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Hans Asperger, National Socialism, and "race hygiene" in Nazi-era Vienna / H. CZECH in Molecular Autism, 9 (2018)
[article]
Titre : Hans Asperger, National Socialism, and "race hygiene" in Nazi-era Vienna Type de document : Texte imprimé et/ou numérique Auteurs : H. CZECH, Auteur Article en page(s) : 29p. Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Asperger Syndrome/diagnosis Austria Eugenics/history History, 20th Century National Socialism/history Psychiatry/history Asperger's syndrome Autism Biography Child psychiatry Hans Asperger History National Socialism Pediatrics Therapeutic pedagogy (Heilpadagogik) Vienna/Austria World War II Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Background: Hans Asperger (1906-1980) first designated a group of children with distinct psychological characteristics as 'autistic psychopaths' in 1938, several years before Leo Kanner's famous 1943 paper on autism. In 1944, Asperger published a comprehensive study on the topic (submitted to Vienna University in 1942 as his postdoctoral thesis), which would only find international acknowledgement in the 1980s. From then on, the eponym 'Asperger's syndrome' increasingly gained currency in recognition of his outstanding contribution to the conceptualization of the condition. At the time, the fact that Asperger had spent pivotal years of his career in Nazi Vienna caused some controversy regarding his potential ties to National Socialism and its race hygiene policies. Documentary evidence was scarce, however, and over time a narrative of Asperger as an active opponent of National Socialism took hold. The main goal of this paper is to re-evaluate this narrative, which is based to a large extent on statements made by Asperger himself and on a small segment of his published work. Methods: Drawing on a vast array of contemporary publications and previously unexplored archival documents (including Asperger's personnel files and the clinical assessments he wrote on his patients), this paper offers a critical examination of Asperger's life, politics, and career before and during the Nazi period in Austria. Results: Asperger managed to accommodate himself to the Nazi regime and was rewarded for his affirmations of loyalty with career opportunities. He joined several organizations affiliated with the NSDAP (although not the Nazi party itself), publicly legitimized race hygiene policies including forced sterilizations and, on several occasions, actively cooperated with the child 'euthanasia' program. The language he employed to diagnose his patients was often remarkably harsh (even in comparison with assessments written by the staff at Vienna's notorious Spiegelgrund 'euthanasia' institution), belying the notion that he tried to protect the children under his care by embellishing their diagnoses. Conclusion: The narrative of Asperger as a principled opponent of National Socialism and a courageous defender of his patients against Nazi 'euthanasia' and other race hygiene measures does not hold up in the face of the historical evidence. What emerges is a much more problematic role played by this pioneer of autism research. Future use of the eponym should reflect the troubling context of its origins in Nazi-era Vienna. En ligne : https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13229-018-0208-6 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=371
in Molecular Autism > 9 (2018) . - 29p.[article] Hans Asperger, National Socialism, and "race hygiene" in Nazi-era Vienna [Texte imprimé et/ou numérique] / H. CZECH, Auteur . - 29p.
Langues : Anglais (eng)
in Molecular Autism > 9 (2018) . - 29p.
Mots-clés : Asperger Syndrome/diagnosis Austria Eugenics/history History, 20th Century National Socialism/history Psychiatry/history Asperger's syndrome Autism Biography Child psychiatry Hans Asperger History National Socialism Pediatrics Therapeutic pedagogy (Heilpadagogik) Vienna/Austria World War II Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Background: Hans Asperger (1906-1980) first designated a group of children with distinct psychological characteristics as 'autistic psychopaths' in 1938, several years before Leo Kanner's famous 1943 paper on autism. In 1944, Asperger published a comprehensive study on the topic (submitted to Vienna University in 1942 as his postdoctoral thesis), which would only find international acknowledgement in the 1980s. From then on, the eponym 'Asperger's syndrome' increasingly gained currency in recognition of his outstanding contribution to the conceptualization of the condition. At the time, the fact that Asperger had spent pivotal years of his career in Nazi Vienna caused some controversy regarding his potential ties to National Socialism and its race hygiene policies. Documentary evidence was scarce, however, and over time a narrative of Asperger as an active opponent of National Socialism took hold. The main goal of this paper is to re-evaluate this narrative, which is based to a large extent on statements made by Asperger himself and on a small segment of his published work. Methods: Drawing on a vast array of contemporary publications and previously unexplored archival documents (including Asperger's personnel files and the clinical assessments he wrote on his patients), this paper offers a critical examination of Asperger's life, politics, and career before and during the Nazi period in Austria. Results: Asperger managed to accommodate himself to the Nazi regime and was rewarded for his affirmations of loyalty with career opportunities. He joined several organizations affiliated with the NSDAP (although not the Nazi party itself), publicly legitimized race hygiene policies including forced sterilizations and, on several occasions, actively cooperated with the child 'euthanasia' program. The language he employed to diagnose his patients was often remarkably harsh (even in comparison with assessments written by the staff at Vienna's notorious Spiegelgrund 'euthanasia' institution), belying the notion that he tried to protect the children under his care by embellishing their diagnoses. Conclusion: The narrative of Asperger as a principled opponent of National Socialism and a courageous defender of his patients against Nazi 'euthanasia' and other race hygiene measures does not hold up in the face of the historical evidence. What emerges is a much more problematic role played by this pioneer of autism research. Future use of the eponym should reflect the troubling context of its origins in Nazi-era Vienna. En ligne : https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13229-018-0208-6 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=371 Non-complicit: Revisiting Hans Asperger's Career in Nazi-era Vienna / Dean FALK in Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 50-7 (July 2020)
[article]
Titre : Non-complicit: Revisiting Hans Asperger's Career in Nazi-era Vienna Type de document : Texte imprimé et/ou numérique Auteurs : Dean FALK, Auteur Article en page(s) : p.2573-2584 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Asperger syndrome Euthanasia Forced sterilization Hans Asperger Nazi-era Vienna T4 Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Recent allegations that pediatrician Hans Asperger legitimized Nazi policies, including forced sterilization and child euthanasia, are refuted with newly translated and chronologically-ordered information that takes into account Hitler's deceptive 'halt' to the T4 euthanasia program in 1941. It is highly unlikely that Asperger was aware of the T4 program when he referred Herta Schreiber to Am Spiegelgrund or when he mentioned that institution 4 months later on the medical chart of another (unrelated) girl, Elisabeth Schreiber. Asperger campaigned vigorously from 1938 to 1943 to have his specialization, Curative Education, take priority in the diagnosis and treatment of disabled children over other fields that promoted Nazi racial hygiene policies. He neither disparaged his patients nor was he sexist. By 1938, he had identified the essentials of Asperger syndrome and described an unnamed boy whom he later profiled (as Ernst K.) in 1944. Rather than doing 'thin' research, Asperger made discoveries that were prescient, and some of his activities conformed to definitions of "individual resistance." En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10803-019-03981-7 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=426
in Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders > 50-7 (July 2020) . - p.2573-2584[article] Non-complicit: Revisiting Hans Asperger's Career in Nazi-era Vienna [Texte imprimé et/ou numérique] / Dean FALK, Auteur . - p.2573-2584.
Langues : Anglais (eng)
in Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders > 50-7 (July 2020) . - p.2573-2584
Mots-clés : Asperger syndrome Euthanasia Forced sterilization Hans Asperger Nazi-era Vienna T4 Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Recent allegations that pediatrician Hans Asperger legitimized Nazi policies, including forced sterilization and child euthanasia, are refuted with newly translated and chronologically-ordered information that takes into account Hitler's deceptive 'halt' to the T4 euthanasia program in 1941. It is highly unlikely that Asperger was aware of the T4 program when he referred Herta Schreiber to Am Spiegelgrund or when he mentioned that institution 4 months later on the medical chart of another (unrelated) girl, Elisabeth Schreiber. Asperger campaigned vigorously from 1938 to 1943 to have his specialization, Curative Education, take priority in the diagnosis and treatment of disabled children over other fields that promoted Nazi racial hygiene policies. He neither disparaged his patients nor was he sexist. By 1938, he had identified the essentials of Asperger syndrome and described an unnamed boy whom he later profiled (as Ernst K.) in 1944. Rather than doing 'thin' research, Asperger made discoveries that were prescient, and some of his activities conformed to definitions of "individual resistance." En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10803-019-03981-7 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=426 Response to 'Non-complicit: Revisiting Hans Asperger's Career in Nazi-era Vienna' / H. CZECH in Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 49-9 (September 2019)
[article]
Titre : Response to 'Non-complicit: Revisiting Hans Asperger's Career in Nazi-era Vienna' Type de document : Texte imprimé et/ou numérique Auteurs : H. CZECH, Auteur Article en page(s) : p.3883-3887 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Asperger syndrome Hans Asperger National socialism Nazi 'euthanasia Nazi-era Vienna Therapeutic pedagogy (Heilpadagogik) Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : In her recent paper 'Non-complicit: Revisiting Hans Asperger's Career in Nazi-era Vienna,' Dean Falk claims to refute what she calls 'allegations' about Hans Asperger's role during National Socialism documented in my 2018 paper 'Hans Asperger, National Socialism, and "race hygiene" in Nazi-era Vienna' and Edith Sheffer's book 'Asperger's Children.' Falk's paper, which relies heavily on online translation software, does not contain a single relevant piece of new evidence, but abounds with mistranslations, misrepresentations of the content of sources, and basic factual errors, and omits everything that does not support the author's agenda of defending Hans Asperger's record. The paper should never have passed peer review and, in view of the academic credibility of all parties concerned, it should be retracted. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10803-019-04106-w Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=405
in Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders > 49-9 (September 2019) . - p.3883-3887[article] Response to 'Non-complicit: Revisiting Hans Asperger's Career in Nazi-era Vienna' [Texte imprimé et/ou numérique] / H. CZECH, Auteur . - p.3883-3887.
Langues : Anglais (eng)
in Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders > 49-9 (September 2019) . - p.3883-3887
Mots-clés : Asperger syndrome Hans Asperger National socialism Nazi 'euthanasia Nazi-era Vienna Therapeutic pedagogy (Heilpadagogik) Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : In her recent paper 'Non-complicit: Revisiting Hans Asperger's Career in Nazi-era Vienna,' Dean Falk claims to refute what she calls 'allegations' about Hans Asperger's role during National Socialism documented in my 2018 paper 'Hans Asperger, National Socialism, and "race hygiene" in Nazi-era Vienna' and Edith Sheffer's book 'Asperger's Children.' Falk's paper, which relies heavily on online translation software, does not contain a single relevant piece of new evidence, but abounds with mistranslations, misrepresentations of the content of sources, and basic factual errors, and omits everything that does not support the author's agenda of defending Hans Asperger's record. The paper should never have passed peer review and, in view of the academic credibility of all parties concerned, it should be retracted. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10803-019-04106-w Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=405 More on Asperger's Career: A Reply to Czech / D. FALK in Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 49-9 (September 2019)
[article]
Titre : More on Asperger's Career: A Reply to Czech Type de document : Texte imprimé et/ou numérique Auteurs : D. FALK, Auteur Article en page(s) : p.3877-3882 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Am Spiegelgrund Euthanasia Hans Asperger Herwig Czech Nazi-era Vienna T4 Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Czech's claims that my paper abounds with mistranslations, misrepresentations, and factual errors are refuted point-by-point, as is his declaration that the paper contains no relevant or new evidence. Asperger's statements that Franz Hamburger saved him from the Gestapo are reaffirmed and supported with a personal communication from Asperger's daughter, Dr. Maria Asperger Felder. Czech's criticism of anonymous peer reviewers and his call for retraction of my paper are, at best, unconstructive. In light of the current resurgence of authoritarian governments that promote xenophobic and racist ideology in the United States, Europe, and elsewhere, it is essential that details about the Nazi euthanasia program continue to be recalled and deliberated, as they are in this exchange. I stand by my paper. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10803-019-04099-6 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=405
in Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders > 49-9 (September 2019) . - p.3877-3882[article] More on Asperger's Career: A Reply to Czech [Texte imprimé et/ou numérique] / D. FALK, Auteur . - p.3877-3882.
Langues : Anglais (eng)
in Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders > 49-9 (September 2019) . - p.3877-3882
Mots-clés : Am Spiegelgrund Euthanasia Hans Asperger Herwig Czech Nazi-era Vienna T4 Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Czech's claims that my paper abounds with mistranslations, misrepresentations, and factual errors are refuted point-by-point, as is his declaration that the paper contains no relevant or new evidence. Asperger's statements that Franz Hamburger saved him from the Gestapo are reaffirmed and supported with a personal communication from Asperger's daughter, Dr. Maria Asperger Felder. Czech's criticism of anonymous peer reviewers and his call for retraction of my paper are, at best, unconstructive. In light of the current resurgence of authoritarian governments that promote xenophobic and racist ideology in the United States, Europe, and elsewhere, it is essential that details about the Nazi euthanasia program continue to be recalled and deliberated, as they are in this exchange. I stand by my paper. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10803-019-04099-6 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=405 Autismes: sortir des confusions / Denys RIBAS
Titre : Autismes: sortir des confusions Type de document : Texte imprimé et/ou numérique Auteurs : Denys RIBAS, Auteur Année de publication : 2014 Importance : p.30-43 Note générale : Bibliogr. Langues : Français (fre) Mots-clés : Léo Kanner Hans Asperger Winnicott Bettelheim Index. décimale : PSY-B PSY-B - Autisme et Psychanalyse Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=234 Autismes: sortir des confusions [Texte imprimé et/ou numérique] / Denys RIBAS, Auteur . - 2014 . - p.30-43.
Bibliogr.
Langues : Français (fre)
Mots-clés : Léo Kanner Hans Asperger Winnicott Bettelheim Index. décimale : PSY-B PSY-B - Autisme et Psychanalyse Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=234 Exemplaires
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