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Context matters: community characteristics and mental health among war-affected youth in Sierra Leone / Theresa S. BETANCOURT in Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 55-3 (March 2014)
[article]
Titre : Context matters: community characteristics and mental health among war-affected youth in Sierra Leone Type de document : Texte imprimé et/ou numérique Auteurs : Theresa S. BETANCOURT, Auteur ; Ryan MCBAIN, Auteur ; Elizabeth A. NEWNHAM, Auteur ; Robert T. BRENNAN, Auteur Article en page(s) : p.217-226 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Social ecology mental health child soldiers post-conflict war externalizing internalizing Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Background Worldwide, over one billion children and adolescents live in war-affected settings. At present, only limited research has investigated linkages between disrupted social ecology and adverse mental health outcomes among war-affected youth. In this study, we examine three community-level characteristics – social disorder and collective efficacy within the community, as reported by caregivers, and perceived stigma as reported by youth – in relation to externalizing behaviors and internalizing symptoms among male and female former child soldiers in postconflict Sierra Leone. Methods A total of 243 former child soldiers (30% female, mean age at baseline: 16.6 years) and their primary caregivers participated in interviews in 2004 and 2008, as part of a larger prospective cohort study of war-affected youth in Sierra Leone. Two-point growth models were estimated to examine the relationship between community-level characteristics and externalizing and internalizing outcomes across the time points. Results Both social disorder within the community, reported by caregivers, and perceived stigma, reported by youth, positively covaried with youths' externalizing and internalizing scores – indicating that higher levels of each at baseline and follow-up were associated with higher levels of mental health problems at both time points (p .05). The relationship between collective efficacy and mental health outcomes was nonsignificant (p .05). Conclusions This study offers a rare glimpse into the role that the postconflict social context plays in shaping the mental health among former child soldiers. Results indicate that both social disorder and perceived stigma within the community demonstrate an important relationship to externalizing and internalizing problems among adolescent ex-combatants. Moreover, these relationships persisted over a 4-year period of follow-up. These results underscore the importance of the postconflict social environment and the need to develop postconflict interventions that address community-level processes in addition to the needs of families and individuals. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12131 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=226
in Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry > 55-3 (March 2014) . - p.217-226[article] Context matters: community characteristics and mental health among war-affected youth in Sierra Leone [Texte imprimé et/ou numérique] / Theresa S. BETANCOURT, Auteur ; Ryan MCBAIN, Auteur ; Elizabeth A. NEWNHAM, Auteur ; Robert T. BRENNAN, Auteur . - p.217-226.
Langues : Anglais (eng)
in Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry > 55-3 (March 2014) . - p.217-226
Mots-clés : Social ecology mental health child soldiers post-conflict war externalizing internalizing Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Background Worldwide, over one billion children and adolescents live in war-affected settings. At present, only limited research has investigated linkages between disrupted social ecology and adverse mental health outcomes among war-affected youth. In this study, we examine three community-level characteristics – social disorder and collective efficacy within the community, as reported by caregivers, and perceived stigma as reported by youth – in relation to externalizing behaviors and internalizing symptoms among male and female former child soldiers in postconflict Sierra Leone. Methods A total of 243 former child soldiers (30% female, mean age at baseline: 16.6 years) and their primary caregivers participated in interviews in 2004 and 2008, as part of a larger prospective cohort study of war-affected youth in Sierra Leone. Two-point growth models were estimated to examine the relationship between community-level characteristics and externalizing and internalizing outcomes across the time points. Results Both social disorder within the community, reported by caregivers, and perceived stigma, reported by youth, positively covaried with youths' externalizing and internalizing scores – indicating that higher levels of each at baseline and follow-up were associated with higher levels of mental health problems at both time points (p .05). The relationship between collective efficacy and mental health outcomes was nonsignificant (p .05). Conclusions This study offers a rare glimpse into the role that the postconflict social context plays in shaping the mental health among former child soldiers. Results indicate that both social disorder and perceived stigma within the community demonstrate an important relationship to externalizing and internalizing problems among adolescent ex-combatants. Moreover, these relationships persisted over a 4-year period of follow-up. These results underscore the importance of the postconflict social environment and the need to develop postconflict interventions that address community-level processes in addition to the needs of families and individuals. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12131 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=226 Emanuel Miller Lecture From Pogroms to “Ethnic Cleansing”: Meeting the Needs of War Affected Children / William YULE in Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 41-6 (September 2000)
[article]
Titre : Emanuel Miller Lecture From Pogroms to “Ethnic Cleansing”: Meeting the Needs of War Affected Children Type de document : Texte imprimé et/ou numérique Auteurs : William YULE, Auteur Année de publication : 2000 Article en page(s) : p.695-702 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : War refugees stress Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Convention on the Rights of the Child Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Children are both the direct and indirect targets during wars. They are directly affected by violence aimed at them and their families; they are indirectly affected by the distress caused to their families; they may be internally displaced or find themselves crossing borders as asylum seekers. Their experiences during and immediately after war militate against their developing in a safe, secure, and predictable environment. Their human rights are compromised and their mental health put at risk.
Whether in the country at and after war, or in the country that offers refuge, children's mental health needs have to be properly assessed and met. In many cases, children may only require a sense of safety and support via their family and school. In other cases, they require more complicated psychosocial interventions that address the various stress reactions they manifest.
This paper addresses these issues against the context of a major community-based programme in Mostar in Bosnia during the recent civil war there. It argues that we have reasonably good screening measures to identify children at high risk of developing mental health problems. It presents an hierarchical model of support and intervention whereby psychosocial help is delivered primarily through schools with only a small proportion of more complex needs being met by specially trained mental health professionals. There is a strong need to evaluate various methods of delivering help and to develop new ways of reaching needy children in a nonstigmatising way.Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=125
in Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry > 41-6 (September 2000) . - p.695-702[article] Emanuel Miller Lecture From Pogroms to “Ethnic Cleansing”: Meeting the Needs of War Affected Children [Texte imprimé et/ou numérique] / William YULE, Auteur . - 2000 . - p.695-702.
Langues : Anglais (eng)
in Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry > 41-6 (September 2000) . - p.695-702
Mots-clés : War refugees stress Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Convention on the Rights of the Child Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Children are both the direct and indirect targets during wars. They are directly affected by violence aimed at them and their families; they are indirectly affected by the distress caused to their families; they may be internally displaced or find themselves crossing borders as asylum seekers. Their experiences during and immediately after war militate against their developing in a safe, secure, and predictable environment. Their human rights are compromised and their mental health put at risk.
Whether in the country at and after war, or in the country that offers refuge, children's mental health needs have to be properly assessed and met. In many cases, children may only require a sense of safety and support via their family and school. In other cases, they require more complicated psychosocial interventions that address the various stress reactions they manifest.
This paper addresses these issues against the context of a major community-based programme in Mostar in Bosnia during the recent civil war there. It argues that we have reasonably good screening measures to identify children at high risk of developing mental health problems. It presents an hierarchical model of support and intervention whereby psychosocial help is delivered primarily through schools with only a small proportion of more complex needs being met by specially trained mental health professionals. There is a strong need to evaluate various methods of delivering help and to develop new ways of reaching needy children in a nonstigmatising way.Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=125 Group trauma-focused cognitive-behavioural therapy with former child soldiers and other war-affected boys in the DR Congo: a randomised controlled trial / John MCMULLEN in Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 54-11 (November 2013)
[article]
Titre : Group trauma-focused cognitive-behavioural therapy with former child soldiers and other war-affected boys in the DR Congo: a randomised controlled trial Type de document : Texte imprimé et/ou numérique Auteurs : John MCMULLEN, Auteur ; Paul O'CALLAGHAN, Auteur ; Ciaran SHANNON, Auteur ; Alastair BLACK, Auteur ; John EAKIN, Auteur Article en page(s) : p.1231-1241 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Children group posttraumatic stress psychosocial distress therapy war Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Background The Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) has been home to the world's deadliest conflict since World War II and is reported to have the largest number of child soldiers in the world. Despite evidence of the debilitating impact of war, no group-based mental health or psychosocial intervention has been evaluated in a randomised controlled trial for psychologically distressed former child soldiers. Method A randomised controlled trial involving 50 boys, aged 13–17, including former child soldiers (n = 39) and other war-affected boys (n = 11). They were randomly assigned to an intervention group, or wait-list control group. The intervention group received a 15-session, group-based, culturally adapted Trauma-Focused Cognitive–Behavioural Therapy (TF-CBT) intervention. Assessment interviews were completed at baseline, postintervention and 3-month follow-up (intervention group). Results Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) demonstrated that, in comparison to the wait-list control group, the TF-CBT intervention group had highly significant reductions in posttraumatic stress symptoms, overall psychosocial distress, depression or anxiety-like symptoms, conduct problems and a significant increase in prosocial behaviour (p .001 for all). Effect sizes were higher when former child soldier scores were separated for sub-analysis. Three-month follow-up of the intervention group found that treatment gains were maintained. Conclusions A culturally modified, group-based TF-CBT intervention was effective in reducing posttraumatic stress and psychosocial distress in former child soldiers and other war-affected boys. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12094 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=217
in Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry > 54-11 (November 2013) . - p.1231-1241[article] Group trauma-focused cognitive-behavioural therapy with former child soldiers and other war-affected boys in the DR Congo: a randomised controlled trial [Texte imprimé et/ou numérique] / John MCMULLEN, Auteur ; Paul O'CALLAGHAN, Auteur ; Ciaran SHANNON, Auteur ; Alastair BLACK, Auteur ; John EAKIN, Auteur . - p.1231-1241.
Langues : Anglais (eng)
in Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry > 54-11 (November 2013) . - p.1231-1241
Mots-clés : Children group posttraumatic stress psychosocial distress therapy war Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Background The Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) has been home to the world's deadliest conflict since World War II and is reported to have the largest number of child soldiers in the world. Despite evidence of the debilitating impact of war, no group-based mental health or psychosocial intervention has been evaluated in a randomised controlled trial for psychologically distressed former child soldiers. Method A randomised controlled trial involving 50 boys, aged 13–17, including former child soldiers (n = 39) and other war-affected boys (n = 11). They were randomly assigned to an intervention group, or wait-list control group. The intervention group received a 15-session, group-based, culturally adapted Trauma-Focused Cognitive–Behavioural Therapy (TF-CBT) intervention. Assessment interviews were completed at baseline, postintervention and 3-month follow-up (intervention group). Results Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) demonstrated that, in comparison to the wait-list control group, the TF-CBT intervention group had highly significant reductions in posttraumatic stress symptoms, overall psychosocial distress, depression or anxiety-like symptoms, conduct problems and a significant increase in prosocial behaviour (p .001 for all). Effect sizes were higher when former child soldier scores were separated for sub-analysis. Three-month follow-up of the intervention group found that treatment gains were maintained. Conclusions A culturally modified, group-based TF-CBT intervention was effective in reducing posttraumatic stress and psychosocial distress in former child soldiers and other war-affected boys. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12094 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=217 Post-traumatic Stress Reactions in Children of War / Abdel Aziz Mousa THABET in Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 40-3 (March 1999)
[article]
Titre : Post-traumatic Stress Reactions in Children of War Type de document : Texte imprimé et/ou numérique Auteurs : Abdel Aziz Mousa THABET, Auteur ; Panos VOSTANIS, Auteur Année de publication : 1999 Article en page(s) : p.385-391 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Post-traumatic stress war trauma children Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : The aims of this study were to estimate the rate of post-traumatic stress reactions in Palestinian children who experienced war traumas, and to investigate the relationship between trauma-related factors and PTSD reactions. The sample consisted of 239 children of 6 to 11 years of age. Measures included the Rutter A2 (parent) and B2 (teacher) scales, the Gaza Traumatic Event Checklist, and the Child Post-Traumatic Stress Reaction Index. Of the sample, 174 children (72.8%) reported PTSD reactions of at least mild intensity, while 98 (41%) reported moderate/severe PTSD reactions. Caseness on the Rutter A2 scale was detected in 64 children (26.8%), which correlated well with detection of PTSD reactions, but not with teacher-detected caseness. The total number of experienced traumas was the best predictor of presence and severity of PTSD. Intervention programmes for post-war children need to be evaluated, taking into account developmental and cultural aspects, as well as characteristics of the communities involved. Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=124
in Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry > 40-3 (March 1999) . - p.385-391[article] Post-traumatic Stress Reactions in Children of War [Texte imprimé et/ou numérique] / Abdel Aziz Mousa THABET, Auteur ; Panos VOSTANIS, Auteur . - 1999 . - p.385-391.
Langues : Anglais (eng)
in Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry > 40-3 (March 1999) . - p.385-391
Mots-clés : Post-traumatic stress war trauma children Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : The aims of this study were to estimate the rate of post-traumatic stress reactions in Palestinian children who experienced war traumas, and to investigate the relationship between trauma-related factors and PTSD reactions. The sample consisted of 239 children of 6 to 11 years of age. Measures included the Rutter A2 (parent) and B2 (teacher) scales, the Gaza Traumatic Event Checklist, and the Child Post-Traumatic Stress Reaction Index. Of the sample, 174 children (72.8%) reported PTSD reactions of at least mild intensity, while 98 (41%) reported moderate/severe PTSD reactions. Caseness on the Rutter A2 scale was detected in 64 children (26.8%), which correlated well with detection of PTSD reactions, but not with teacher-detected caseness. The total number of experienced traumas was the best predictor of presence and severity of PTSD. Intervention programmes for post-war children need to be evaluated, taking into account developmental and cultural aspects, as well as characteristics of the communities involved. Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=124 The intergenerational impact of war: longitudinal relationships between caregiver and child mental health in postconflict Sierra Leone / Theresa S. BETANCOURT in Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 56-10 (October 2015)
[article]
Titre : The intergenerational impact of war: longitudinal relationships between caregiver and child mental health in postconflict Sierra Leone Type de document : Texte imprimé et/ou numérique Auteurs : Theresa S. BETANCOURT, Auteur ; Ryan K. MCBAIN, Auteur ; Elizabeth A. NEWNHAM, Auteur ; Robert T. BRENNAN, Auteur Article en page(s) : p.1101-1107 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : War depression anxiety intergenerational dyadic analysis Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Background Trauma from witnessing events such as bombings and killings as well as direct victimization or participation in violence has been associated with psychosocial distress and poor mental health among war-exposed children and adolescents. This study examines the relationship between caregiver mental health and child internalizing (anxiety and depression) symptoms over a 4-year period in postconflict Sierra Leone. Methods The sample included 118 adolescent Sierra Leonean youth (73% male; mean age = 16.5 years at Time 1) and their caregivers (40% male; mean age = 39.0 at Time 1). To measure depression and anxiety symptoms, the Hopkins Symptom Checklist–25 was used with adults and the Oxford Measure of Psychosocial Adjustment – previously validated for use with children and adolescents in the region – was used to assess youth. A multivariate hierarchical linear model (HLM) for studying change within dyads was implemented to study covariation in internalizing symptoms among caregivers and youth over time; these models also included covariates at the individual, family and community levels. The relationship of caregiver mental health to child's internalizing was tested in a latent variable extension of the HLM. Results The latent variable extension estimated that a one standard deviation (SD) change in caregiver anxiety/depression was associated with a .43 SD change in youth internalizing (p < .01) over the 4-year period. Family acceptance was negatively related to youth internalizing (p < .001), while community stigma was positively associated (p < .001). Conclusions The findings highlight an important interplay between caregiver and child mental health within the postconflict setting and the need for psychosocial interventions to extend beyond the individual to account for family dynamics. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12389 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=269
in Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry > 56-10 (October 2015) . - p.1101-1107[article] The intergenerational impact of war: longitudinal relationships between caregiver and child mental health in postconflict Sierra Leone [Texte imprimé et/ou numérique] / Theresa S. BETANCOURT, Auteur ; Ryan K. MCBAIN, Auteur ; Elizabeth A. NEWNHAM, Auteur ; Robert T. BRENNAN, Auteur . - p.1101-1107.
Langues : Anglais (eng)
in Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry > 56-10 (October 2015) . - p.1101-1107
Mots-clés : War depression anxiety intergenerational dyadic analysis Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Background Trauma from witnessing events such as bombings and killings as well as direct victimization or participation in violence has been associated with psychosocial distress and poor mental health among war-exposed children and adolescents. This study examines the relationship between caregiver mental health and child internalizing (anxiety and depression) symptoms over a 4-year period in postconflict Sierra Leone. Methods The sample included 118 adolescent Sierra Leonean youth (73% male; mean age = 16.5 years at Time 1) and their caregivers (40% male; mean age = 39.0 at Time 1). To measure depression and anxiety symptoms, the Hopkins Symptom Checklist–25 was used with adults and the Oxford Measure of Psychosocial Adjustment – previously validated for use with children and adolescents in the region – was used to assess youth. A multivariate hierarchical linear model (HLM) for studying change within dyads was implemented to study covariation in internalizing symptoms among caregivers and youth over time; these models also included covariates at the individual, family and community levels. The relationship of caregiver mental health to child's internalizing was tested in a latent variable extension of the HLM. Results The latent variable extension estimated that a one standard deviation (SD) change in caregiver anxiety/depression was associated with a .43 SD change in youth internalizing (p < .01) over the 4-year period. Family acceptance was negatively related to youth internalizing (p < .001), while community stigma was positively associated (p < .001). Conclusions The findings highlight an important interplay between caregiver and child mental health within the postconflict setting and the need for psychosocial interventions to extend beyond the individual to account for family dynamics. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12389 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=269 Annual Research Review: Breaking cycles of violence – a systematic review and common practice elements analysis of psychosocial interventions for children and youth affected by armed conflict / Felicity L. BROWN in Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 58-4 (April 2017)
PermalinkAnnual Research Review: The experience of youth with political conflict – challenging notions of resilience and encouraging research refinement / Brian K. BARBER in Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 54-4 (April 2013)
PermalinkInsecurity, distress and mental health: experimental and randomized controlled trials of a psychosocial intervention for youth affected by the Syrian crisis / Catherine PANTER-BRICK in Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 59-5 (May 2018)
PermalinkResearch Review: Psychosocial adjustment and mental health in former child soldiers ? a systematic review of the literature and recommendations for future research / Theresa S. BETANCOURT in Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 54-1 (January 2013)
PermalinkAnnual Research Review: Resilience and mental health in children and adolescents living in areas of armed conflict – a systematic review of findings in low- and middle-income countries / Wietse A. TOL in Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 54-4 (April 2013)
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