An Examination of Racial Bias in Scoring the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS) Module 3: An Item Response Theory Analysis / Yuen Yvonne YU in Autism Research, 19-2 (February 2026)  

Public ISBD [article]  inAutism Research > 19-2 (February 2026) . - e70155 Titre : An Examination of Racial Bias in Scoring the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS) Module 3: An Item Response Theory Analysis Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Yuen Yvonne YU, Auteur ; Austin WYMAN, Auteur ; Calliana J. FAULK, Auteur ; Lizzy J. FULOP, Auteur ; Rebecca L. GREENBERG, Auteur ; Rachel M. BENECKE, Auteur ; Lauren K. STEINBECK, Auteur ; Jessica FOY, Auteur ; Caitlyn KIM, Auteur ; George O. EMORY, Auteur ; Eric A. STORCH, Auteur ; Casey J. ZAMPELLA, Auteur ; Benjamin E. YERYS, Auteur ; Robert T. SCHULTZ, Auteur ; Julia PARISH-MORRIS, Auteur ; John D. HERRINGTON, Auteur ; Caitlin C. CLEMENTS, Auteur Article en page(s) : e70155 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : ADOS  autism  differential item functioning  item response theory  racial bias Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : ABSTRACT Given the rising prevalence of autism among racial minority children in the United States, but persistent service use disparities, this study examines potential bias in specific items from the autism diagnostic observation schedule (ADOS), a highly regarded autism evaluation. We leveraged unidimensional item response theory graded response models and a sample of 735 children to analyze the differential item functioning (DIF) of items within ADOS Module 3. Three items showed significant signs of racial bias: A1 (overall language level), A5 (offers information), and D5 (compulsions and rituals). On these items, Black/African American and Asian children were usually more likely to be rated as showing autistic behaviors than White children with similar autism levels. The impact of racial bias on the item score was small, and the impact on the overall test score was even smaller: on a scale of 0?48 points, the effect of racial bias was estimated at 0.23 total points for Black/African American children and 0.16 points for Asian children. Furthermore, none of the items showing significant bias contribute to the autism classification algorithm. This analysis suggests a small but detectable amount of bias in several specific ADOS items, but not in items central to informing an autism diagnosis. Thus, bias appears statistically, but not clinically, significant. This contributes to examinations of racial bias in the ADOS as the first analysis of Asian children and the first in-depth look at all items in the most commonly used version among school-aged children. En ligne : https://doi.org/10.1002/aur.70155 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=582 [article] An Examination of Racial Bias in Scoring the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS) Module 3: An Item Response Theory Analysis [texte imprimé] / Yuen Yvonne YU, Auteur ; Austin WYMAN, Auteur ; Calliana J. FAULK, Auteur ; Lizzy J. FULOP, Auteur ; Rebecca L. GREENBERG, Auteur ; Rachel M. BENECKE, Auteur ; Lauren K. STEINBECK, Auteur ; Jessica FOY, Auteur ; Caitlyn KIM, Auteur ; George O. EMORY, Auteur ; Eric A. STORCH, Auteur ; Casey J. ZAMPELLA, Auteur ; Benjamin E. YERYS, Auteur ; Robert T. SCHULTZ, Auteur ; Julia PARISH-MORRIS, Auteur ; John D. HERRINGTON, Auteur ; Caitlin C. CLEMENTS, Auteur . - e70155. Langues : Anglais (eng) in Autism Research > 19-2 (February 2026) . - e70155 Mots-clés : ADOS  autism  differential item functioning  item response theory  racial bias Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : ABSTRACT Given the rising prevalence of autism among racial minority children in the United States, but persistent service use disparities, this study examines potential bias in specific items from the autism diagnostic observation schedule (ADOS), a highly regarded autism evaluation. We leveraged unidimensional item response theory graded response models and a sample of 735 children to analyze the differential item functioning (DIF) of items within ADOS Module 3. Three items showed significant signs of racial bias: A1 (overall language level), A5 (offers information), and D5 (compulsions and rituals). On these items, Black/African American and Asian children were usually more likely to be rated as showing autistic behaviors than White children with similar autism levels. The impact of racial bias on the item score was small, and the impact on the overall test score was even smaller: on a scale of 0?48 points, the effect of racial bias was estimated at 0.23 total points for Black/African American children and 0.16 points for Asian children. Furthermore, none of the items showing significant bias contribute to the autism classification algorithm. This analysis suggests a small but detectable amount of bias in several specific ADOS items, but not in items central to informing an autism diagnosis. Thus, bias appears statistically, but not clinically, significant. This contributes to examinations of racial bias in the ADOS as the first analysis of Asian children and the first in-depth look at all items in the most commonly used version among school-aged children. En ligne : https://doi.org/10.1002/aur.70155 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=582

"You should smile more": Population-level sex differences in smiling also exist in autistic people / Casey J. ZAMPELLA in Autism, 29-5 (May 2025)  

Public ISBD [article]  inAutism > 29-5 (May 2025) . - p.1236-1245 Titre : "You should smile more": Population-level sex differences in smiling also exist in autistic people Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Casey J. ZAMPELLA, Auteur ; Julia PARISH-MORRIS, Auteur ; Jessica FOY, Auteur ; Meredith L. COLA, Auteur ; Robert T. SCHULTZ, Auteur ; John D. HERRINGTON, Auteur Article en page(s) : p.1236-1245 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : autism  computer vision  facial expression  sex differences  smiling Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Societal expectations for social-emotional behavior differ across sexes; however, diagnostic definitions of autism do not account for this when delineating "typical" versus "atypical." This study examines sex differences in autism in one behavior associated with strong gender biases: smiling. Computer vision was used to quantify smiling in 60 autistic (20 female) and 67 neurotypical (25 female) youth during conversations. Effects of sex and diagnosis were examined on degree of smiling, smile prototypicality, changes in smiling, and impact of smiling on interaction quality. Sex differences in smiling persisted across diagnosis groups: females smiled more than males, and their smiles were more prototypical. Autistic youth smiled less, and less prototypically, than neurotypical youth, with no sex by diagnosis interactions. In autism, the association between smile activity and interaction quality approached statistical significance, seemingly driven by autistic males but not females. Findings are consistent with population trends for females to smile more during social exchanges and "display rules" requiring more positive expressivity from females. Autism has historically been defined based on differences between autistic and neurotypical males. Failure to acknowledge sex-based differences in social-emotional behavior may leave some females appearing to have fewer autistic traits, increasing their risk of being under-identified and misunderstood.Lay abstractThis study uses automated computerized methods to measure facial expression, namely smiling, in autistic and neurotypical males and females as they converse naturally with an unfamiliar social partner. Results show that typical population-level sex differences in smiling also exist in autistic youth; females smile more and more prototypically than males. Failure to acknowledge these sex-based differences in social-emotional norms and behavior may leave autistic females at increased risk for being misdiagnosed and misunderstood. En ligne : https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/13623613241301113 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=555 [article] "You should smile more": Population-level sex differences in smiling also exist in autistic people [texte imprimé] / Casey J. ZAMPELLA, Auteur ; Julia PARISH-MORRIS, Auteur ; Jessica FOY, Auteur ; Meredith L. COLA, Auteur ; Robert T. SCHULTZ, Auteur ; John D. HERRINGTON, Auteur . - p.1236-1245. Langues : Anglais (eng) in Autism > 29-5 (May 2025) . - p.1236-1245 Mots-clés : autism  computer vision  facial expression  sex differences  smiling Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Societal expectations for social-emotional behavior differ across sexes; however, diagnostic definitions of autism do not account for this when delineating "typical" versus "atypical." This study examines sex differences in autism in one behavior associated with strong gender biases: smiling. Computer vision was used to quantify smiling in 60 autistic (20 female) and 67 neurotypical (25 female) youth during conversations. Effects of sex and diagnosis were examined on degree of smiling, smile prototypicality, changes in smiling, and impact of smiling on interaction quality. Sex differences in smiling persisted across diagnosis groups: females smiled more than males, and their smiles were more prototypical. Autistic youth smiled less, and less prototypically, than neurotypical youth, with no sex by diagnosis interactions. In autism, the association between smile activity and interaction quality approached statistical significance, seemingly driven by autistic males but not females. Findings are consistent with population trends for females to smile more during social exchanges and "display rules" requiring more positive expressivity from females. Autism has historically been defined based on differences between autistic and neurotypical males. Failure to acknowledge sex-based differences in social-emotional behavior may leave some females appearing to have fewer autistic traits, increasing their risk of being under-identified and misunderstood.Lay abstractThis study uses automated computerized methods to measure facial expression, namely smiling, in autistic and neurotypical males and females as they converse naturally with an unfamiliar social partner. Results show that typical population-level sex differences in smiling also exist in autistic youth; females smile more and more prototypically than males. Failure to acknowledge these sex-based differences in social-emotional norms and behavior may leave autistic females at increased risk for being misdiagnosed and misunderstood. En ligne : https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/13623613241301113 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=555

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