Direct and indirect costs for families of children with autism spectrum disorder in China / Yanan ZHAO in Autism, 27-8 (November 2023)  

Public ISBD [article]  inAutism > 27-8 (November 2023) . - p.2337-2347 Titre : Direct and indirect costs for families of children with autism spectrum disorder in China Type de document : Texte imprimé et/ou numérique Auteurs : Yanan ZHAO, Auteur ; Yanan LUO, Auteur ; Rong ZHANG, Auteur ; Xiaoying ZHENG, Auteur Article en page(s) : p.2337-2347 Mots-clés : autism spectrum disorder  direct costs  employment status  indirect costs  productivity loss Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Autism spectrum disorder has gained international attention due to its prevalence and the extent to which it can affect families. As a disorder without quantifiable treatment effects, it is easily overlooked in the battle for resources. Estimating family economic burdens and the specific factors that may be associated with them could help in the identification of resources and the promotion of social justice. We examined the family costs from a national family survey with Children with autism spectrum disorder aged 2-6?years (N?=?3236). A three-tiered model to quantify the costs was used. The families' average annual direct cost per child was $24,869.0, including direct medical cost (inpatient, outpatient,drugs, etc.) of $6009.2 and direct nonmedical cost (rehabilitation or educational, rental, transportation, care, and others) of $18,859.8. The annual indirect costs (productivity loss from resignation and job adjustment) for families were $13,990.7. The total costs were $34,206.5. The results of the regression revealed that the mothers' educational level was significantly associated with costs. Families with an interprovincial immigration background, a higher-than-average income, or children with more severe autism spectrum disorder had a greater possibility of higher direct, indirect, and overall costs. Autism spectrum disorder imposed a significant financial burden on the families of children with autism spectrum disorder.Lay abstractThis is the first comprehensive national study to explore the direct and indirect costs for families of children with autism spectrum disorder in China. The increasing prevalence of autism spectrum disorder highlights a growing need for resources to provide care for families of children with autism spectrum disorder. The medical and nonmedical costs and parents' productivity loss have caused a serious burden on their families. Our objective is to estimate the direct and indirect costs for the families of children with autism spectrum disorder in China. The target population was parents of children with autism spectrum disorder. We analyzed the costs using cross-sectional data from a Chinese national family survey with children aged 2-6?years (N?=?3236) who were clinically diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder. Family data from 30 provinces in China were obtained. Cost items included direct medical costs, direct nonmedical costs, and indirect costs. In this study, we found that the largest part of family costs for autism spectrum disorder are nonmedical costs and productivity loss. Autism spectrum disorder has imposed a huge economic burden on parents having children with autism spectrum disorder in China, who need more support than the current health care system provides. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/13623613231158862 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=513 [article] Direct and indirect costs for families of children with autism spectrum disorder in China [Texte imprimé et/ou numérique] / Yanan ZHAO, Auteur ; Yanan LUO, Auteur ; Rong ZHANG, Auteur ; Xiaoying ZHENG, Auteur . - p.2337-2347. in Autism > 27-8 (November 2023) . - p.2337-2347 Mots-clés : autism spectrum disorder  direct costs  employment status  indirect costs  productivity loss Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Autism spectrum disorder has gained international attention due to its prevalence and the extent to which it can affect families. As a disorder without quantifiable treatment effects, it is easily overlooked in the battle for resources. Estimating family economic burdens and the specific factors that may be associated with them could help in the identification of resources and the promotion of social justice. We examined the family costs from a national family survey with Children with autism spectrum disorder aged 2-6?years (N?=?3236). A three-tiered model to quantify the costs was used. The families' average annual direct cost per child was $24,869.0, including direct medical cost (inpatient, outpatient,drugs, etc.) of $6009.2 and direct nonmedical cost (rehabilitation or educational, rental, transportation, care, and others) of $18,859.8. The annual indirect costs (productivity loss from resignation and job adjustment) for families were $13,990.7. The total costs were $34,206.5. The results of the regression revealed that the mothers' educational level was significantly associated with costs. Families with an interprovincial immigration background, a higher-than-average income, or children with more severe autism spectrum disorder had a greater possibility of higher direct, indirect, and overall costs. Autism spectrum disorder imposed a significant financial burden on the families of children with autism spectrum disorder.Lay abstractThis is the first comprehensive national study to explore the direct and indirect costs for families of children with autism spectrum disorder in China. The increasing prevalence of autism spectrum disorder highlights a growing need for resources to provide care for families of children with autism spectrum disorder. The medical and nonmedical costs and parents' productivity loss have caused a serious burden on their families. Our objective is to estimate the direct and indirect costs for the families of children with autism spectrum disorder in China. The target population was parents of children with autism spectrum disorder. We analyzed the costs using cross-sectional data from a Chinese national family survey with children aged 2-6?years (N?=?3236) who were clinically diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder. Family data from 30 provinces in China were obtained. Cost items included direct medical costs, direct nonmedical costs, and indirect costs. In this study, we found that the largest part of family costs for autism spectrum disorder are nonmedical costs and productivity loss. Autism spectrum disorder has imposed a huge economic burden on parents having children with autism spectrum disorder in China, who need more support than the current health care system provides. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/13623613231158862 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=513

Medical service utilization and costs of autism spectrum disorder: Evidence from hospital records in Beijing, China / Yanan ZHAO in Autism Research, 16-7 (July 2023)  

Public ISBD [article]  inAutism Research > 16-7 (July 2023) . - p.1462-1474 Titre : Medical service utilization and costs of autism spectrum disorder: Evidence from hospital records in Beijing, China Type de document : Texte imprimé et/ou numérique Auteurs : Yanan ZHAO, Auteur ; Binbin SU, Auteur ; Dawei ZHU, Auteur ; Xiaolong GUAN, Auteur ; Ruoxi DING, Auteur ; Dan GUO, Auteur ; Feng LU, Auteur ; Ping HE, Auteur Article en page(s) : p.1462-1474 Langues : Anglais (eng) Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Abstract As more and more people are diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), it is necessary to better understand their costs. Detailed information on medical service utilization and costs could aid in designing equitable, effective policies to support individuals with ASD and their families. In this retrospective analysis, individuals with a hospital encounter (outpatient visit or inpatient admission) were collected from Beijing Municipal Health Big Data and Policy Research Center (BMHBD), from January 1, 2017 to December 31, 2021. We analyzed the costs, hospital visits/admissions and their changing trends over 5?years. Poisson regression and logit regression were conducted to analyze the influencing factors of visits, admissions and costs. The study population consisted of 26,826 users of medical services (26,583 outpatients and 243 inpatients; mean age: 4.82?+?3.47?years for outpatients; 11.62?+?6.74?years for inpatients). 99.1% were outpatients (mean?+?standard deviation (SD) costs per year: $422.06?+?$11.89), while 0.9% were inpatients (mean?+?SD costs per year: $4411.71?+?$925.81). More than 50% of outpatients received medication and diagnostic testing services. Among those with an inpatient admission, 91% received treatment services. Medication costs were the major contributor to medical costs for adults. Diagnostic test and treatment costs were the major contributors for children and adolescents. The findings demonstrated a significant economic burden for those diagnosed with ASD and highlighted opportunities for improving the care of this vulnerable group. This study adds to the literature by focusing on age differences among health-care utilization in individuals with ASD. En ligne : https://doi.org/10.1002/aur.2970 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=510 [article] Medical service utilization and costs of autism spectrum disorder: Evidence from hospital records in Beijing, China [Texte imprimé et/ou numérique] / Yanan ZHAO, Auteur ; Binbin SU, Auteur ; Dawei ZHU, Auteur ; Xiaolong GUAN, Auteur ; Ruoxi DING, Auteur ; Dan GUO, Auteur ; Feng LU, Auteur ; Ping HE, Auteur . - p.1462-1474. Langues : Anglais (eng) in Autism Research > 16-7 (July 2023) . - p.1462-1474 Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Abstract As more and more people are diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), it is necessary to better understand their costs. Detailed information on medical service utilization and costs could aid in designing equitable, effective policies to support individuals with ASD and their families. In this retrospective analysis, individuals with a hospital encounter (outpatient visit or inpatient admission) were collected from Beijing Municipal Health Big Data and Policy Research Center (BMHBD), from January 1, 2017 to December 31, 2021. We analyzed the costs, hospital visits/admissions and their changing trends over 5?years. Poisson regression and logit regression were conducted to analyze the influencing factors of visits, admissions and costs. The study population consisted of 26,826 users of medical services (26,583 outpatients and 243 inpatients; mean age: 4.82?+?3.47?years for outpatients; 11.62?+?6.74?years for inpatients). 99.1% were outpatients (mean?+?standard deviation (SD) costs per year: $422.06?+?$11.89), while 0.9% were inpatients (mean?+?SD costs per year: $4411.71?+?$925.81). More than 50% of outpatients received medication and diagnostic testing services. Among those with an inpatient admission, 91% received treatment services. Medication costs were the major contributor to medical costs for adults. Diagnostic test and treatment costs were the major contributors for children and adolescents. The findings demonstrated a significant economic burden for those diagnosed with ASD and highlighted opportunities for improving the care of this vulnerable group. This study adds to the literature by focusing on age differences among health-care utilization in individuals with ASD. En ligne : https://doi.org/10.1002/aur.2970 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=510

Prevalence, incidence, and characteristics of autism spectrum disorder among children in Beijing, China / Yanan ZHAO in Autism, 29-4 (April 2025)  

Public ISBD [article]  inAutism > 29-4 (April 2025) . - p.884-895 Titre : Prevalence, incidence, and characteristics of autism spectrum disorder among children in Beijing, China Type de document : Texte imprimé et/ou numérique Auteurs : Yanan ZHAO, Auteur ; Feng LU, Auteur ; Ruoxi DING, Auteur ; Dawei ZHU, Auteur ; Rong ZHANG, Auteur ; Siwei SUN, Auteur ; Ping HE, Auteur ; Xiaoying ZHENG, Auteur Article en page(s) : p.884-895 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : autism spectrum disorders  diagnosis  co-occurring conditions  pre-school children  prevalence Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : The prevalence of autism spectrum disorder in the world has increased over the last decade, but the prevalence, incidence, and characteristics of autism spectrum disorder in China were not well understood. Using administrative data, we aimed to estimate the prevalence and incidence of autism spectrum disorder and describe the co-occurring conditions in preschoolers in Beijing, China. The study focused on 0- to 6-year-old children with registered residence in Beijing, using cohorts derived from the Beijing Municipal Health Big Data and Policy Research Center. We conducted a detailed analysis of autism spectrum disorder prevalence among the cohorts, comparing estimates across 2 to 3?years for the same birth cohort (4?years, 5?years). For the 6-year-old cohort, we obtained 1-year prevalence estimates in 2021. Annual incidence rate was also calculated. The prevalence in 6-year-old children in 2021 was 10.5 per 1000 (95% confidence interval = 9.7-10.9). The male-to-female prevalence ratio was 4.3. Between 40% and 43% of preschool children had at least one co-occurring condition. The incidence for children 6?years old and under was 0.11% in 2019 and increased to 0.18% in 2021. Both the prevalence and incidence rates in Beijing were comparable to those reported in developed countries.Lay abstract It is the first study to explore the prevalence, incidence, and co-occurring conditions of autism spectrum disorder for the preschoolers in China. The prevalence and incidence of autism spectrum disorder has increased in recent decades. Autism spectrum disorder has become an important public concern worldwide. In this study, all hospital confirmed cases had an associated diagnosis (International Classification of Diseases, 10th revision (ICD-10) codes: F84.0, 84.5, F84.9). In total, 4457 children aged 4-6?years were identified as having autism spectrum disorder. In 2021, 1 in 95 children aged 6?years, 1 in 115 children aged 5?years, and 1 in 130 children aged 4?years were estimated to have autism spectrum disorder in Beijing. The incidence was 0.11% in 2019 and increased to 0.18% in 2021. There has been a great emphasis on the importance of early autism spectrum disorder diagnosis in large cities in China. En ligne : https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/13623613241290388 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=552 [article] Prevalence, incidence, and characteristics of autism spectrum disorder among children in Beijing, China [Texte imprimé et/ou numérique] / Yanan ZHAO, Auteur ; Feng LU, Auteur ; Ruoxi DING, Auteur ; Dawei ZHU, Auteur ; Rong ZHANG, Auteur ; Siwei SUN, Auteur ; Ping HE, Auteur ; Xiaoying ZHENG, Auteur . - p.884-895. Langues : Anglais (eng) in Autism > 29-4 (April 2025) . - p.884-895 Mots-clés : autism spectrum disorders  diagnosis  co-occurring conditions  pre-school children  prevalence Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : The prevalence of autism spectrum disorder in the world has increased over the last decade, but the prevalence, incidence, and characteristics of autism spectrum disorder in China were not well understood. Using administrative data, we aimed to estimate the prevalence and incidence of autism spectrum disorder and describe the co-occurring conditions in preschoolers in Beijing, China. The study focused on 0- to 6-year-old children with registered residence in Beijing, using cohorts derived from the Beijing Municipal Health Big Data and Policy Research Center. We conducted a detailed analysis of autism spectrum disorder prevalence among the cohorts, comparing estimates across 2 to 3?years for the same birth cohort (4?years, 5?years). For the 6-year-old cohort, we obtained 1-year prevalence estimates in 2021. Annual incidence rate was also calculated. The prevalence in 6-year-old children in 2021 was 10.5 per 1000 (95% confidence interval = 9.7-10.9). The male-to-female prevalence ratio was 4.3. Between 40% and 43% of preschool children had at least one co-occurring condition. The incidence for children 6?years old and under was 0.11% in 2019 and increased to 0.18% in 2021. Both the prevalence and incidence rates in Beijing were comparable to those reported in developed countries.Lay abstract It is the first study to explore the prevalence, incidence, and co-occurring conditions of autism spectrum disorder for the preschoolers in China. The prevalence and incidence of autism spectrum disorder has increased in recent decades. Autism spectrum disorder has become an important public concern worldwide. In this study, all hospital confirmed cases had an associated diagnosis (International Classification of Diseases, 10th revision (ICD-10) codes: F84.0, 84.5, F84.9). In total, 4457 children aged 4-6?years were identified as having autism spectrum disorder. In 2021, 1 in 95 children aged 6?years, 1 in 115 children aged 5?years, and 1 in 130 children aged 4?years were estimated to have autism spectrum disorder in Beijing. The incidence was 0.11% in 2019 and increased to 0.18% in 2021. There has been a great emphasis on the importance of early autism spectrum disorder diagnosis in large cities in China. En ligne : https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/13623613241290388 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=552

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