Autistic and non-autistic young people?s and caregivers' perspectives on COVID-19-related schooling changes and their impact on emotional well-being: An opportunity for change? / Ann OZSIVADJIAN in Autism, 27-5 (July 2023)  

Public ISBD [article]  inAutism > 27-5 (July 2023) . - p.1477-1491 Titre : Autistic and non-autistic young people?s and caregivers' perspectives on COVID-19-related schooling changes and their impact on emotional well-being: An opportunity for change? Type de document : Texte imprimé et/ou numérique Auteurs : Ann OZSIVADJIAN, Auteur ; Victoria MILNER, Auteur ; Hannah PICKARD, Auteur ; Matthew J. HOLLOCKS, Auteur ; Sebastian B. GAIGG, Auteur ; Emma COLVERT, Auteur ; Francesca HAPPE, Auteur ; Iliana MAGIATI, Auteur Article en page(s) : p.1477-1491 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : anxiety;autism spectrum disorders;education services;environmental factors;mental health Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Autistic children and young people experience poorer mental health and well-being compared to their non-autistic peers. Navigating the complex social, academic, procedural and sensory aspects of school may be particularly challenging for autistic young people and contribute to poorer mental well-being. The COVID-19 pandemic caused unprecedented school changes and provided a unique opportunity to gather caregiver?s and young people?s perspectives on the impact of school and pandemic-related school changes on the well-being of both autistic and non-autistic young people. Open-text online survey data from 71 caregivers (of n?=?45 autistic young people) and 30 young people aged 11-18?years (n?=?18 autistic) gathered across three timepoints between May and December 2020 during the pandemic revealed both benefits and challenges associated with school changes. Insights into possible lessons from the pandemic and recommendations for more flexible, individualised and strengths-based educational practices going forward are discussed. Lay abstract Autistic young people experience poorer mental health and well-being compared to their non-autistic peers. Navigating the complex social, academic, procedural and sensory aspects of school may be particularly challenging for autistic young people and contribute to poorer mental well-being. The COVID-19 pandemic caused unprecedented school changes and provided a unique opportunity to gather caregiver?s and young people?s perspectives on the impact of school and pandemic-related school changes on the well-being of both autistic and non-autistic young people. We asked for the views of caregivers and young people aged 11-18?years gathered across three timepoints between May and December 2020. Their responses revealed both benefits and challenges associated with school changes. Insights into possible lessons from the pandemic and recommendations for more flexible, individualised and strengths-based educational practices are discussed. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/13623613221140759 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=507 [article] Autistic and non-autistic young people?s and caregivers' perspectives on COVID-19-related schooling changes and their impact on emotional well-being: An opportunity for change? [Texte imprimé et/ou numérique] / Ann OZSIVADJIAN, Auteur ; Victoria MILNER, Auteur ; Hannah PICKARD, Auteur ; Matthew J. HOLLOCKS, Auteur ; Sebastian B. GAIGG, Auteur ; Emma COLVERT, Auteur ; Francesca HAPPE, Auteur ; Iliana MAGIATI, Auteur . - p.1477-1491. Langues : Anglais (eng) in Autism > 27-5 (July 2023) . - p.1477-1491 Mots-clés : anxiety;autism spectrum disorders;education services;environmental factors;mental health Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Autistic children and young people experience poorer mental health and well-being compared to their non-autistic peers. Navigating the complex social, academic, procedural and sensory aspects of school may be particularly challenging for autistic young people and contribute to poorer mental well-being. The COVID-19 pandemic caused unprecedented school changes and provided a unique opportunity to gather caregiver?s and young people?s perspectives on the impact of school and pandemic-related school changes on the well-being of both autistic and non-autistic young people. Open-text online survey data from 71 caregivers (of n?=?45 autistic young people) and 30 young people aged 11-18?years (n?=?18 autistic) gathered across three timepoints between May and December 2020 during the pandemic revealed both benefits and challenges associated with school changes. Insights into possible lessons from the pandemic and recommendations for more flexible, individualised and strengths-based educational practices going forward are discussed. Lay abstract Autistic young people experience poorer mental health and well-being compared to their non-autistic peers. Navigating the complex social, academic, procedural and sensory aspects of school may be particularly challenging for autistic young people and contribute to poorer mental well-being. The COVID-19 pandemic caused unprecedented school changes and provided a unique opportunity to gather caregiver?s and young people?s perspectives on the impact of school and pandemic-related school changes on the well-being of both autistic and non-autistic young people. We asked for the views of caregivers and young people aged 11-18?years gathered across three timepoints between May and December 2020. Their responses revealed both benefits and challenges associated with school changes. Insights into possible lessons from the pandemic and recommendations for more flexible, individualised and strengths-based educational practices are discussed. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/13623613221140759 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=507

A comparison of self-report and discrepancy measures of camouflaging: Exploring sex differences in diagnosed autistic versus high autistic trait young adults / Victoria MILNER in Autism Research, 16-3 (March 2023)  

Public ISBD [article]  inAutism Research > 16-3 (March 2023) . - p.580-590 Titre : A comparison of self-report and discrepancy measures of camouflaging: Exploring sex differences in diagnosed autistic versus high autistic trait young adults Type de document : Texte imprimé et/ou numérique Auteurs : Victoria MILNER, Auteur ; Emma COLVERT, Auteur ; William MANDY, Auteur ; Francesca HAPPE, Auteur Article en page(s) : p.580-590 Langues : Anglais (eng) Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Abstract Camouflaging describes masking or compensating for autistic traits and/or related difficulties. Some evidence suggests autistic females camouflage more than autistic males, potentially contributing to delayed or missed diagnosis. Studies predominantly adopt self-report measures of camouflaging, potentially reflecting a person's intent to camouflage without accurately measuring effectiveness (i.e., success in fulfilling the intended effect of minimizing the appearance of autistic traits) of camouflaging. Discrepancy scores between underlying cognitive difficulties (e.g., theory of mind) and observed autistic traits (henceforth camoToM), or between self-reported autistic traits and observed autistic traits (henceforth camoSRS), may provide a more accurate measure of camouflaging effectiveness. Three measures of camouflaging administered to autistic males (n = 46) and females (n = 40), and adults with equally high levels of autistic traits but no diagnosis (n = 45 males, n = 43 females) recruited from a large population-based sample were compared. Self-report measures of camouflaging were significantly correlated with camoSRS scores only. Both discrepancy scores were correlated with each other. Adults with high autistic traits, but no diagnosis, had higher discrepancy camouflaging scores than diagnosed adults, but self-reported scores were similar. Diagnosed females scored higher than diagnosed males across all camouflaging measures, but no sex difference occurred in the high trait group. This might indicate that autistic females have higher intentions and greater effectiveness when camouflaging, compared with autistic males. For camoSRS only, high trait males scored significantly higher than diagnosed males; no group difference occurred for females. These results suggest that, despite all participants intending to camouflage to some extent, effective camouflaging as measured by discrepancy scores is higher in undiagnosed high autistic trait individuals. One interpretation is that effective camouflaging reduces the likelihood of autism diagnosis in males and females with high autistic traits. En ligne : https://doi.org/10.1002/aur.2873 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=498 [article] A comparison of self-report and discrepancy measures of camouflaging: Exploring sex differences in diagnosed autistic versus high autistic trait young adults [Texte imprimé et/ou numérique] / Victoria MILNER, Auteur ; Emma COLVERT, Auteur ; William MANDY, Auteur ; Francesca HAPPE, Auteur . - p.580-590. Langues : Anglais (eng) in Autism Research > 16-3 (March 2023) . - p.580-590 Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Abstract Camouflaging describes masking or compensating for autistic traits and/or related difficulties. Some evidence suggests autistic females camouflage more than autistic males, potentially contributing to delayed or missed diagnosis. Studies predominantly adopt self-report measures of camouflaging, potentially reflecting a person's intent to camouflage without accurately measuring effectiveness (i.e., success in fulfilling the intended effect of minimizing the appearance of autistic traits) of camouflaging. Discrepancy scores between underlying cognitive difficulties (e.g., theory of mind) and observed autistic traits (henceforth camoToM), or between self-reported autistic traits and observed autistic traits (henceforth camoSRS), may provide a more accurate measure of camouflaging effectiveness. Three measures of camouflaging administered to autistic males (n = 46) and females (n = 40), and adults with equally high levels of autistic traits but no diagnosis (n = 45 males, n = 43 females) recruited from a large population-based sample were compared. Self-report measures of camouflaging were significantly correlated with camoSRS scores only. Both discrepancy scores were correlated with each other. Adults with high autistic traits, but no diagnosis, had higher discrepancy camouflaging scores than diagnosed adults, but self-reported scores were similar. Diagnosed females scored higher than diagnosed males across all camouflaging measures, but no sex difference occurred in the high trait group. This might indicate that autistic females have higher intentions and greater effectiveness when camouflaging, compared with autistic males. For camoSRS only, high trait males scored significantly higher than diagnosed males; no group difference occurred for females. These results suggest that, despite all participants intending to camouflage to some extent, effective camouflaging as measured by discrepancy scores is higher in undiagnosed high autistic trait individuals. One interpretation is that effective camouflaging reduces the likelihood of autism diagnosis in males and females with high autistic traits. En ligne : https://doi.org/10.1002/aur.2873 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=498

Does camouflaging predict age at autism diagnosis? A comparison of autistic men and women / Victoria MILNER in Autism Research, 17-3 (March 2024)  

Public ISBD [article]  inAutism Research > 17-3 (March 2024) . - p.626-636 Titre : Does camouflaging predict age at autism diagnosis? A comparison of autistic men and women Type de document : Texte imprimé et/ou numérique Auteurs : Victoria MILNER, Auteur ; Emma COLVERT, Auteur ; Laura HULL, Auteur ; Julia COOK, Auteur ; Dorota ALI, Auteur ; William MANDY, Auteur ; Francesca HAPPE, Auteur Article en page(s) : p.626-636 Langues : Anglais (eng) Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Abstract It is frequently reported that females are likely to receive an autism diagnosis at a later age than their male counterparts, despite similar levels of autistic traits. It has been suggested that this delay in diagnosis may in part reflect the propensity of females, more than males, to engage in camouflaging behaviors that reduce the appearance of autism-related traits. This article presents two studies which examined the relationship between gender/sex, camouflaging, and age at diagnosis in two samples of (cis-gender) autistic adults. Study 1 included data from three online samples including 242 autistic men and 570 autistic women aged 18-75?years. Study 2 included data from a longitudinal population-based sample including 24 autistic men and 35 autistic women aged 20-24?years. Camouflaging was measured with the self-report Camouflaging Autistic Traits Questionnaire (CAT-Q). Overall, the results showed that, on average, females were diagnosed later than males. There was a stronger relationship between camouflaging and age at autism diagnosis (AaD) for females, compared with males. Within sample one, there was a significant camouflaging-by-sex interaction; high-camouflaging females had a later AaD. The role of autistic traits and changes in attitudes towards female autism and camouflaging need further exploration. These findings highlight the need for greater clinician and key stakeholder awareness and understanding of camouflaging behavior, particularly for females, during the diagnostic process. En ligne : https://doi.org/10.1002/aur.3059 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=525 [article] Does camouflaging predict age at autism diagnosis? A comparison of autistic men and women [Texte imprimé et/ou numérique] / Victoria MILNER, Auteur ; Emma COLVERT, Auteur ; Laura HULL, Auteur ; Julia COOK, Auteur ; Dorota ALI, Auteur ; William MANDY, Auteur ; Francesca HAPPE, Auteur . - p.626-636. Langues : Anglais (eng) in Autism Research > 17-3 (March 2024) . - p.626-636 Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Abstract It is frequently reported that females are likely to receive an autism diagnosis at a later age than their male counterparts, despite similar levels of autistic traits. It has been suggested that this delay in diagnosis may in part reflect the propensity of females, more than males, to engage in camouflaging behaviors that reduce the appearance of autism-related traits. This article presents two studies which examined the relationship between gender/sex, camouflaging, and age at diagnosis in two samples of (cis-gender) autistic adults. Study 1 included data from three online samples including 242 autistic men and 570 autistic women aged 18-75?years. Study 2 included data from a longitudinal population-based sample including 24 autistic men and 35 autistic women aged 20-24?years. Camouflaging was measured with the self-report Camouflaging Autistic Traits Questionnaire (CAT-Q). Overall, the results showed that, on average, females were diagnosed later than males. There was a stronger relationship between camouflaging and age at autism diagnosis (AaD) for females, compared with males. Within sample one, there was a significant camouflaging-by-sex interaction; high-camouflaging females had a later AaD. The role of autistic traits and changes in attitudes towards female autism and camouflaging need further exploration. These findings highlight the need for greater clinician and key stakeholder awareness and understanding of camouflaging behavior, particularly for females, during the diagnostic process. En ligne : https://doi.org/10.1002/aur.3059 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=525

Quantifying compensatory strategies in adults with and without diagnosed autism / Lucy Anne LIVINGSTON in Molecular Autism, 11 (2020)  

Public ISBD [article]  inMolecular Autism > 11 (2020) . - 15 p. Titre : Quantifying compensatory strategies in adults with and without diagnosed autism Type de document : Texte imprimé et/ou numérique Auteurs : Lucy Anne LIVINGSTON, Auteur ; Punit SHAH, Auteur ; Victoria MILNER, Auteur ; Francesca HAPPE, Auteur Article en page(s) : 15 p. Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Adaptation  Autism  Camouflaging  Compensation  Compensatory strategies  Social cognition Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : BACKGROUND: There is growing recognition that some autistic people engage in 'compensation', showing few behavioural symptoms (e.g. neurotypical social skills), despite continuing to experience autism-related cognitive difficulties (e.g. difficulties in social cognition). One way this might be achieved is by individuals consciously employing 'compensatory strategies' during everyday social interaction. However, very little is currently known about the broad range of these strategies, their mechanisms and consequences for clinical presentation and diagnosis. METHODS: We aimed to measure compensatory strategies in autism for the first time. Using a novel checklist, we quantified self-reported social compensatory strategies in 117 adults (58 with autism, 59 without autism) and explored the relationships between compensation scores and autism diagnostic status, autistic traits, education level, sex and age at diagnosis. RESULTS: Higher compensation scores-representing a greater repertoire of compensatory strategies-were associated with having an autism diagnosis, more autistic traits and a higher education level. The link between autism diagnostic status and compensation scores was, however, explained by autistic traits and education level. Compensation scores were unrelated to sex or age at diagnosis. LIMITATIONS: Our sample was self-selected and predominantly comprised of intellectually able females; therefore, our findings may not generalise to the wider autistic population. CONCLUSIONS: Together, our findings suggest that many intellectually able adults, with and without a clinical diagnosis of autism, report using compensatory strategies to modify their social behaviour. We discuss the clinical utility of measuring self-reported compensation (e.g., using our checklist), with important implications for the accurate diagnosis and management of autism and related conditions. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13229-019-0308-y Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=427 [article] Quantifying compensatory strategies in adults with and without diagnosed autism [Texte imprimé et/ou numérique] / Lucy Anne LIVINGSTON, Auteur ; Punit SHAH, Auteur ; Victoria MILNER, Auteur ; Francesca HAPPE, Auteur . - 15 p. Langues : Anglais (eng) in Molecular Autism > 11 (2020) . - 15 p. Mots-clés : Adaptation  Autism  Camouflaging  Compensation  Compensatory strategies  Social cognition Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : BACKGROUND: There is growing recognition that some autistic people engage in 'compensation', showing few behavioural symptoms (e.g. neurotypical social skills), despite continuing to experience autism-related cognitive difficulties (e.g. difficulties in social cognition). One way this might be achieved is by individuals consciously employing 'compensatory strategies' during everyday social interaction. However, very little is currently known about the broad range of these strategies, their mechanisms and consequences for clinical presentation and diagnosis. METHODS: We aimed to measure compensatory strategies in autism for the first time. Using a novel checklist, we quantified self-reported social compensatory strategies in 117 adults (58 with autism, 59 without autism) and explored the relationships between compensation scores and autism diagnostic status, autistic traits, education level, sex and age at diagnosis. RESULTS: Higher compensation scores-representing a greater repertoire of compensatory strategies-were associated with having an autism diagnosis, more autistic traits and a higher education level. The link between autism diagnostic status and compensation scores was, however, explained by autistic traits and education level. Compensation scores were unrelated to sex or age at diagnosis. LIMITATIONS: Our sample was self-selected and predominantly comprised of intellectually able females; therefore, our findings may not generalise to the wider autistic population. CONCLUSIONS: Together, our findings suggest that many intellectually able adults, with and without a clinical diagnosis of autism, report using compensatory strategies to modify their social behaviour. We discuss the clinical utility of measuring self-reported compensation (e.g., using our checklist), with important implications for the accurate diagnosis and management of autism and related conditions. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13229-019-0308-y Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=427

Sex differences in predictors and outcomes of camouflaging: Comparing diagnosed autistic, high autistic trait and low autistic trait young adults / Victoria MILNER in Autism, 27-2 (February 2023)  

Public ISBD [article]  inAutism > 27-2 (February 2023) . - p.402-414 Titre : Sex differences in predictors and outcomes of camouflaging: Comparing diagnosed autistic, high autistic trait and low autistic trait young adults Type de document : Texte imprimé et/ou numérique Auteurs : Victoria MILNER, Auteur ; Will MANDY, Auteur ; Francesca HAPPE, Auteur ; Emma COLVERT, Auteur Article en page(s) : p.402-414 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : autism  camouflaging  compensation  female autism  sex differences in autism Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Many autistic individuals camouflage socially atypical behaviours. Evidence suggests autistic females camouflage more than autistic males. Although camouflaging may confer some benefits, it is also associated with negative outcomes including poorer mental health and well-being. Those with high autistic traits but no clinical diagnosis are not seldom included in camouflaging research, therefore we cannot ascertain whether camouflaging plays a role in the underdiagnosis of autistic females. Data from young adults with a diagnosis of autism (n=78), high autistic traits but no diagnosis (n=177) or low autistic traits (n=180) revealed autistic females reported camouflaging significantly more than other groups. Males and females with low autistic traits reported significantly lower camouflaging than high trait and diagnosed groups. Loneliness was a key predictor of camouflaging for the diagnosed group only. Camouflaging was found to predict lower psychological quality of life for the diagnosed group, and lower social quality of life for the high trait and low trait groups. Overall, findings indicated that, although all groups reported camouflaging, the motivations for doing so may be different for diagnosed autistic individuals. It is important for stakeholders and society to improve understanding of autism and acceptance of atypical behaviour to alleviate possible negative outcomes associated with camouflaging. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/13623613221098240 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=493 [article] Sex differences in predictors and outcomes of camouflaging: Comparing diagnosed autistic, high autistic trait and low autistic trait young adults [Texte imprimé et/ou numérique] / Victoria MILNER, Auteur ; Will MANDY, Auteur ; Francesca HAPPE, Auteur ; Emma COLVERT, Auteur . - p.402-414. Langues : Anglais (eng) in Autism > 27-2 (February 2023) . - p.402-414 Mots-clés : autism  camouflaging  compensation  female autism  sex differences in autism Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Many autistic individuals camouflage socially atypical behaviours. Evidence suggests autistic females camouflage more than autistic males. Although camouflaging may confer some benefits, it is also associated with negative outcomes including poorer mental health and well-being. Those with high autistic traits but no clinical diagnosis are not seldom included in camouflaging research, therefore we cannot ascertain whether camouflaging plays a role in the underdiagnosis of autistic females. Data from young adults with a diagnosis of autism (n=78), high autistic traits but no diagnosis (n=177) or low autistic traits (n=180) revealed autistic females reported camouflaging significantly more than other groups. Males and females with low autistic traits reported significantly lower camouflaging than high trait and diagnosed groups. Loneliness was a key predictor of camouflaging for the diagnosed group only. Camouflaging was found to predict lower psychological quality of life for the diagnosed group, and lower social quality of life for the high trait and low trait groups. Overall, findings indicated that, although all groups reported camouflaging, the motivations for doing so may be different for diagnosed autistic individuals. It is important for stakeholders and society to improve understanding of autism and acceptance of atypical behaviour to alleviate possible negative outcomes associated with camouflaging. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/13623613221098240 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=493

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