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Hans Asperger, National Socialism, and "race hygiene" in Nazi-era Vienna / H. CZECH in Molecular Autism, 9 (2018)
[article]
Titre : Hans Asperger, National Socialism, and "race hygiene" in Nazi-era Vienna Type de document : Texte imprimé et/ou numérique Auteurs : H. CZECH, Auteur Article en page(s) : 29p. Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Asperger Syndrome/diagnosis Austria Eugenics/history History, 20th Century National Socialism/history Psychiatry/history Asperger's syndrome Autism Biography Child psychiatry Hans Asperger History National Socialism Pediatrics Therapeutic pedagogy (Heilpadagogik) Vienna/Austria World War II Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Background: Hans Asperger (1906-1980) first designated a group of children with distinct psychological characteristics as 'autistic psychopaths' in 1938, several years before Leo Kanner's famous 1943 paper on autism. In 1944, Asperger published a comprehensive study on the topic (submitted to Vienna University in 1942 as his postdoctoral thesis), which would only find international acknowledgement in the 1980s. From then on, the eponym 'Asperger's syndrome' increasingly gained currency in recognition of his outstanding contribution to the conceptualization of the condition. At the time, the fact that Asperger had spent pivotal years of his career in Nazi Vienna caused some controversy regarding his potential ties to National Socialism and its race hygiene policies. Documentary evidence was scarce, however, and over time a narrative of Asperger as an active opponent of National Socialism took hold. The main goal of this paper is to re-evaluate this narrative, which is based to a large extent on statements made by Asperger himself and on a small segment of his published work. Methods: Drawing on a vast array of contemporary publications and previously unexplored archival documents (including Asperger's personnel files and the clinical assessments he wrote on his patients), this paper offers a critical examination of Asperger's life, politics, and career before and during the Nazi period in Austria. Results: Asperger managed to accommodate himself to the Nazi regime and was rewarded for his affirmations of loyalty with career opportunities. He joined several organizations affiliated with the NSDAP (although not the Nazi party itself), publicly legitimized race hygiene policies including forced sterilizations and, on several occasions, actively cooperated with the child 'euthanasia' program. The language he employed to diagnose his patients was often remarkably harsh (even in comparison with assessments written by the staff at Vienna's notorious Spiegelgrund 'euthanasia' institution), belying the notion that he tried to protect the children under his care by embellishing their diagnoses. Conclusion: The narrative of Asperger as a principled opponent of National Socialism and a courageous defender of his patients against Nazi 'euthanasia' and other race hygiene measures does not hold up in the face of the historical evidence. What emerges is a much more problematic role played by this pioneer of autism research. Future use of the eponym should reflect the troubling context of its origins in Nazi-era Vienna. En ligne : https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13229-018-0208-6 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=371
in Molecular Autism > 9 (2018) . - 29p.[article] Hans Asperger, National Socialism, and "race hygiene" in Nazi-era Vienna [Texte imprimé et/ou numérique] / H. CZECH, Auteur . - 29p.
Langues : Anglais (eng)
in Molecular Autism > 9 (2018) . - 29p.
Mots-clés : Asperger Syndrome/diagnosis Austria Eugenics/history History, 20th Century National Socialism/history Psychiatry/history Asperger's syndrome Autism Biography Child psychiatry Hans Asperger History National Socialism Pediatrics Therapeutic pedagogy (Heilpadagogik) Vienna/Austria World War II Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Background: Hans Asperger (1906-1980) first designated a group of children with distinct psychological characteristics as 'autistic psychopaths' in 1938, several years before Leo Kanner's famous 1943 paper on autism. In 1944, Asperger published a comprehensive study on the topic (submitted to Vienna University in 1942 as his postdoctoral thesis), which would only find international acknowledgement in the 1980s. From then on, the eponym 'Asperger's syndrome' increasingly gained currency in recognition of his outstanding contribution to the conceptualization of the condition. At the time, the fact that Asperger had spent pivotal years of his career in Nazi Vienna caused some controversy regarding his potential ties to National Socialism and its race hygiene policies. Documentary evidence was scarce, however, and over time a narrative of Asperger as an active opponent of National Socialism took hold. The main goal of this paper is to re-evaluate this narrative, which is based to a large extent on statements made by Asperger himself and on a small segment of his published work. Methods: Drawing on a vast array of contemporary publications and previously unexplored archival documents (including Asperger's personnel files and the clinical assessments he wrote on his patients), this paper offers a critical examination of Asperger's life, politics, and career before and during the Nazi period in Austria. Results: Asperger managed to accommodate himself to the Nazi regime and was rewarded for his affirmations of loyalty with career opportunities. He joined several organizations affiliated with the NSDAP (although not the Nazi party itself), publicly legitimized race hygiene policies including forced sterilizations and, on several occasions, actively cooperated with the child 'euthanasia' program. The language he employed to diagnose his patients was often remarkably harsh (even in comparison with assessments written by the staff at Vienna's notorious Spiegelgrund 'euthanasia' institution), belying the notion that he tried to protect the children under his care by embellishing their diagnoses. Conclusion: The narrative of Asperger as a principled opponent of National Socialism and a courageous defender of his patients against Nazi 'euthanasia' and other race hygiene measures does not hold up in the face of the historical evidence. What emerges is a much more problematic role played by this pioneer of autism research. Future use of the eponym should reflect the troubling context of its origins in Nazi-era Vienna. En ligne : https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13229-018-0208-6 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=371 The French Version of the Autism-Spectrum Quotient in Adolescents: A Cross-Cultural Validation Study / Sandrine SONIE in Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 43-5 (May 2013)
[article]
Titre : The French Version of the Autism-Spectrum Quotient in Adolescents: A Cross-Cultural Validation Study Type de document : Texte imprimé et/ou numérique Auteurs : Sandrine SONIE, Auteur ; Behrouz KASSAI, Auteur ; Elodie PIRAT, Auteur ; Paul BAIN, Auteur ; Janine ROBINSON, Auteur ; Marie GOMOT, Auteur ; Catherine BARTHELEMY, Auteur ; Dorothée CHARVET, Auteur ; Thierry ROCHET, Auteur ; Mohamed TATOU, Auteur ; Brigitte ASSOULINE, Auteur ; Stéphane CABROL, Auteur ; Nadia CHABANE, Auteur ; Valérie ARNAUD, Auteur ; Patricia FAURE, Auteur ; Sabine MANIFICAT, Auteur Article en page(s) : p.1178-1183 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Adolescent Asperger syndrome/diagnosis Autism spectrum disorders/diagnosis Cross-cultural comparison France Personality assessment Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : We assessed the accuracy of the French version of the Autism Spectrum Quotient (AQ) in adolescents with Asperger syndrome (AS) and high-functioning autism (HFA) compared to healthy controls and adolescents with psychiatric disorders (PDs). Three groups of adolescents, aged 11–18, were assessed: 116 with AS/HFA (93 with IQ ? 85 and 20 with 70 ? IQ 85), 39 with other PDs, and 199 healthy controls. The AS/HFA group scored significantly higher than the healthy control and PD groups. A cut-off score of 26 was used to differentiate the autism group from healthy controls with 0.89 sensitivity and 0.98 specificity. Scores did not vary by age or sex. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10803-012-1663-0 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=195
in Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders > 43-5 (May 2013) . - p.1178-1183[article] The French Version of the Autism-Spectrum Quotient in Adolescents: A Cross-Cultural Validation Study [Texte imprimé et/ou numérique] / Sandrine SONIE, Auteur ; Behrouz KASSAI, Auteur ; Elodie PIRAT, Auteur ; Paul BAIN, Auteur ; Janine ROBINSON, Auteur ; Marie GOMOT, Auteur ; Catherine BARTHELEMY, Auteur ; Dorothée CHARVET, Auteur ; Thierry ROCHET, Auteur ; Mohamed TATOU, Auteur ; Brigitte ASSOULINE, Auteur ; Stéphane CABROL, Auteur ; Nadia CHABANE, Auteur ; Valérie ARNAUD, Auteur ; Patricia FAURE, Auteur ; Sabine MANIFICAT, Auteur . - p.1178-1183.
Langues : Anglais (eng)
in Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders > 43-5 (May 2013) . - p.1178-1183
Mots-clés : Adolescent Asperger syndrome/diagnosis Autism spectrum disorders/diagnosis Cross-cultural comparison France Personality assessment Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : We assessed the accuracy of the French version of the Autism Spectrum Quotient (AQ) in adolescents with Asperger syndrome (AS) and high-functioning autism (HFA) compared to healthy controls and adolescents with psychiatric disorders (PDs). Three groups of adolescents, aged 11–18, were assessed: 116 with AS/HFA (93 with IQ ? 85 and 20 with 70 ? IQ 85), 39 with other PDs, and 199 healthy controls. The AS/HFA group scored significantly higher than the healthy control and PD groups. A cut-off score of 26 was used to differentiate the autism group from healthy controls with 0.89 sensitivity and 0.98 specificity. Scores did not vary by age or sex. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10803-012-1663-0 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=195