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6 recherche sur le mot-clé 'gut microbiota'
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Depicting the composition of gut microbiota in children with tic disorders: an exploratory study / W. XI in Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 62-10 (October 2021)
[article]
Titre : Depicting the composition of gut microbiota in children with tic disorders: an exploratory study Type de document : Texte imprimé et/ou numérique Auteurs : W. XI, Auteur ; X. GAO, Auteur ; H. ZHAO, Auteur ; X. LUO, Auteur ; J. LI, Auteur ; X. TAN, Auteur ; L. WANG, Auteur ; J. B. ZHAO, Auteur ; J. WANG, Auteur ; G. YANG, Auteur ; L. Y. LIU, Auteur ; Y. Y. WANG, Auteur ; L. PENG, Auteur ; L. P. ZOU, Auteur ; Y. YANG, Auteur Article en page(s) : p.1246-1254 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Bacteroides Child Gastrointestinal Microbiome Humans Prevotella Ruminococcus Streptococcus Tic Disorders dopamine receptor antagonists gut microbiota metabolic pathways metagenomics Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : BACKGROUND: Symptom improvement in children with tic disorder (TD) following fecal microbiota transplantation led us to investigate the gut microbiota in TD. This exploratory study aims to depict the gut microbial profile in patients with TD and explore the impact of dopamine receptor antagonist (DRA) drugs on the composition and metabolic function of the gut microbiota. METHODS: The gut microbiota were profiled in fecal samples of 49 children with TD and 50 matched healthy controls (HC) using shotgun metagenomic sequencing. A random forest (RF) model was constructed using the gut bacterial species to distinguish TD from HC. Associations between clinical metadata and microbial abundance or function were analyzed using MaAsLin2 and Spearman correlation. RESULTS: The gut microbiota in children with TD was featured by higher abundances of Bacteroides plebeius and Ruminococcus lactaris (a potential pro-inflammatory taxon) and lower abundances of Prevotella stercorea and Streptococcus lutetiensis compared to HC. The constructed RF model accurately distinguished TD from HC based on the gut microbiota profile, resulting in an AUC of 0.884. Significant correlations were observed between tic symptom severity and the abundances of multiple bacterial species and gut microbiota metabolic functions. Multivariate analysis identified an upregulation of 4-aminobutanoate (GABA) degradation in the gut microbiota associated with TD status. The gut microbiota of DRA-treated TD children showed a distinct gut microbiota compared to the treatment-naïve group, represented by an increase in some potential enteric pathogens such as Escherichia coli, a decline in several species including Akkermansia muciniphila, and alterations in various metabolic functions. CONCLUSIONS: Bacterial species promoting inflammatory responses and those modulating neurotransmitters such as GABA may be involved in the pathogenesis of TD. The use of DRA drugs is likely to induce overgrowth of some enteric pathogens and alter the gut microbiota metabolism. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.13409 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=456
in Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry > 62-10 (October 2021) . - p.1246-1254[article] Depicting the composition of gut microbiota in children with tic disorders: an exploratory study [Texte imprimé et/ou numérique] / W. XI, Auteur ; X. GAO, Auteur ; H. ZHAO, Auteur ; X. LUO, Auteur ; J. LI, Auteur ; X. TAN, Auteur ; L. WANG, Auteur ; J. B. ZHAO, Auteur ; J. WANG, Auteur ; G. YANG, Auteur ; L. Y. LIU, Auteur ; Y. Y. WANG, Auteur ; L. PENG, Auteur ; L. P. ZOU, Auteur ; Y. YANG, Auteur . - p.1246-1254.
Langues : Anglais (eng)
in Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry > 62-10 (October 2021) . - p.1246-1254
Mots-clés : Bacteroides Child Gastrointestinal Microbiome Humans Prevotella Ruminococcus Streptococcus Tic Disorders dopamine receptor antagonists gut microbiota metabolic pathways metagenomics Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : BACKGROUND: Symptom improvement in children with tic disorder (TD) following fecal microbiota transplantation led us to investigate the gut microbiota in TD. This exploratory study aims to depict the gut microbial profile in patients with TD and explore the impact of dopamine receptor antagonist (DRA) drugs on the composition and metabolic function of the gut microbiota. METHODS: The gut microbiota were profiled in fecal samples of 49 children with TD and 50 matched healthy controls (HC) using shotgun metagenomic sequencing. A random forest (RF) model was constructed using the gut bacterial species to distinguish TD from HC. Associations between clinical metadata and microbial abundance or function were analyzed using MaAsLin2 and Spearman correlation. RESULTS: The gut microbiota in children with TD was featured by higher abundances of Bacteroides plebeius and Ruminococcus lactaris (a potential pro-inflammatory taxon) and lower abundances of Prevotella stercorea and Streptococcus lutetiensis compared to HC. The constructed RF model accurately distinguished TD from HC based on the gut microbiota profile, resulting in an AUC of 0.884. Significant correlations were observed between tic symptom severity and the abundances of multiple bacterial species and gut microbiota metabolic functions. Multivariate analysis identified an upregulation of 4-aminobutanoate (GABA) degradation in the gut microbiota associated with TD status. The gut microbiota of DRA-treated TD children showed a distinct gut microbiota compared to the treatment-naïve group, represented by an increase in some potential enteric pathogens such as Escherichia coli, a decline in several species including Akkermansia muciniphila, and alterations in various metabolic functions. CONCLUSIONS: Bacterial species promoting inflammatory responses and those modulating neurotransmitters such as GABA may be involved in the pathogenesis of TD. The use of DRA drugs is likely to induce overgrowth of some enteric pathogens and alter the gut microbiota metabolism. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.13409 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=456 Interaction between XRN2 mutation and gut microbiota on the risks of autism spectrum disorder / Quan ZHANG ; Yanlin CHEN ; Fang HOU ; Kaiheng ZHU ; Qi JIANG ; Pei XIAO ; Zhen XIANG ; Xvfang WU ; Yixi FAN ; Xinyan XIE ; Li LI ; Ranran SONG in Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 110 (February 2024)
[article]
Titre : Interaction between XRN2 mutation and gut microbiota on the risks of autism spectrum disorder Type de document : Texte imprimé et/ou numérique Auteurs : Quan ZHANG, Auteur ; Yanlin CHEN, Auteur ; Fang HOU, Auteur ; Kaiheng ZHU, Auteur ; Qi JIANG, Auteur ; Pei XIAO, Auteur ; Zhen XIANG, Auteur ; Xvfang WU, Auteur ; Yixi FAN, Auteur ; Xinyan XIE, Auteur ; Li LI, Auteur ; Ranran SONG, Auteur Article en page(s) : p.102297 Mots-clés : Autism spectrum disorder Gut microbiota School children Genetic variant Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Background The intestinal dysbiosis can be observed in patients with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), partly explained by the alteration in gut microbiota composition. Our study aims to screen ASD causal variants and explore the potential interaction between variants and gut microbiota. Methods We conducted the expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) analysis to identify variations that regulated the expression of the ASD risk gene XRN2, and then validated genetic susceptibility to ASD risk in the case-control study among 627 ASD children and 606 healthy controls. The fecal samples were analyzed by 16S rRNA sequencing. Logistic regression model analysis was conducted to examine the interaction. Results We identified that rs2295412 was a cis-eQTL of XRN2 in brain tissues (P < 0.0005), And individuals with rs2295412 TC genotypes had decreased ASD risks compared to the TT genotype (OR = 0.42, 95% CI: 0.19?0.94, P = 0.036). And rs2295412 genotypes and the abundance of f__Monoglobaceae showed the interaction on the ASD risks (Pmul = 0.049). Compared to the children with a higher abundance of f__Monoglobaceae and rs2295412 CT+CC genotype, the children with a lower abundance and TT genotype might have higher ASD risks. Conclusions These findings suggested the potential interaction between genetic variation and gut microbiota on ASD risks, which enhanced the understanding of pathogenic mechanisms and the underlying etiology of ASD, and provided clues for future investigations. En ligne : https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2023.102297 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=520
in Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders > 110 (February 2024) . - p.102297[article] Interaction between XRN2 mutation and gut microbiota on the risks of autism spectrum disorder [Texte imprimé et/ou numérique] / Quan ZHANG, Auteur ; Yanlin CHEN, Auteur ; Fang HOU, Auteur ; Kaiheng ZHU, Auteur ; Qi JIANG, Auteur ; Pei XIAO, Auteur ; Zhen XIANG, Auteur ; Xvfang WU, Auteur ; Yixi FAN, Auteur ; Xinyan XIE, Auteur ; Li LI, Auteur ; Ranran SONG, Auteur . - p.102297.
in Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders > 110 (February 2024) . - p.102297
Mots-clés : Autism spectrum disorder Gut microbiota School children Genetic variant Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Background The intestinal dysbiosis can be observed in patients with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), partly explained by the alteration in gut microbiota composition. Our study aims to screen ASD causal variants and explore the potential interaction between variants and gut microbiota. Methods We conducted the expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) analysis to identify variations that regulated the expression of the ASD risk gene XRN2, and then validated genetic susceptibility to ASD risk in the case-control study among 627 ASD children and 606 healthy controls. The fecal samples were analyzed by 16S rRNA sequencing. Logistic regression model analysis was conducted to examine the interaction. Results We identified that rs2295412 was a cis-eQTL of XRN2 in brain tissues (P < 0.0005), And individuals with rs2295412 TC genotypes had decreased ASD risks compared to the TT genotype (OR = 0.42, 95% CI: 0.19?0.94, P = 0.036). And rs2295412 genotypes and the abundance of f__Monoglobaceae showed the interaction on the ASD risks (Pmul = 0.049). Compared to the children with a higher abundance of f__Monoglobaceae and rs2295412 CT+CC genotype, the children with a lower abundance and TT genotype might have higher ASD risks. Conclusions These findings suggested the potential interaction between genetic variation and gut microbiota on ASD risks, which enhanced the understanding of pathogenic mechanisms and the underlying etiology of ASD, and provided clues for future investigations. En ligne : https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2023.102297 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=520 A Meta-analysis of Gut Microbiota in Children with Autism / P. ANDREO-MARTÍNEZ in Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 52-3 (March 2022)
[article]
Titre : A Meta-analysis of Gut Microbiota in Children with Autism Type de document : Texte imprimé et/ou numérique Auteurs : P. ANDREO-MARTÍNEZ, Auteur ; M. RUBIO-APARICIO, Auteur ; J. SÁNCHEZ-MECA, Auteur ; A. VEAS, Auteur ; A. E. MARTINEZ-GONZALEZ, Auteur Article en page(s) : p.1374-1387 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Autism Spectrum Disorder/microbiology Autistic Disorder Bacteria Child Dysbiosis/microbiology Gastrointestinal Microbiome Humans Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) Gut microbiota Meta-analysis Microbiota-gut-brain axis Systematic review Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Previous studies have reported dysbiosis in the gut microbiota (GM) of children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD), which may be a determining factor on child development through the microbiota-gut-brain axis. However, it is not clear if there is a specific group of dysbiotic bacteria in ASD. The aim of this study was to carry out a meta-analysis on the studies that analyze GM in children with ASD. 18 studies fulfilled our selection criteria. Our results showed a lower relative abundance of Streptococcus (SMD(+)?=?- 0.999; 95% CI - 1.549, - 0.449) and Bifidobacterium genera (SMD(+)?=?- 0.513; 95% CI - 0.953, - 0.073) in children with ASD. Overall, the Bifidobacterium genera is involved. However, differences found between studies are attributed to factors such as reporting bias. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10803-021-05002-y Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=455
in Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders > 52-3 (March 2022) . - p.1374-1387[article] A Meta-analysis of Gut Microbiota in Children with Autism [Texte imprimé et/ou numérique] / P. ANDREO-MARTÍNEZ, Auteur ; M. RUBIO-APARICIO, Auteur ; J. SÁNCHEZ-MECA, Auteur ; A. VEAS, Auteur ; A. E. MARTINEZ-GONZALEZ, Auteur . - p.1374-1387.
Langues : Anglais (eng)
in Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders > 52-3 (March 2022) . - p.1374-1387
Mots-clés : Autism Spectrum Disorder/microbiology Autistic Disorder Bacteria Child Dysbiosis/microbiology Gastrointestinal Microbiome Humans Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) Gut microbiota Meta-analysis Microbiota-gut-brain axis Systematic review Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Previous studies have reported dysbiosis in the gut microbiota (GM) of children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD), which may be a determining factor on child development through the microbiota-gut-brain axis. However, it is not clear if there is a specific group of dysbiotic bacteria in ASD. The aim of this study was to carry out a meta-analysis on the studies that analyze GM in children with ASD. 18 studies fulfilled our selection criteria. Our results showed a lower relative abundance of Streptococcus (SMD(+)?=?- 0.999; 95% CI - 1.549, - 0.449) and Bifidobacterium genera (SMD(+)?=?- 0.513; 95% CI - 0.953, - 0.073) in children with ASD. Overall, the Bifidobacterium genera is involved. However, differences found between studies are attributed to factors such as reporting bias. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10803-021-05002-y Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=455 The link between autism spectrum disorder and gut microbiota: A scoping review / Amanda NITSCHKE in Autism, 24-6 (August 2020)
[article]
Titre : The link between autism spectrum disorder and gut microbiota: A scoping review Type de document : Texte imprimé et/ou numérique Auteurs : Amanda NITSCHKE, Auteur ; Raywat DEONANDAN, Auteur ; Anne T. M. KONKLE, Auteur Article en page(s) : p.1328-1344 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : autism spectrum disorder autism spectrum disorder behavior gastrointestinal disorders gut microbiota microbiota–gut–brain axis Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Gastrointestinal distress and gut microbial imbalances are commonly found in children with autism spectrum disorder, and therefore may play a key role in the development of the disorder. This scoping review aimed to examine the extent, range and nature of research conducted in the past 6?years that focused on furthering our understanding of autism spectrum disorder and its association with gut microbiota. A literature review was performed with predetermined key words. Studies were screened and selected based on defined inclusion and exclusion criteria. A total of 19 studies were included for final analysis. While there are continuous reports of differences in gut microbiota between autism spectrum disorder and neurotypical individuals, knowledge about the consistency in the presence and abundance of bacterial species, as well as metabolites, remains deficient. Treatments such as special diets, vitamin, prebiotic, probiotic, and microbiota transfer therapy show promising therapeutic potential, yet are in their infancy of investigation. Overall, further research with rigorous methodologies is required to support and strengthen the reliability of existing findings. Future research should aim to increase sample sizes, eliminate biases, and subgroup autism spectrum disorder groups to help accommodate for inter-individual variation. As increasing evidence of a unique autism spectrum disorder microbiome and metabolome is acquired, autism spectrum disorder-specific biomarkers can be identified. These biomarkers have great implications in terms of elucidating the molecular mechanisms of autism spectrum disorder, preventing the onset of autism spectrum disorder, and improving treatments for individuals with autism spectrum disorder. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1362361320913364 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=428
in Autism > 24-6 (August 2020) . - p.1328-1344[article] The link between autism spectrum disorder and gut microbiota: A scoping review [Texte imprimé et/ou numérique] / Amanda NITSCHKE, Auteur ; Raywat DEONANDAN, Auteur ; Anne T. M. KONKLE, Auteur . - p.1328-1344.
Langues : Anglais (eng)
in Autism > 24-6 (August 2020) . - p.1328-1344
Mots-clés : autism spectrum disorder autism spectrum disorder behavior gastrointestinal disorders gut microbiota microbiota–gut–brain axis Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Gastrointestinal distress and gut microbial imbalances are commonly found in children with autism spectrum disorder, and therefore may play a key role in the development of the disorder. This scoping review aimed to examine the extent, range and nature of research conducted in the past 6?years that focused on furthering our understanding of autism spectrum disorder and its association with gut microbiota. A literature review was performed with predetermined key words. Studies were screened and selected based on defined inclusion and exclusion criteria. A total of 19 studies were included for final analysis. While there are continuous reports of differences in gut microbiota between autism spectrum disorder and neurotypical individuals, knowledge about the consistency in the presence and abundance of bacterial species, as well as metabolites, remains deficient. Treatments such as special diets, vitamin, prebiotic, probiotic, and microbiota transfer therapy show promising therapeutic potential, yet are in their infancy of investigation. Overall, further research with rigorous methodologies is required to support and strengthen the reliability of existing findings. Future research should aim to increase sample sizes, eliminate biases, and subgroup autism spectrum disorder groups to help accommodate for inter-individual variation. As increasing evidence of a unique autism spectrum disorder microbiome and metabolome is acquired, autism spectrum disorder-specific biomarkers can be identified. These biomarkers have great implications in terms of elucidating the molecular mechanisms of autism spectrum disorder, preventing the onset of autism spectrum disorder, and improving treatments for individuals with autism spectrum disorder. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1362361320913364 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=428 Alteration of the fecal microbiota in Chinese children with autism spectrum disorder / Xinyan XIE in Autism Research, 15-6 (June 2022)
[article]
Titre : Alteration of the fecal microbiota in Chinese children with autism spectrum disorder Type de document : Texte imprimé et/ou numérique Auteurs : Xinyan XIE, Auteur ; Li LI, Auteur ; Xiaoqian WU, Auteur ; Fang HOU, Auteur ; Yanlin CHEN, Auteur ; Liuwei SHI, Auteur ; Qi LIU, Auteur ; Kaiheng ZHU, Auteur ; Qi JIANG, Auteur ; Yanan FENG, Auteur ; Pei XIAO, Auteur ; Jiajia ZHANG, Auteur ; Jianhua GONG, Auteur ; Ranran SONG, Auteur Article en page(s) : p.996-1007 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Autism Spectrum Disorder/complications Bacteria/genetics Case-Control Studies Child Dysbiosis/complications Feces/microbiology Humans Microbiota Phylogeny Chinese Han population autism spectrum disorder children gut microbiota Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is associated with altered gut microbiota. However, there has been little consensus on the altered bacterial species and studies have had small sample sizes. We aimed to identify the taxonomic composition and evaluate the changes in the fecal microbiota in Chinese children with ASD by using a relatively large sample size. We conducted a case-control study of 101 children with ASD and 103 healthy controls in China. Demographic information and fecal samples were collected, and the V3-V4 hypervariable regions of the bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene were sequenced. The alpha and beta diversities between the two groups were significantly different. After correcting for multiple comparisons, at the phylum level the relative abundances of Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria in the case group were significantly higher than those in the control group. The relative abundance of the Escherichia-Shigella genus in the case group was significantly higher than that of the control group, and the relative abundance of Blautia and unclassified_f__Lachnospiraceae in the control group were higher than that of the case group. Phylogenetic Investigation of Communities by Reconstruction of Unobserved States analysis showed that children with ASD may have disturbed functional pathways, such as amino acid metabolism, cofactor and vitamin metabolism, and the AMP-activated protein kinase signaling pathway. This study revealed the characteristics of the intestinal flora of Chinese children with ASD and provided further evidence of gut microbial dysbiosis in ASD. LAY SUMMARY: This study characterized the gut microbiota composition of 101 children with ASD and 103 healthy controls in China. The altered gut microbiota may contribute significantly to the risk of ASD, including significant increases in the relative abundances of Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria and Escherichia-Shigella and significant decrease of Blautia and unclassified_f__Lachnospiraceae. This study provided further evidence of gut microbial dysbiosis in ASD. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aur.2718 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=476
in Autism Research > 15-6 (June 2022) . - p.996-1007[article] Alteration of the fecal microbiota in Chinese children with autism spectrum disorder [Texte imprimé et/ou numérique] / Xinyan XIE, Auteur ; Li LI, Auteur ; Xiaoqian WU, Auteur ; Fang HOU, Auteur ; Yanlin CHEN, Auteur ; Liuwei SHI, Auteur ; Qi LIU, Auteur ; Kaiheng ZHU, Auteur ; Qi JIANG, Auteur ; Yanan FENG, Auteur ; Pei XIAO, Auteur ; Jiajia ZHANG, Auteur ; Jianhua GONG, Auteur ; Ranran SONG, Auteur . - p.996-1007.
Langues : Anglais (eng)
in Autism Research > 15-6 (June 2022) . - p.996-1007
Mots-clés : Autism Spectrum Disorder/complications Bacteria/genetics Case-Control Studies Child Dysbiosis/complications Feces/microbiology Humans Microbiota Phylogeny Chinese Han population autism spectrum disorder children gut microbiota Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is associated with altered gut microbiota. However, there has been little consensus on the altered bacterial species and studies have had small sample sizes. We aimed to identify the taxonomic composition and evaluate the changes in the fecal microbiota in Chinese children with ASD by using a relatively large sample size. We conducted a case-control study of 101 children with ASD and 103 healthy controls in China. Demographic information and fecal samples were collected, and the V3-V4 hypervariable regions of the bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene were sequenced. The alpha and beta diversities between the two groups were significantly different. After correcting for multiple comparisons, at the phylum level the relative abundances of Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria in the case group were significantly higher than those in the control group. The relative abundance of the Escherichia-Shigella genus in the case group was significantly higher than that of the control group, and the relative abundance of Blautia and unclassified_f__Lachnospiraceae in the control group were higher than that of the case group. Phylogenetic Investigation of Communities by Reconstruction of Unobserved States analysis showed that children with ASD may have disturbed functional pathways, such as amino acid metabolism, cofactor and vitamin metabolism, and the AMP-activated protein kinase signaling pathway. This study revealed the characteristics of the intestinal flora of Chinese children with ASD and provided further evidence of gut microbial dysbiosis in ASD. LAY SUMMARY: This study characterized the gut microbiota composition of 101 children with ASD and 103 healthy controls in China. The altered gut microbiota may contribute significantly to the risk of ASD, including significant increases in the relative abundances of Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria and Escherichia-Shigella and significant decrease of Blautia and unclassified_f__Lachnospiraceae. This study provided further evidence of gut microbial dysbiosis in ASD. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aur.2718 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=476 Probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, and fecal microbiota transplantation in the treatment of behavioral symptoms of autism spectrum disorder: A systematic review / Q. TAN in Autism Research, 14-9 (September 2021)
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