Alexithymic and autistic traits differentially predict personality disorder dimensions / Leonie WEINDEL ; Marie-Luise BRANDI ; Imme C. ZILLEKENS ; Lara HENCO ; Hanna THALER ; Lena SCHLIEPHAKE ; Leonhard SCHILBACH in Autism, 29-10 (October 2025)  

Public ISBD [article]  inAutism > 29-10 (October 2025) . - p.2463-2476 Titre : Alexithymic and autistic traits differentially predict personality disorder dimensions Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Leonie WEINDEL, Auteur ; Marie-Luise BRANDI, Auteur ; Imme C. ZILLEKENS, Auteur ; Lara HENCO, Auteur ; Hanna THALER, Auteur ; Lena SCHLIEPHAKE, Auteur ; Leonhard SCHILBACH, Auteur Article en page(s) : p.2463-2476 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : alexithymia  autism  personality disorder dimensions Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Alexithymia and autism are variably characterized by social cognitive and perceptual deficits, which can lead to profound social interaction difficulties. Such difficulties are also the hallmark of personality disorders (PDs), but the potential link between alexithymia, autism, and PDs remains unclear. Here, we investigated whether autistic and/or alexithymic traits are associated with specific PD dimensions as measured by the Assessment of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV) Personality Disorders Questionnaire (ADP-IV). We included individuals with a formal autism diagnosis (AP, n = 89), individuals with a psychiatric diagnosis other than autism (NAP, n = 51), and neurotypical participants (NPs, n = 84). We applied linear regression analyses with autistic and alexithymic traits as predictors and PD dimensions as outcome variables, while controlling for age, depressive, and socially anxious symptoms. While autistic traits predicted the obsessive-compulsive PD dimension, alexithymic traits predicted the borderline PD dimension. Autistic and alexithymic traits were both significant predictors of the schizoid PD dimension. Taken together, our results point toward overlaps between autistic traits and specific PD dimensions that are well recognized as differential diagnoses of autism, while alexithymia was differentially linked to the borderline PD dimension.Lay abstract Autistic people have trouble identifying their own emotions and others' emotions. They also struggle to describe their emotions. People with alexithymia have similar difficulties. This can make it hard for autistic and alexithymic people to react appropriately to situations. Some may avoid places, while others may start overthinking. This can lead to patterns of behavior and thinking that limit us in our daily lives. If these patterns become a part of our personality, we may develop a personality disorder (PD). In our study, we looked at whether autistic and alexithymic people have certain PD dimensions. We included autistic participants, non-autistic participants with social-interactive difficulties, and non-autistic participants without social-interactive difficulties. We found that autistic features were linked to obsessive-compulsive PD dimension. Alexithymic features were linked to borderline PD dimension. Autistic and alexithymic features were linked to schizoid PD dimension. Our results point toward overlaps between autistic traits and PD dimensions that are well recognized as differential diagnoses of autism. The exception was borderline PD dimension, which was linked to alexithymic traits. En ligne : https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/13623613251338650 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=567 [article] Alexithymic and autistic traits differentially predict personality disorder dimensions [texte imprimé] / Leonie WEINDEL, Auteur ; Marie-Luise BRANDI, Auteur ; Imme C. ZILLEKENS, Auteur ; Lara HENCO, Auteur ; Hanna THALER, Auteur ; Lena SCHLIEPHAKE, Auteur ; Leonhard SCHILBACH, Auteur . - p.2463-2476. Langues : Anglais (eng) in Autism > 29-10 (October 2025) . - p.2463-2476 Mots-clés : alexithymia  autism  personality disorder dimensions Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Alexithymia and autism are variably characterized by social cognitive and perceptual deficits, which can lead to profound social interaction difficulties. Such difficulties are also the hallmark of personality disorders (PDs), but the potential link between alexithymia, autism, and PDs remains unclear. Here, we investigated whether autistic and/or alexithymic traits are associated with specific PD dimensions as measured by the Assessment of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV) Personality Disorders Questionnaire (ADP-IV). We included individuals with a formal autism diagnosis (AP, n = 89), individuals with a psychiatric diagnosis other than autism (NAP, n = 51), and neurotypical participants (NPs, n = 84). We applied linear regression analyses with autistic and alexithymic traits as predictors and PD dimensions as outcome variables, while controlling for age, depressive, and socially anxious symptoms. While autistic traits predicted the obsessive-compulsive PD dimension, alexithymic traits predicted the borderline PD dimension. Autistic and alexithymic traits were both significant predictors of the schizoid PD dimension. Taken together, our results point toward overlaps between autistic traits and specific PD dimensions that are well recognized as differential diagnoses of autism, while alexithymia was differentially linked to the borderline PD dimension.Lay abstract Autistic people have trouble identifying their own emotions and others' emotions. They also struggle to describe their emotions. People with alexithymia have similar difficulties. This can make it hard for autistic and alexithymic people to react appropriately to situations. Some may avoid places, while others may start overthinking. This can lead to patterns of behavior and thinking that limit us in our daily lives. If these patterns become a part of our personality, we may develop a personality disorder (PD). In our study, we looked at whether autistic and alexithymic people have certain PD dimensions. We included autistic participants, non-autistic participants with social-interactive difficulties, and non-autistic participants without social-interactive difficulties. We found that autistic features were linked to obsessive-compulsive PD dimension. Alexithymic features were linked to borderline PD dimension. Autistic and alexithymic features were linked to schizoid PD dimension. Our results point toward overlaps between autistic traits and PD dimensions that are well recognized as differential diagnoses of autism. The exception was borderline PD dimension, which was linked to alexithymic traits. En ligne : https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/13623613251338650 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=567

Alexithymic and autistic traits: Relevance for comorbid depression and social phobia in adults with and without autism spectrum disorder / Laura ALBANTAKIS in Autism, 24-8 (November 2020)  

Public ISBD [article]  inAutism > 24-8 (November 2020) . - p.2046-2056 Titre : Alexithymic and autistic traits: Relevance for comorbid depression and social phobia in adults with and without autism spectrum disorder Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Laura ALBANTAKIS, Auteur ; Marie-Luise BRANDI, Auteur ; Imme C. ZILLEKENS, Auteur ; Lara HENCO, Auteur ; Leonie WEINDEL, Auteur ; Hanna THALER, Auteur ; Lena SCHLIEPHAKE, Auteur ; Bert TIMMERMANS, Auteur ; Leonhard SCHILBACH, Auteur Article en page(s) : p.2046-2056 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : *adults  *alexithymia  *autism spectrum disorder  *depression  *psychiatric comorbidity  *social phobia Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Adults with autism often develop mental health problems such as depression and social phobia. The reasons for this are still unclear. Many studies found that alexithymia plays an important role in mental health problems like depression. People with alexithymia have difficulties identifying and describing their emotions. Almost every second person with autism has alexithymia. Therefore, we explored in this study whether alexithymia is linked to worse mental health in autistic people. We looked at two common diagnoses, depression and social phobia. We found that alexithymia increased symptoms of depression, while autistic traits increased symptoms of social phobia. Our results suggest that alexithymia and autistic traits can increase the risk of mental health problems. An early assessment could help prevent mental health problems and improve quality of life. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1362361320936024 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=431 [article] Alexithymic and autistic traits: Relevance for comorbid depression and social phobia in adults with and without autism spectrum disorder [texte imprimé] / Laura ALBANTAKIS, Auteur ; Marie-Luise BRANDI, Auteur ; Imme C. ZILLEKENS, Auteur ; Lara HENCO, Auteur ; Leonie WEINDEL, Auteur ; Hanna THALER, Auteur ; Lena SCHLIEPHAKE, Auteur ; Bert TIMMERMANS, Auteur ; Leonhard SCHILBACH, Auteur . - p.2046-2056. Langues : Anglais (eng) in Autism > 24-8 (November 2020) . - p.2046-2056 Mots-clés : *adults  *alexithymia  *autism spectrum disorder  *depression  *psychiatric comorbidity  *social phobia Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Adults with autism often develop mental health problems such as depression and social phobia. The reasons for this are still unclear. Many studies found that alexithymia plays an important role in mental health problems like depression. People with alexithymia have difficulties identifying and describing their emotions. Almost every second person with autism has alexithymia. Therefore, we explored in this study whether alexithymia is linked to worse mental health in autistic people. We looked at two common diagnoses, depression and social phobia. We found that alexithymia increased symptoms of depression, while autistic traits increased symptoms of social phobia. Our results suggest that alexithymia and autistic traits can increase the risk of mental health problems. An early assessment could help prevent mental health problems and improve quality of life. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1362361320936024 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=431

Autistic Adults Avoid Unpredictability in Decision-Making / Ana MACCHIA in Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 55-12 (December 2025)  

Public ISBD [article]  inJournal of Autism and Developmental Disorders > 55-12 (December 2025) . - p.4234-4246 Titre : Autistic Adults Avoid Unpredictability in Decision-Making Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Ana MACCHIA, Auteur ; Laura ALBANTAKIS, Auteur ; Paul Theo ZEBHAUSER, Auteur ; Marie-Luise BRANDI, Auteur ; Leonhard SCHILBACH, Auteur ; Anna-Katharine BREM, Auteur Article en page(s) : p.4234-4246 Langues : Anglais (eng) Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Decision-making under unpredictable conditions can cause discomfort in autistic persons due to their preference for predictability. Decision-making impairments might furthermore be associated with a dysregulation of sex and stress hormones. This prospective, cross-sectional study investigated decision-making in 32 autistic participants (AP, 14 female) and 31 non-autistic participants (NAP, 20 female) aged 18-64 years. The Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) and the Cambridge Risk Task (CRT) were used to assess decision-making under ambiguity and under risk with known outcome probabilities, respectively. Cortisol, estradiol, and testosterone serum levels were related to decision-making performance. Groups did not differ in overall IGT and CRT performance, but compared with NAP, AP preferred less profitable card decks with predictable outcomes while avoiding those with unpredictable outcomes. AP required more time to reach decisions compared to NAP. Additionally, AP without comorbid depression performed significantly worse than NAP in the IGT. Estradiol and cortisol concentrations were significant predictors of CRT scores in NAP, but not in AP. The study results imply that AP are 'risk-averse' in decision-making under ambiguity as they avoided choice options with unpredictable losses in comparison to NAP. Our findings highlight the intolerance for uncertainty, particularly in ambiguous situations. Thus, we recommend being as transparent and precise as possible when interacting with autistic individuals. Future research should explore decision-making in social situations among individuals with ASD, factoring in person-dependent variables such as depression. En ligne : https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-024-06503-2 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=572 [article] Autistic Adults Avoid Unpredictability in Decision-Making [texte imprimé] / Ana MACCHIA, Auteur ; Laura ALBANTAKIS, Auteur ; Paul Theo ZEBHAUSER, Auteur ; Marie-Luise BRANDI, Auteur ; Leonhard SCHILBACH, Auteur ; Anna-Katharine BREM, Auteur . - p.4234-4246. Langues : Anglais (eng) in Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders > 55-12 (December 2025) . - p.4234-4246 Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Decision-making under unpredictable conditions can cause discomfort in autistic persons due to their preference for predictability. Decision-making impairments might furthermore be associated with a dysregulation of sex and stress hormones. This prospective, cross-sectional study investigated decision-making in 32 autistic participants (AP, 14 female) and 31 non-autistic participants (NAP, 20 female) aged 18-64 years. The Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) and the Cambridge Risk Task (CRT) were used to assess decision-making under ambiguity and under risk with known outcome probabilities, respectively. Cortisol, estradiol, and testosterone serum levels were related to decision-making performance. Groups did not differ in overall IGT and CRT performance, but compared with NAP, AP preferred less profitable card decks with predictable outcomes while avoiding those with unpredictable outcomes. AP required more time to reach decisions compared to NAP. Additionally, AP without comorbid depression performed significantly worse than NAP in the IGT. Estradiol and cortisol concentrations were significant predictors of CRT scores in NAP, but not in AP. The study results imply that AP are 'risk-averse' in decision-making under ambiguity as they avoided choice options with unpredictable losses in comparison to NAP. Our findings highlight the intolerance for uncertainty, particularly in ambiguous situations. Thus, we recommend being as transparent and precise as possible when interacting with autistic individuals. Future research should explore decision-making in social situations among individuals with ASD, factoring in person-dependent variables such as depression. En ligne : https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-024-06503-2 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=572

Autistic adults show enhanced generosity to socially distant others / Paul A.G. FORBES in Autism, 28-4 (April 2024)  

Public ISBD [article]  inAutism > 28-4 (April 2024) . - p.999-1009 Titre : Autistic adults show enhanced generosity to socially distant others Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Paul A.G. FORBES, Auteur ; Irini CHALIANI, Auteur ; Leonhard SCHILBACH, Auteur ; Tobias KALENSCHER, Auteur Article en page(s) : p.999-1009 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : decision-making,framing effect,prosocial behaviour,psychological theories of autism,social discounting,social distance Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Sharing resources is fundamental for human cooperation and survival. People tend to share resources more with individuals they feel close to compared to those who are more socially distant. This decline in generosity at increasing social distance is called social discounting and is influenced by both social traits and abilities, such as empathy, and non-social psychological factors, such as decision-making biases. People who receive a diagnosis of autism show differences in social interaction as well as displaying differences in non-social domains, such as more restricted and repetitive behaviours. We investigated social discounting in autism and found that autistic adults were more generous than neurotypical participants, which was driven by greater generosity to socially distant others. Crucially, we also investigated framing effects during prosocial decision-making. Autistic participants were less susceptible to whether decisions were framed as causing monetary gains, compared to preventing monetary losses, for the potential recipient. Our results support the view of 'enhanced rationality' in autism as participants' prosocial decisions were less influenced by potential biasing information, such as the closeness of the recipient or how choices were framed. Therefore, the differences seen in autism, as well as posing certain challenges, can also have prosocial consequences. Lay abstract Autistic people show differences in their social behaviour. But how autism affects decisions to share resources, an important part of cooperation, was previously unclear. In our study, participants made decisions about how to share money with different people, including people they felt close to, such as a friend, and people they felt less close to, such as a stranger. We found that compared to a group of non-autistic participants, autistic adults shared more money overall and this was driven by greater generosity to strangers. The results suggest that autistic adults were more generous because they made fair decisions (an equal split of the money) more consistently regardless of how close they felt to the person they were sharing with. By showing that autistic adults display greater generosity, our results could help to change public perceptions of autism and potentially improve opportunities for autistic people. En ligne : https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/13623613231190674 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=525 [article] Autistic adults show enhanced generosity to socially distant others [texte imprimé] / Paul A.G. FORBES, Auteur ; Irini CHALIANI, Auteur ; Leonhard SCHILBACH, Auteur ; Tobias KALENSCHER, Auteur . - p.999-1009. Langues : Anglais (eng) in Autism > 28-4 (April 2024) . - p.999-1009 Mots-clés : decision-making,framing effect,prosocial behaviour,psychological theories of autism,social discounting,social distance Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Sharing resources is fundamental for human cooperation and survival. People tend to share resources more with individuals they feel close to compared to those who are more socially distant. This decline in generosity at increasing social distance is called social discounting and is influenced by both social traits and abilities, such as empathy, and non-social psychological factors, such as decision-making biases. People who receive a diagnosis of autism show differences in social interaction as well as displaying differences in non-social domains, such as more restricted and repetitive behaviours. We investigated social discounting in autism and found that autistic adults were more generous than neurotypical participants, which was driven by greater generosity to socially distant others. Crucially, we also investigated framing effects during prosocial decision-making. Autistic participants were less susceptible to whether decisions were framed as causing monetary gains, compared to preventing monetary losses, for the potential recipient. Our results support the view of 'enhanced rationality' in autism as participants' prosocial decisions were less influenced by potential biasing information, such as the closeness of the recipient or how choices were framed. Therefore, the differences seen in autism, as well as posing certain challenges, can also have prosocial consequences. Lay abstract Autistic people show differences in their social behaviour. But how autism affects decisions to share resources, an important part of cooperation, was previously unclear. In our study, participants made decisions about how to share money with different people, including people they felt close to, such as a friend, and people they felt less close to, such as a stranger. We found that compared to a group of non-autistic participants, autistic adults shared more money overall and this was driven by greater generosity to strangers. The results suggest that autistic adults were more generous because they made fair decisions (an equal split of the money) more consistently regardless of how close they felt to the person they were sharing with. By showing that autistic adults display greater generosity, our results could help to change public perceptions of autism and potentially improve opportunities for autistic people. En ligne : https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/13623613231190674 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=525

Effects of Observing Eye Contact on Gaze Following in High-Functioning Autism / Anne BÖCKLER in Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 44-7 (July 2014)  

Public ISBD [article]  inJournal of Autism and Developmental Disorders > 44-7 (July 2014) . - p.1651-1658 Titre : Effects of Observing Eye Contact on Gaze Following in High-Functioning Autism Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Anne BÖCKLER, Auteur ; Bert TIMMERMANS, Auteur ; Natalie SEBANZ, Auteur ; Kai VOGELEY, Auteur ; Leonhard SCHILBACH, Auteur Article en page(s) : p.1651-1658 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Gaze following  Joint attention  Social cognition  High-functioning autism Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Observing eye contact between others enhances the tendency to subsequently follow their gaze and has been suggested to function as a social signal that adds meaning to an upcoming action or event. The present study investigated effects of observed eye contact in high-functioning autism (HFA). Two faces on a screen either looked at or away from each other before providing congruent or incongruent gaze cues to one of two target locations. In contrast to control participants, HFA participants did not depict enhanced gaze following after observing eye contact. Individuals with autism, hence, do not seem to process observed mutual gaze as a social signal indicating the relevance of upcoming (gaze) behaviour. This may be based on the reduced tendency of individuals with HFA to engage in social gaze behavior themselves, and might underlie some of the characteristic deficiencies in social communicative behaviour in autism. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10803-014-2038-5 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=236 [article] Effects of Observing Eye Contact on Gaze Following in High-Functioning Autism [texte imprimé] / Anne BÖCKLER, Auteur ; Bert TIMMERMANS, Auteur ; Natalie SEBANZ, Auteur ; Kai VOGELEY, Auteur ; Leonhard SCHILBACH, Auteur . - p.1651-1658. Langues : Anglais (eng) in Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders > 44-7 (July 2014) . - p.1651-1658 Mots-clés : Gaze following  Joint attention  Social cognition  High-functioning autism Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Observing eye contact between others enhances the tendency to subsequently follow their gaze and has been suggested to function as a social signal that adds meaning to an upcoming action or event. The present study investigated effects of observed eye contact in high-functioning autism (HFA). Two faces on a screen either looked at or away from each other before providing congruent or incongruent gaze cues to one of two target locations. In contrast to control participants, HFA participants did not depict enhanced gaze following after observing eye contact. Individuals with autism, hence, do not seem to process observed mutual gaze as a social signal indicating the relevance of upcoming (gaze) behaviour. This may be based on the reduced tendency of individuals with HFA to engage in social gaze behavior themselves, and might underlie some of the characteristic deficiencies in social communicative behaviour in autism. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10803-014-2038-5 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=236

Getting a Grip on Social Gaze: Control over Others? Gaze Helps Gaze Detection in High-Functioning Autism / Thomas DRATSCH in Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 43-2 (February 2013)  

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A matter of words: Impact of verbal and nonverbal information on impression formation in high-functioning autism / Bojana KUZMANOVIC in Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 5-1 (January-March 2011)  

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Responses to Nonverbal Behaviour of Dynamic Virtual Characters in High-Functioning Autism / Caroline SCHWARTZ in Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 40-1 (January 2010)  

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Shall we do this together? Social gaze influences action control in a comparison group, but not in individuals with high-functioning autism / Leonhard SCHILBACH in Autism, 16-2 (March 2012)  

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Spontaneous Facial Mimicry is Modulated by Joint Attention and Autistic Traits / Janina NEUFELD in Autism Research, 9-7 (July 2016)  

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