Catalogue en ligne Centre d'Information et de Documentation <br>du CRA Rhône-Alpes

[article]
in Autism Research > 13-4 (April 2020) . - p.506-522

Titre :	Beyond intervention into daily life: A systematic review of generalisation following social communication interventions for young children with autism
Type de document :	texte imprimé
Auteurs :	Sophie CARRUTHERS, Auteur ; Andrew PICKLES, Auteur ; Vicky SLONIMS, Auteur ; Patricia HOWLIN, Auteur ; Tony CHARMAN, Auteur
Article en page(s) :	p.506-522
Langues :	Anglais (eng)
Mots-clés :	autism generalization intervention research learning skill learning social communication
Index. décimale :	PER Périodiques
Résumé :	Researchers have generally considered autistic individuals to have difficulties generalising learned skills across novel contexts. Successful generalisation is necessary for an intervention to have benefits in everyday life beyond the original learning environment. We conducted a systematic review of randomised controlled trials of early social communication interventions for children with autism in order to explore generalisation and its measurement. We identified nine RCTs that provided evidence of initial target learning and measured generalisation, of which eight demonstrated at least some successful generalisation across people, settings, and/or activities. The findings did not support the widely reported generalisation 'difficulties' associated with autism. However, generalisation was not consistent across all skills within studies, and one study found no generalisation despite evidence for initial target learning within the intervention context. In general, there are few methodologically sound social communication intervention studies exploring generalisation in autism and no consensus on how it should be measured. In particular, failure to demonstrate initial learning of target skills within the intervention setting and an absence of formal mediation analyses of the hypothesised mechanisms limit current research. We outline a framework within which measurement of generalisation can be considered for use in future trials. To maximise the effectiveness of interventions, the field needs to gain a better understanding of the nature of generalisation among autistic individuals and what additional strategies may further enhance learning. Autism Res 2020, 13: 506-522. (c) 2020 The Authors. Autism Research published by International Society for Autism Research published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. LAY SUMMARY: It is generally considered that autistic individuals experience difficulties applying things they have learned in one context into different settings (e.g. from school to home). This is important to consider for intervention studies. Our review does not support a complete lack of generalisation but instead suggests that after early social communication intervention, autistic children can transfer some skills to new contexts. Overall, there is limited research in this area and further work is needed.
En ligne :	http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aur.2264
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[article]
in Autism Research > 13-4 (April 2020) . - p.523-531

Titre :	Three Brothers With Autism Carry a Stop-Gain Mutation in the HPA-Axis Gene NR3C2
Type de document :	texte imprimé
Auteurs :	Holly N CUKIER, Auteur ; Anthony J GRISWOLD, Auteur ; Natalia K HOFMANN, Auteur ; Lissette GOMEZ, Auteur ; Patrice L WHITEHEAD, Auteur ; Ruth K ABRAMSON, Auteur ; John R GILBERT, Auteur ; Michael L CUCCARO, Auteur ; Derek M DYKXHOORN, Auteur ; Margaret A PERICAK-VANCE, Auteur
Article en page(s) :	p.523-531
Langues :	Anglais (eng)
Mots-clés :	nuclear receptor subfamily 3 group C member 2 (NR3C2) hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) whole exome sequencing
Index. décimale :	PER Périodiques
Résumé :	Whole exome sequencing and copy-number variant analysis was performed on a family with three brothers diagnosed with autism. Each of the siblings shares an alteration in the nuclear receptor subfamily 3 group C member 2 (NR3C2) gene that is predicted to result in a stop-gain mutation (p.Q919X) in the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) protein. This variant was maternally inherited and provides further evidence for a connection between the NR3C2 and autism. Interestingly, the NR3C2 gene encodes the MR protein, a steroid hormone-regulated transcription factor that acts in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and has been connected to stress and anxiety, both of which are features often seen in individuals with autism. Autism Res 2020, 13: 523-531. (c) 2020 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc. LAY SUMMARY: Given the complexity of the genetics underlying autism, each gene contributes to risk in a relatively small number of individuals, typically less than 1% of all autism cases. Whole exome sequencing of three brothers with autism identified a rare variant in the nuclear receptor subfamily 3 group C member 2 gene that is predicted to strongly interfere with its normal function. This gene encodes the mineralocorticoid receptor protein, which plays a role in how the body responds to stress and anxiety, features that are often elevated in people diagnosed with autism. This study adds further support to the relevance of this gene as a risk factor for autism.
En ligne :	http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aur.2269
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[article]
in Autism Research > 13-4 (April 2020) . - p.532-538

Titre :	Racial Disparities in a Sample of Inpatient Youth with ASD
Type de document :	texte imprimé
Auteurs :	Helen M NICHOLS, Auteur ; Sarah DABABNAH, Auteur ; Brittany TROEN, Auteur ; Jessica VEZZOLI, Auteur ; Rajneesh MAHAJAN, Auteur ; Carla A MAZEFSKY, Auteur
Article en page(s) :	p.532-538
Langues :	Anglais (eng)
Mots-clés :	Black autism spectrum disorder racial differences youth
Index. décimale :	PER Périodiques
Résumé :	Although more than one in 10 youth with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is admitted to a psychiatric facility before they reach adulthood, the inpatient population is underrepresented in research. Furthermore, Black youth are more likely to be psychiatrically hospitalized, compared to their White counterparts. Yet, prior research has been inconsistent in potential racial differences in ASD symptoms and severity. This study examined differences in the symptom presentation of psychiatrically hospitalized Black and White youth with ASD. Researchers collected data as part of a larger study of youth admitted to one of six US specialized inpatient psychiatric units between 2013 and 2017. We used bivariate and multivariate models to analyze the data. The study included 654 youth diagnosed with ASD, with an average age of 13 years. While bivariate analyses found that Black youth had lower written language and daily living skills and more impaired social affect and inappropriate speech, multivariate regression models suggested that overall ability level and age may be driving these differences. Specifically, the only variables that significantly predicted adaptive functioning (written language, daily living) and behavioral profiles (social affect, inappropriate speech) were verbal ability, IQ, and age. Race was not a significant predictor in any of the models. Cultural diversity and competency are vital to the identification and treatment of ASD clinical care. Thus, understanding the role race may play in early detection and accurate diagnosis is important to improving ASD identification, diagnosis, and treatment. Autism Res 2020, 13: 532-538. (c) 2020 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc. LAY SUMMARY: This study examined differences in autism symptoms between Black and White youth in psychiatric hospitals. We found that while it initially appeared that Black and White youth differed in written language and daily living skills, these racial differences were not significant once we accounted for differences in IQ, age, and verbal ability. Our findings suggest that providers should pay greater attention to other potential reasons for racial disparities in autism services.
En ligne :	http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aur.2262
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[article]
in Autism Research > 13-4 (April 2020) . - p.539-549

Titre :	Processing of Real-World, Dynamic Natural Stimuli in Autism is Linked to Corticobasal Function
Type de document :	texte imprimé
Auteurs :	Paula J WEBSTER, Auteur ; Chris FRUM, Auteur ; Amy KUROWSKI-BURT, Auteur ; Christopher E BAUER, Auteur ; Sijin WEN, Auteur ; Jad H RAMADAN, Auteur ; Kathryn A BAKER, Auteur ; James W LEWIS, Auteur
Article en page(s) :	p.539-549
Langues :	Anglais (eng)
Mots-clés :	autism spectrum disorder biological motion globus pallidus hypoactivation intraparietal sulcus lentiform nucleus magnetic resonance imaging putamen
Index. décimale :	PER Périodiques
Résumé :	Many individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have been shown to perceive everyday sensory information differently compared to peers without autism. Research examining these sensory differences has primarily utilized nonnatural stimuli or natural stimuli using static photos with few having utilized dynamic, real-world nonverbal stimuli. Therefore, in this study, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging to characterize brain activation of individuals with high-functioning autism when viewing and listening to a video of a real-world scene (a person bouncing a ball) and anticipating the bounce. We investigated both multisensory and unisensory processing and hypothesized that individuals with ASD would show differential activation in (a) primary auditory and visual sensory cortical and association areas, and in (b) cortical and subcortical regions where auditory and visual information is integrated (e.g. temporal-parietal junction, pulvinar, superior colliculus). Contrary to our hypotheses, the whole-brain analysis revealed similar activation between the groups in these brain regions. However, compared to controls the ASD group showed significant hypoactivation in the left intraparietal sulcus and left putamen/globus pallidus. We theorize that this hypoactivation reflected underconnectivity for mediating spatiotemporal processing of the visual biological motion stimuli with the task demands of anticipating the timing of the bounce event. The paradigm thus may have tapped into a specific left-lateralized aberrant corticobasal circuit or loop involved in initiating or inhibiting motor responses. This was consistent with a dual "when versus where" psychophysical model of corticobasal function, which may reflect core differences in sensory processing of real-world, nonverbal natural stimuli in ASD. Autism Res 2020, 13: 539-549. (c) 2020 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc. LAY SUMMARY: To understand how individuals with autism perceive the real-world, using magnetic resonance imaging we examined brain activation in individuals with autism while watching a video of someone bouncing a basketball. Those with autism had similar activation to controls in auditory and visual sensory brain regions, but less activation in an area that processes information about body movements and in a region involved in modulating movements. These areas are important for understanding the actions of others and developing social skills.
En ligne :	http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aur.2250
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[article]
in Autism Research > 13-4 (April 2020) . - p.550-562

Titre :	A Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Study of Superior Visual Search Abilities in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Type de document :	texte imprimé
Auteurs :	David A EDMONDSON, Auteur ; Pingyu XIA, Auteur ; Rebecca MCNALLY KEEHN, Auteur ; Ulrike DYDAK, Auteur ; Brandon KEEHN, Auteur
Article en page(s) :	p.550-562
Langues :	Anglais (eng)
Mots-clés :	autism spectrum disorder frontal eye field gamma-aminobutyric acid magnetic resonance spectroscopy temporal-parietal junction visual cortex visual search
Index. décimale :	PER Périodiques
Résumé :	Although diagnosed on the basis of deficits in social communication and interaction, autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is also characterized by superior performance on a variety of visuospatial tasks, including visual search. In neurotypical individuals, region-specific concentrations of the inhibitory neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) are associated with individual differences in attention and perception. While it has been hypothesized that ASD may be associated with an excitatory-inhibitory imbalance, it remains unclear how this may contribute to accelerated visual search performance in individuals with ASD. To investigate this, 21 children with ASD and 20 typically developing children participated in a visual search task and a magnetic resonance spectroscopy study to detect neurochemical concentrations, including GABA. Region-specific neurochemicals were examined in the right frontal eye fields, right temporal-parietal junction (rTPJ), and bilateral visual cortex (VIS). GABA concentrations did not differ between groups; however, in children with ASD, greater GABA concentration in the VIS was related to more efficient search. Additionally, lower VIS GABA levels were also associated with increased social impairment. Finally, we found reduced N-acetyl aspartate, total creatine, glutamate and glutamine (Glx), GABA/Glx in the rTPJ, suggestive of neuronal dysfunction in a critical network hub. Our results show that GABA concentrations in the VIS are related to efficient search in ASD, thus providing further evidence of enhanced discrimination in ASD. Autism Res 2020, 13: 550-562. (c) 2019 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc. LAY SUMMARY: Children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) often perform better than their non-ASD peers on visual search tasks; however, it is unclear how they achieve this superior performance. Using magnetic resonance spectroscopy to measure neurochemicals in the brain, we found that the level of one, gamma-aminobutyric acid, in the visual cortex was directly related to search abilities in children with ASD. These results suggest that faster search may relate to enhanced perceptual functioning in children with ASD.
En ligne :	http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aur.2258
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[article]
in Autism Research > 13-4 (April 2020) . - p.563-578

Titre :	Emotional Processing of Ironic Versus Literal Criticism in Autistic and Nonautistic Adults: Evidence From Eye-Tracking
Type de document :	texte imprimé
Auteurs :	Mahsa BARZY, Auteur ; Ruth FILIK, Auteur ; David WILLIAMS, Auteur ; Heather J FERGUSON, Auteur
Article en page(s) :	p.563-578
Langues :	Anglais (eng)
Mots-clés :	autism emotion eye-tracking irony language comprehension perspective sarcasm
Index. décimale :	PER Périodiques
Résumé :	Typically developing adults are able to keep track of story characters' emotional states online while reading. Filik et al. showed that initially, participants expected the victim to be more hurt by ironic comments than literal, but later considered them less hurtful; ironic comments were regarded as more amusing. We examined these processes in autistic adults, since previous research has demonstrated socio-emotional difficulties among autistic people, which may lead to problems processing irony and its related emotional processes despite an intact ability to integrate language in context. We recorded eye movements from autistic and nonautistic adults while they read narratives in which a character (the victim) was either criticized in an ironic or a literal manner by another character (the protagonist). A target sentence then either described the victim as feeling hurt/amused by the comment, or the protagonist as having intended to hurt/amused the victim by making the comment. Results from the nonautistic adults broadly replicated the key findings from Filik et al., supporting the two-stage account. Importantly, the autistic adults did not show comparable two-stage processing of ironic language; they did not differentiate between the emotional responses for victims or protagonists following ironic versus literal criticism. These findings suggest that autistic people experience a specific difficulty taking into account other peoples' communicative intentions (i.e., infer their mental state) to appropriately anticipate emotional responses to an ironic comment. We discuss how these difficulties might link to atypical socio-emotional processing in autism, and the ability to maintain successful real-life social interactions. Autism Res 2020, 13: 563-578. (c) 2020 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc. LAY SUMMARY: In line with research showing that autistic people have difficulties considering others' mental states, we found autistic adults were impaired at distinguishing the emotions and intentions experienced by story characters who received sarcastic comments (e.g., "That was fantastic parking" in a context where someone's parking was particularly bad). These findings highlight the difficulties that autistic people experience taking into account other peoples' intentions during communication to appropriately anticipate their emotional responses. (c) 2020 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
En ligne :	http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aur.2272
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[article]
in Autism Research > 13-4 (April 2020) . - p.579-590

Titre :	A transdiagnostic model of psychiatric symptom co-occurrence and autism spectrum disorder
Type de document :	texte imprimé
Auteurs :	Craig RODRIGUEZ-SEIJAS, Auteur ; Kenneth D GADOW, Auteur ; Tamara E ROSEN, Auteur ; Hyunsik KIM, Auteur ; Matthew D LERNER, Auteur ; Nicholas R EATON, Auteur
Article en page(s) :	p.579-590
Langues :	Anglais (eng)
Mots-clés :	autism spectrum disorder comorbidity factorial invariance transdiagnostic factors
Index. décimale :	PER Périodiques
Résumé :	Understanding whether the co-occurrence of psychiatric symptoms within autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are specific to the ASD diagnosis or reflect similar higher-order patterns observed in both ASD and non-ASD samples, or a confluence of the two, is of critical importance. If similar, it would suggest that comorbid psychiatric conditions among individuals with ASD are not symptoms of specific, non-ASD psychiatric disorders per se, but reflect a general liability to psychopathology associated with ASD. To this end, the current study examined whether the higher-order structure of co-occurring psychiatric symptoms was the same within ASD and non-ASD youth. Parents of clinic-referred youth with (n = 280) and without (n = 943) ASD completed a DSM-IV-referenced psychiatric symptom rating scale. A confirmatory factor analytic framework was used to examine four levels of measurement invariance across groups to determine the extent to which transdiagnostic factors were comparable. Transdiagnostic factors were characterized by symptoms of the same disorders (configural invariance) and the same factor loadings across groups (metric invariance). Furthermore, both groups evidenced equivalent numbers of symptoms of most psychiatric conditions with the notable exceptions of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and social anxiety (partial strong invariance), which were higher in the ASD sample. It was concluded that disparities in the co-occurrence of psychiatric symptoms between youth with and without ASD may be largely reflective of transdiagnostic factor level differences associated with ASD and not indicative of the ASD diagnosis per se. However, for ADHD and social anxiety, there appears to be some specific associations with the ASD diagnosis. Autism Res 2020, 13: 579-590. (c) 2019 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc. LAY SUMMARY: Few transdiagnostic dimensions relate common mental disorder diagnoses with one another. These dimensions explain psychiatric comorbidity (i.e., the finding that many persons possess several disorder diagnoses simultaneously). However, it is unclear if these dimensions differ among children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), compared with their non-ASD counterparts. The results of this study demonstrate that underlying transdiagnostic dimensions are similar in both ASD and non-ASD children. However, there appear to be ASD-specific differences when it comes to social anxiety and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.
En ligne :	http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aur.2228
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[article]
in Autism Research > 13-4 (April 2020) . - p.591-602

Titre :	Differential profiles of response inhibition deficit between male children with autism spectrum disorders and schizophrenia
Type de document :	texte imprimé
Auteurs :	Li-Juan SHI, Auteur ; Han-Yu ZHOU, Auteur ; Yan-Mei SHEN, Auteur ; Ya WANG, Auteur ; Yu-Min FANG, Auteur ; Yu-Qiong HE, Auteur ; Jian-Jun OU, Auteur ; Xue-Rong LUO, Auteur ; Eric F C CHEUNG, Auteur ; Raymond C K CHAN, Auteur
Article en page(s) :	p.591-602
Langues :	Anglais (eng)
Mots-clés :	auditory autism spectrum disorder response inhibition schizophrenia verbal visual
Index. décimale :	PER Périodiques
Résumé :	Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and schizophrenia (SZ) are both associated with response inhibition impairment. However, the relative pattern of deficits in these two disorders remains unclear. Twenty-three male children with ASD, 23 male children with SZ, and 32 typically developing male controls were recruited to complete a set of tasks measuring response inhibition in the visual, auditory, and verbal domains. We found that visual, auditory, and verbal response inhibitions were impaired in both children with ASD and children with SZ. Compared with typically developing controls, children with ASD made more commission errors whereas children with SZ responded much slower in the visual response inhibition task. Both clinical groups showed comparable impairment in verbal response inhibition, but children with SZ were more impaired in auditory response inhibition than children with ASD. These different patterns of response inhibition deficit between male children with ASD and SZ may help to differentiate between these two disorders and may be potential targets for intervention. Autism Res 2020, 13: 591-602. (c) 2019 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc. LAY SUMMARY: In this study, we found that male children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) made more commission errors whereas male children with schizophrenia (SZ) responded much slower in the visual response inhibition task. Both clinical groups exhibited comparable impairments in verbal response inhibition, but male children with SZ were more impaired in auditory response inhibition than male children with ASD. Our findings provide potential targets for intervention.
En ligne :	http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aur.2231
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[article]
in Autism Research > 13-4 (April 2020) . - p.603-614

Titre :	Exploring Anxiety at Home, School, and in the Community Through Self-Report From Children on the Autism Spectrum
Type de document :	texte imprimé
Auteurs :	Dawn ADAMS, Auteur ; Kate SIMPSON, Auteur ; Deb KEEN, Auteur
Article en page(s) :	p.603-614
Langues :	Anglais (eng)
Mots-clés :	anxiety autism first-person perspective mental health parents support
Index. décimale :	PER Périodiques
Résumé :	Research investigating anxiety in children on the autism spectrum usually reports caregiver rather than self-report perspectives. This study aimed to document children's own descriptions of their anxiety symptomatology by combining profiles on a standardized autism-specific self-report measure of anxiety (ASC-ASD-C) with the answers from closed- and open-answer questions about anxiety across home, school, and community settings. Across the sample of 113 children on the spectrum aged 6-14 years, the two most frequently endorsed items on the ASC-ASD-C were from the Uncertainty and Performance Anxiety subscales, and the least endorsed were both from the Anxious Arousal subscale. Almost all (96.5%) of the children on the spectrum reported experiencing anxiety in at least one setting, with 40.7% reporting anxiety in all three contexts (home, school, and community). Approximately half of the sample felt their anxiety goes unrecognized by others at school and almost 60% felt it was unrecognized by others when out in the community. The proportion of children reporting having someone to help reduce their anxiety differed across home (86%), school (76%), and community (45%) settings. This highlights the importance of understanding anxiety and its impact, not only within the context of autism but also for each particular child. Autism Res 2020, 13: 603-614. (c) 2019 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc. LAY SUMMARY: There has been a lot of research focusing on anxiety and autism, but most of it has used parent reports, rather than asking the child themselves. This study summarizes data from 113 children on the autism spectrum, aged 6-14 years. It reports the symptoms of anxiety that these children most and least commonly experience. The results suggest only 40-50% of children feel that others are able to recognize their anxiety at school and when out in the community, suggesting that more training is needed to help adults in these settings to recognize and support anxiety.
En ligne :	http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aur.2246
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[article]
in Autism Research > 13-4 (April 2020) . - p.615-626

Titre :	Audiovisual temporal integration and rapid temporal recalibration in adolescents and adults: Age-related changes and its correlation with autistic traits
Type de document :	texte imprimé
Auteurs :	Han-Yu ZHOU, Auteur ; Li-Juan SHI, Auteur ; Han-Xue YANG, Auteur ; Eric F C CHEUNG, Auteur ; Raymond C K CHAN, Auteur
Article en page(s) :	p.615-626
Langues :	Anglais (eng)
Mots-clés :	adolescents age effect audiovisual integration autistic traits rapid temporal recalibration temporal binding window
Index. décimale :	PER Périodiques
Résumé :	Temporal structure is a key factor in determining the relatedness of multisensory stimuli. Stimuli that are close in time are more likely to be integrated into a unified perceptual representation. To investigate the age-related developmental differences in audiovisual temporal integration and rapid temporal recalibration, we administered simultaneity judgment (SJ) tasks to a group of adolescents (11-14 years) and young adults (18-28 years). No age-related changes were found in the width of the temporal binding window within which participants are highly likely to combine multisensory stimuli. The main distinction between adolescents and adults was audiovisual temporal recalibration. Although participants of both age groups could rapidly recalibrate based on the previous trial for speech stimuli (i.e., syllable utterances), only adults but not adolescents showed short-term recalibration for simple and non-speech stimuli. In both adolescents and adults, no significant correlation was found between audiovisual temporal integration ability and autistic or schizotypal traits. These findings provide new information on the developmental trajectory of basic multisensory function and may have implications for neurodevelopmental disorders (e.g., autism) with altered audiovisual temporal integration. Autism Res 2020, 13: 615-626. (c) 2019 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc. LAY SUMMARY: Utilizing temporal cues to integrate and separate audiovisual information is a fundamental ability underlying higher order social communicative functions. This study examines the developmental changes of the ability to detect audiovisual asynchrony and rapidly adjust sensory decisions based on previous sensory input. In healthy adolescents and young adults, the correlation between autistic traits and audiovisual integration ability failed to reach a significant level. Therefore, more research is needed to examine whether impairment in basic sensory functions is correlated with broader autism phenotype in nonclinical populations. These results may help us understand altered multisensory integration in people with autism.
En ligne :	http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aur.2249
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[article]
in Autism Research > 13-4 (April 2020) . - p.627-640

Titre :	A Physiological Marker of Recognition Memory in Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder? - The Pupil Old/New Effect
Type de document :	texte imprimé
Auteurs :	Melanie RING, Auteur ; Dermot M BOWLER, Auteur ; Sebastian B GAIGG, Auteur
Article en page(s) :	p.627-640
Langues :	Anglais (eng)
Mots-clés :	autism spectrum disorder episodic/semantic memory picture superiority effect pupil old/new effect remember/know recognition procedure
Index. décimale :	PER Périodiques
Résumé :	This study investigated the pupil Old/New effect in individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and typical development (TD). Participants studied verbal and visual meaningful and meaningless materials in black and white on a computer screen. Pupil sizes were measured while participants performed a Remember (episodic memory with context)/Know (semantic memory, no context) recognition memory test. ASD compared to TD individuals showed significantly reduced recognition rates for all materials. Both groups showed better memory for visual compared to verbal (picture superiority effect) and meaningful compared to meaningless materials. A pupil size ratio (pupil size for test item divided by baseline) for old (studied) and new (unstudied) materials indicated larger pupils for old compared to new materials only for the TD but not the ASD group. Pupil size in response to old versus new items was positively related to recognition accuracy, confirming that the pupil Old/New effect reflects a memory phenomenon in the ASD group. In addition, this study suggests an involvement of the noradrenergic neurotransmitter system in the abnormal hippocampal functioning in ASD. Implications of these findings, as well as their underlying neurophysiology, will be discussed in relation to current theories of memory in ASD. Autism Res 2020, 13: 627-640. (c) 2019 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc. LAY SUMMARY: Most measures of memory in Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) depend on verbal answers. In addition to these verbal answers, this study measured the size of the participants' pupil in response to studied and unfamiliar materials revealing memory difficulties in ASD. Measuring pupil size works nonverbally, outside of conscious awareness and forms the basis of studies on less verbal persons with ASD. Mechanisms and brain regions underlying memory differences in ASD are discussed.
En ligne :	http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aur.2251
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[article]
in Autism Research > 13-4 (April 2020) . - p.641-654

Titre :	The Mental and Physical Health of Older Adults With a Genetic Predisposition for Autism
Type de document :	texte imprimé
Auteurs :	Gavin R STEWART, Auteur ; Anne CORBETT, Auteur ; Clive BALLARD, Auteur ; Byron CREESE, Auteur ; Dag AARSLAND, Auteur ; Adam HAMPSHIRE, Auteur ; Rebecca A CHARLTON, Auteur ; Francesca HAPPE, Auteur
Article en page(s) :	p.641-654
Langues :	Anglais (eng)
Mots-clés :	Asd Bap aging autism broad autism phenotype mental health older adults physical health psychiatric conditions
Index. décimale :	PER Périodiques
Résumé :	Autism commonly aggregates in families, with twin studies estimating heritability to be around 80%. Subclinical autism-like characteristics have also been found at elevated rates in relatives of autistic probands. Physical and psychiatric conditions have been reported at elevated rates in autistic children and adults, and also in their relatives. However, to date, there has been no exploration of how aging may affect this pattern. This study examined cross-sectional data from the ongoing online PROTECT study. A total of 20,220 adults aged 50 years and older reported whether they have an autistic first-degree relative. In total, 739 older adults reported having an autistic first-degree relative (AFDR group) and 11,666 were identified as having no family history of any neurodevelopmental disorder (NFD group). The AFDR group demonstrated significantly higher frequencies of self-reported psychiatric diagnoses and a greater total number of co-occurring psychiatric diagnoses than the NFD group. Furthermore, the AFDR group reported elevated current self-report symptoms of depression, anxiety, traumatic experience, and post-traumatic stress than the NFD group. By contrast, few differences between AFDR and NFD groups were observed in physical health conditions, and no differences were observed in the total number of co-occurring physical health diagnoses. These findings suggest that adults who have an AFDR may be at greater risk of poor mental, but not physical, health in later life. Older adults with autistic relatives may benefit from close monitoring to mitigate this susceptibility and to provide timely intervention. Autism Res 2020, 13: 641-654. (c) 2020 The Authors. Autism Research published by International Society for Autism Research published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. LAY SUMMARY: Children and adults with an autistic relative have been found to experience more psychiatric difficulties than those with no family links to autism. However, a few studies have explored what happens when these individuals get older. Examining over 20,000 adults age 50+, we found that older adults with an autistic relative experienced elevated rates of most psychiatric conditions but not physical conditions. Older adults with autistic relatives may benefit from close monitoring to mitigate this susceptibility and to provide timely intervention.
En ligne :	http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aur.2277
Permalink :	http://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=4214

[article]
in Autism Research > 13-4 (April 2020) . - p.655-665

Titre :	Birth weight and autism spectrum disorder: A population-based nested case-control study
Type de document :	texte imprimé
Auteurs :	Ziv TALMI, Auteur ; David MANKUTA, Auteur ; Raanan RAZ, Auteur
Article en page(s) :	p.655-665
Langues :	Anglais (eng)
Mots-clés :	autism spectrum disorder birth weight case-control study epidemiology perinatal risk factors
Index. décimale :	PER Périodiques
Résumé :	Low birth weight (<2,500 g) and preterm birth (<37 weeks) were found to be associated with increased risk of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), however, the data regarding the entire birth weight (BW) and gestational age (GA) range are inconclusive. In this population nested case-control study, based on the Israeli National Insurance Institute records, we aimed to estimate the associations in the Israeli population. The study population included all children born between 2000 and 2012 and diagnosed with ASD (N = 12,635 cases), and a random 20% sample of children born in the same period who were not diagnosed with ASD (N = 369,548 controls). We used multiple logistic regression models to calculate the risk of ASD for each BW and GA category, adjusted for covariates (child sex, maternal age, paternal age, population group, maternal wage, paternal wage, having a sibling with ASD, multiple gestation and socioeconomic status). BW < 3,000 g and GA < 39 weeks were associated with higher risk of ASD, including BW of 2,500-3,000 g (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 1.18; 95% CI, 1.12-1.24, in comparison to the 3,000-3,500 g category) and GA of 37 & 38 weeks (AOR, 1.35; 95% CI, 1.25-1.45 and AOR, 1.13; 95% CI 1.06-1.20, respectively; in comparison to GA of 40 weeks). To account for the high correlation between GA and BW, we modeled BW percentiles for gestational age and found that the BW < 20th percentile was associated with an increased risk of ASD (AOR, 1.10; 95% CI, 1.01-1.19). These results demonstrate that associations of ASD with BW and GA are not limited to commonly used clinical cutoffs. Autism Res 2020, 13: 655-665. (c) 2020 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc. LAY SUMMARY: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has been associated with low birth weight (<2,500 g) in prior research. Our study aims to describe the relationship between birth weight (BW) and ASD in the Israeli population. We found that BW <3,000 g was associated with a higher risk of ASD. These results demonstrate that an increased risk of ASD is not confined to clinically defined cutoffs such as BW < 2,500 g.
En ligne :	http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aur.2260
Permalink :	http://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=4215

[article]
in Autism Research > 13-4 (April 2020) . - p.666-674

Titre :	Efficacy of Social Story Intervention in Training Toothbrushing Skills Among Special-Care Children With and Without Autism
Type de document :	texte imprimé
Auteurs :	Ni ZHOU, Auteur ; Hai Ming WONG, Auteur ; Colman MCGRATH, Auteur
Article en page(s) :	p.666-674
Langues :	Anglais (eng)
Mots-clés :	autism pediatric social story toothbrushing training
Index. décimale :	PER Périodiques
Résumé :	Toothbrushing is a routine practice for oral hygiene maintenance. It is also a challenging task for young children with special care needs. In this study, social stories were employed to teach toothbrushing skills for preschool children with special needs. Those children were recruited from the Special Child Care Centers, including 87 children with autism and 94 children without autism. A validated toothbrushing social story was used to demonstrate the toothbrushing procedure for all the recruited children. Parents were encouraged to show the stories to their children before or during their daily toothbrushing. Children's toothbrushing performance, oral hygiene status, and gingival health status were assessed at baseline and 6 months. Toothbrushing performance, oral hygiene, and gingival status of the recruited children were significantly improved after using social stories. Moreover, children with autism showed better oral hygiene status (P = 0.01) and better gingival status (P < 0.001) than their peers without autism. However, there were no significant differences in the toothbrushing performance among children with and without autism. The regression models indicated that the improvement of children's toothbrushing performance and oral health status were associated with children's intellectual functioning and parents' attitudes toward the usefulness of social story intervention. The principal findings suggested that social story intervention could be used to improve toothbrushing skills among children with or without autism, while it was more efficient in improving the oral hygiene status among children with autism. Autism Res 2020, 13: 666-674. (c) 2019 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc. LAY SUMMARY: Toothbrushing is considered as a basic self-care practice that should be advocated in early childhood. We used social stories to train toothbrushing skills among preschoolers with special care needs. The toothbrushing skills of the recruited children were significantly improved after 6-months intervention, and children with autism showed better oral hygiene status than their peers without autism. These findings suggested that social story-based health promotion could be implemented among children with special needs.
En ligne :	http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aur.2256
Permalink :	http://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=4215

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