relative to those receiving an earlier diagnosis. We used the Camouflaging Autistic Traits Questionnaire subscales (Assimilation, Compensation, and Masking) and investigated the roles of sex, gender identity (gender diverse vs cisgender), and diagnostic timing (childhood/adolescent-diagnosed vs adult-diagnosed), and the interactions of these factors, in autistic adults (N = 502; ages 18-49 years). Main effects of sex, gender identity, and diagnostic timing were revealed. Autistic females reported more camouflaging across all three Camouflaging Autistic Traits Questionnaire subscales compared to males. Gender diverse adults reported elevated camouflaging on the Compensation subscale compared to cisgender adults. Adulthood-diagnosed individuals reported elevated Assimilation and Compensation compared to childhood/adolescence-diagnosed individuals. We discuss how the aspects of camouflaging may have unique implications for later diagnostic timing and for the intersection of neurodiversity and gender diversity. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/13623613211042131 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=452 [article] Camouflaging in autism spectrum disorder: Examining the roles of sex, gender identity, and diagnostic timing [texte imprimé] / Goldie A. MCQUAID, Auteur ; Nancy R. LEE, Auteur ; Gregory L. WALLACE, Auteur . - p.552-559. Langues : Anglais (eng) in Autism > 26-2 (February 2022) . - p.552-559 Mots-clés : adults  autism  camouflaging  diagnosis  gender  sex Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Camouflaging in autism spectrum disorder refers to behaviors and/or strategies that mask the presentation of autism spectrum disorder features in social contexts in order to appear "non-autistic" (Attwood, 2007). Camouflaging modifies the behavioral presentation of core autism spectrum disorder features (e.g. social and communication differences), but the underlying autistic profile is unaffected, yielding a mismatch between external observable features and the internal lived experience of autism. Camouflaging could be an important factor in later diagnosis of individuals without co-occurring intellectual disability, especially among those designated female sex at birth. Little research to date has examined how gender identity impacts camouflaging, however. Furthermore, no study has compared groups that differ in diagnostic timing to directly investigate if later-diagnosed individuals show elevated camouflaging relative to those receiving an earlier diagnosis. We used the Camouflaging Autistic Traits Questionnaire subscales (Assimilation, Compensation, and Masking) and investigated the roles of sex, gender identity (gender diverse vs cisgender), and diagnostic timing (childhood/adolescent-diagnosed vs adult-diagnosed), and the interactions of these factors, in autistic adults (N = 502; ages 18-49 years). Main effects of sex, gender identity, and diagnostic timing were revealed. Autistic females reported more camouflaging across all three Camouflaging Autistic Traits Questionnaire subscales compared to males. Gender diverse adults reported elevated camouflaging on the Compensation subscale compared to cisgender adults. Adulthood-diagnosed individuals reported elevated Assimilation and Compensation compared to childhood/adolescence-diagnosed individuals. We discuss how the aspects of camouflaging may have unique implications for later diagnostic timing and for the intersection of neurodiversity and gender diversity. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/13623613211042131 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=452

Camouflaging in Autistic and Non-autistic Adolescents in the Modern Context of Social Media / Alicja JEDRZEJEWSKA in Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 52-2 (February 2022)  

Public ISBD [article]  inJournal of Autism and Developmental Disorders > 52-2 (February 2022) . - p.630-646 Titre : Camouflaging in Autistic and Non-autistic Adolescents in the Modern Context of Social Media Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Alicja JEDRZEJEWSKA, Auteur ; Jessica DEWEY, Auteur Article en page(s) : p.630-646 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Adolescent  Adult  Autism Spectrum Disorder  Autistic Disorder  Female  Humans  Male  Social Media  Adolescents  Autism  Camouflaging  Masking  Social media Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Camouflaging is described as a set of strategies used to prevent others from noticing one's social difficulties. Research indicates heightened levels of camouflaging behaviours in the adult autistic population. To extend understanding of camouflaging in adolescents, this mixed-methods study explored camouflaging behaviours in offline and online contexts with 40 autistic and 158 non-autistic adolescents. At the quantitative phase, participants completed measures of camouflaging behaviours (online vs offline) and measures of social media use. Following this, six autistic adolescents participated in semi-structured interviews. Findings indicate that in the offline context, autistic adolescents camouflage more than non-autistic adolescents. Online, autistic participants camouflage less than they do offline, and females camouflage more than males. Implications for research and theory are discussed. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10803-021-04953-6 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=455 [article] Camouflaging in Autistic and Non-autistic Adolescents in the Modern Context of Social Media [texte imprimé] / Alicja JEDRZEJEWSKA, Auteur ; Jessica DEWEY, Auteur . - p.630-646. Langues : Anglais (eng) in Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders > 52-2 (February 2022) . - p.630-646 Mots-clés : Adolescent  Adult  Autism Spectrum Disorder  Autistic Disorder  Female  Humans  Male  Social Media  Adolescents  Autism  Camouflaging  Masking  Social media Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Camouflaging is described as a set of strategies used to prevent others from noticing one's social difficulties. Research indicates heightened levels of camouflaging behaviours in the adult autistic population. To extend understanding of camouflaging in adolescents, this mixed-methods study explored camouflaging behaviours in offline and online contexts with 40 autistic and 158 non-autistic adolescents. At the quantitative phase, participants completed measures of camouflaging behaviours (online vs offline) and measures of social media use. Following this, six autistic adolescents participated in semi-structured interviews. Findings indicate that in the offline context, autistic adolescents camouflage more than non-autistic adolescents. Online, autistic participants camouflage less than they do offline, and females camouflage more than males. Implications for research and theory are discussed. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10803-021-04953-6 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=455

Camouflaging Intent, First Impressions, and Age of ASC Diagnosis in Autistic Men and Women / Hannah L. BELCHER in Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 52-8 (August 2022)  

Public ISBD [article]  inJournal of Autism and Developmental Disorders > 52-8 (August 2022) . - p.3413-3426 Titre : Camouflaging Intent, First Impressions, and Age of ASC Diagnosis in Autistic Men and Women Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Hannah L. BELCHER, Auteur ; Sharon MOREIN-ZAMIR, Auteur ; William MANDY, Auteur ; Ruth M. FORD, Auteur Article en page(s) : p.3413-3426 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Adult  Autism Spectrum Disorder  Autistic Disorder/diagnosis  Female  Humans  Intention  Male  Peer Group  Surveys and Questionnaires  Autism  Camouflaging  Female autism phenotype  First impressions  Gender differences  Masking Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Camouflaging of autistic traits may make autism harder to diagnose. The current study evaluated the relations between camouflaging intent, first impressions, and age of autism diagnosis. Participants comprised autistic and non-autistic adults (n=80, 50% female) who completed the Camouflaging of Autistic Traits Questionnaire. They were later video-recorded having a conversation with a person unaware of their diagnostic status. Ten-second clips from half these videos were later shown to 127 non-autistic peers, who rated their first impressions of each participant. Results showed that autistic participants were rated more poorly on first impressions, males were rated less favourably than females, and male raters were particularly harsh in their evaluations of autistic males. Camouflaging intent did not predict first impressions but better first impressions were linked with a later age of diagnosis. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10803-021-05221-3 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=485 [article] Camouflaging Intent, First Impressions, and Age of ASC Diagnosis in Autistic Men and Women [texte imprimé] / Hannah L. BELCHER, Auteur ; Sharon MOREIN-ZAMIR, Auteur ; William MANDY, Auteur ; Ruth M. FORD, Auteur . - p.3413-3426. Langues : Anglais (eng) in Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders > 52-8 (August 2022) . - p.3413-3426 Mots-clés : Adult  Autism Spectrum Disorder  Autistic Disorder/diagnosis  Female  Humans  Intention  Male  Peer Group  Surveys and Questionnaires  Autism  Camouflaging  Female autism phenotype  First impressions  Gender differences  Masking Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Camouflaging of autistic traits may make autism harder to diagnose. The current study evaluated the relations between camouflaging intent, first impressions, and age of autism diagnosis. Participants comprised autistic and non-autistic adults (n=80, 50% female) who completed the Camouflaging of Autistic Traits Questionnaire. They were later video-recorded having a conversation with a person unaware of their diagnostic status. Ten-second clips from half these videos were later shown to 127 non-autistic peers, who rated their first impressions of each participant. Results showed that autistic participants were rated more poorly on first impressions, males were rated less favourably than females, and male raters were particularly harsh in their evaluations of autistic males. Camouflaging intent did not predict first impressions but better first impressions were linked with a later age of diagnosis. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10803-021-05221-3 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=485

Camouflaging and identity development among autistic female and gender-diverse youth: A qualitative exploration / Daniel J MAGIN ; Melissa L. RINALDI ; Kristin V. CHRISTODULU in Autism, 29-10 (October 2025)  

Public ISBD [article]  inAutism > 29-10 (October 2025) . - p.2535-2549 Titre : Camouflaging and identity development among autistic female and gender-diverse youth: A qualitative exploration Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Daniel J MAGIN, Auteur ; Melissa L. RINALDI, Auteur ; Kristin V. CHRISTODULU, Auteur Article en page(s) : p.2535-2549 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : adolescents  autism spectrum disorders  camouflaging  females  gender diverse  identity  qualitative research Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Adolescence is a vulnerable developmental period for autistic youth. Autistic adolescents often use camouflaging to combat social challenges, perceived differences, and stigmatization. Although adolescence is an integral period for identity development, integration of these topics remains understudied in current literature. Evidence of elevated camouflaging rates among autistic females and gender-diverse adults underscores the need to examine the developmental trajectory of these topics. The present study qualitatively explored first-person perspectives on camouflaging and identity formation among autistic female and gender-diverse youth. Ten autistic adolescents (female: n = 7; gender diverse: n = 3) and their caregivers were enrolled in the present study. Youths completed a semi-structured interview or focus group discussion. Data were qualitatively analyzed and produced several prominent themes in three domains of investigation: (1) the nuts and bolts of camouflaging, (2) the aftermath of camouflaging, and (3) understanding being autistic. Identified themes and subthemes are discussed. Results demonstrated that autistic youth employ complex camouflaging strategies, motivated and reinforced by their experiences within society, that hold damaging consequences for their self-understanding and well-being. These findings reinforce the harmful implications of camouflaging on youths' positive identity development, mental health, and well-being. Implications and future directions are discussed.Lay Abstract Adolescence is a challenging time for autistic youth. Many autistic adolescents change their behavior in social situations to adapt or cope with social challenges, feeling different, and/or stigma. We conducted in-depth discussions with autistic adolescents who identify as female or gender-diverse to understand how changing their behavior in social situations impacts their identity, or self-understanding. Ten autistic adolescents and their caregivers were included in the study. Discussions were analyzed to understand how and why youths change their social behavior and the impact it has on their self-understanding. Participants described using many complex strategies to change their social behavior that are influenced by negative views our society has about people?s differences. The strategies often harmed participants' self-understanding and negatively affected their overall well-being. The results are important for understanding how to support autistic adolescents' self-understanding, mental health, and well-being. En ligne : https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/13623613251345855 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=567 [article] Camouflaging and identity development among autistic female and gender-diverse youth: A qualitative exploration [texte imprimé] / Daniel J MAGIN, Auteur ; Melissa L. RINALDI, Auteur ; Kristin V. CHRISTODULU, Auteur . - p.2535-2549. Langues : Anglais (eng) in Autism > 29-10 (October 2025) . - p.2535-2549 Mots-clés : adolescents  autism spectrum disorders  camouflaging  females  gender diverse  identity  qualitative research Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Adolescence is a vulnerable developmental period for autistic youth. Autistic adolescents often use camouflaging to combat social challenges, perceived differences, and stigmatization. Although adolescence is an integral period for identity development, integration of these topics remains understudied in current literature. Evidence of elevated camouflaging rates among autistic females and gender-diverse adults underscores the need to examine the developmental trajectory of these topics. The present study qualitatively explored first-person perspectives on camouflaging and identity formation among autistic female and gender-diverse youth. Ten autistic adolescents (female: n = 7; gender diverse: n = 3) and their caregivers were enrolled in the present study. Youths completed a semi-structured interview or focus group discussion. Data were qualitatively analyzed and produced several prominent themes in three domains of investigation: (1) the nuts and bolts of camouflaging, (2) the aftermath of camouflaging, and (3) understanding being autistic. Identified themes and subthemes are discussed. Results demonstrated that autistic youth employ complex camouflaging strategies, motivated and reinforced by their experiences within society, that hold damaging consequences for their self-understanding and well-being. These findings reinforce the harmful implications of camouflaging on youths' positive identity development, mental health, and well-being. Implications and future directions are discussed.Lay Abstract Adolescence is a challenging time for autistic youth. Many autistic adolescents change their behavior in social situations to adapt or cope with social challenges, feeling different, and/or stigma. We conducted in-depth discussions with autistic adolescents who identify as female or gender-diverse to understand how changing their behavior in social situations impacts their identity, or self-understanding. Ten autistic adolescents and their caregivers were included in the study. Discussions were analyzed to understand how and why youths change their social behavior and the impact it has on their self-understanding. Participants described using many complex strategies to change their social behavior that are influenced by negative views our society has about people?s differences. The strategies often harmed participants' self-understanding and negatively affected their overall well-being. The results are important for understanding how to support autistic adolescents' self-understanding, mental health, and well-being. En ligne : https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/13623613251345855 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=567

Camouflaging and suicide behavior in adults with autism spectrum condition: A mixed methods systematic review / Victoria JAMETT-CUEVAS ; Valeska PULGAR-VERA ; Roberto SANTANDER-GONZALEZ ; Andrés PEMAU ; Percy ÁLVAREZ-CABRERA in Research in Autism, 121-122 (March-April 2025)  

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Camouflaging, not sensory processing or autistic identity, predicts eating disorder symptoms in autistic adults / Siofra BRADLEY in Autism, 28-11 (November 2024)  

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Cognitive Predictors of Self-Reported Camouflaging in Autistic Adolescents / Laura HULL in Autism Research, 14-3 (March 2021)  

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Examining an integrated path model of psychological and sociocultural predictors of camouflaging in autistic adults / Sici ZHUANG in Autism, 29-9 (September 2025)  

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Exploring autistic adults' psychosocial experiences affecting beginnings, continuity and change in camouflaging over time: A qualitative study in Singapore / Beatrice Rui Yi LOO in Autism, 28-3 (March 2024)  

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