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Camouflaging in autism spectrum disorder: Examining the roles of sex, gender identity, and diagnostic timing / G. A. MCQUAID in Autism, 26-2 (February 2022)
[article]
Titre : Camouflaging in autism spectrum disorder: Examining the roles of sex, gender identity, and diagnostic timing Type de document : Texte imprimé et/ou numérique Auteurs : G. A. MCQUAID, Auteur ; N. R. LEE, Auteur ; Gregory L. WALLACE, Auteur Article en page(s) : p.552-559 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : adults autism camouflaging diagnosis gender sex Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Camouflaging in autism spectrum disorder refers to behaviors and/or strategies that mask the presentation of autism spectrum disorder features in social contexts in order to appear "non-autistic" (Attwood, 2007). Camouflaging modifies the behavioral presentation of core autism spectrum disorder features (e.g. social and communication differences), but the underlying autistic profile is unaffected, yielding a mismatch between external observable features and the internal lived experience of autism. Camouflaging could be an important factor in later diagnosis of individuals without co-occurring intellectual disability, especially among those designated female sex at birth. Little research to date has examined how gender identity impacts camouflaging, however. Furthermore, no study has compared groups that differ in diagnostic timing to directly investigate if later-diagnosed individuals show elevated camouflaging relative to those receiving an earlier diagnosis. We used the Camouflaging Autistic Traits Questionnaire subscales (Assimilation, Compensation, and Masking) and investigated the roles of sex, gender identity (gender diverse vs cisgender), and diagnostic timing (childhood/adolescent-diagnosed vs adult-diagnosed), and the interactions of these factors, in autistic adults (N?=?502; ages 18-49?years). Main effects of sex, gender identity, and diagnostic timing were revealed. Autistic females reported more camouflaging across all three Camouflaging Autistic Traits Questionnaire subscales compared to males. Gender diverse adults reported elevated camouflaging on the Compensation subscale compared to cisgender adults. Adulthood-diagnosed individuals reported elevated Assimilation and Compensation compared to childhood/adolescence-diagnosed individuals. We discuss how the aspects of camouflaging may have unique implications for later diagnostic timing and for the intersection of neurodiversity and gender diversity. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/13623613211042131 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=452
in Autism > 26-2 (February 2022) . - p.552-559[article] Camouflaging in autism spectrum disorder: Examining the roles of sex, gender identity, and diagnostic timing [Texte imprimé et/ou numérique] / G. A. MCQUAID, Auteur ; N. R. LEE, Auteur ; Gregory L. WALLACE, Auteur . - p.552-559.
Langues : Anglais (eng)
in Autism > 26-2 (February 2022) . - p.552-559
Mots-clés : adults autism camouflaging diagnosis gender sex Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Camouflaging in autism spectrum disorder refers to behaviors and/or strategies that mask the presentation of autism spectrum disorder features in social contexts in order to appear "non-autistic" (Attwood, 2007). Camouflaging modifies the behavioral presentation of core autism spectrum disorder features (e.g. social and communication differences), but the underlying autistic profile is unaffected, yielding a mismatch between external observable features and the internal lived experience of autism. Camouflaging could be an important factor in later diagnosis of individuals without co-occurring intellectual disability, especially among those designated female sex at birth. Little research to date has examined how gender identity impacts camouflaging, however. Furthermore, no study has compared groups that differ in diagnostic timing to directly investigate if later-diagnosed individuals show elevated camouflaging relative to those receiving an earlier diagnosis. We used the Camouflaging Autistic Traits Questionnaire subscales (Assimilation, Compensation, and Masking) and investigated the roles of sex, gender identity (gender diverse vs cisgender), and diagnostic timing (childhood/adolescent-diagnosed vs adult-diagnosed), and the interactions of these factors, in autistic adults (N?=?502; ages 18-49?years). Main effects of sex, gender identity, and diagnostic timing were revealed. Autistic females reported more camouflaging across all three Camouflaging Autistic Traits Questionnaire subscales compared to males. Gender diverse adults reported elevated camouflaging on the Compensation subscale compared to cisgender adults. Adulthood-diagnosed individuals reported elevated Assimilation and Compensation compared to childhood/adolescence-diagnosed individuals. We discuss how the aspects of camouflaging may have unique implications for later diagnostic timing and for the intersection of neurodiversity and gender diversity. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/13623613211042131 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=452 Camouflaging in Autistic and Non-autistic Adolescents in the Modern Context of Social Media / A. JEDRZEJEWSKA in Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 52-2 (February 2022)
[article]
Titre : Camouflaging in Autistic and Non-autistic Adolescents in the Modern Context of Social Media Type de document : Texte imprimé et/ou numérique Auteurs : A. JEDRZEJEWSKA, Auteur ; J. DEWEY, Auteur Article en page(s) : p.630-646 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Adolescent Adult Autism Spectrum Disorder Autistic Disorder Female Humans Male Social Media Adolescents Autism Camouflaging Masking Social media Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Camouflaging is described as a set of strategies used to prevent others from noticing one's social difficulties. Research indicates heightened levels of camouflaging behaviours in the adult autistic population. To extend understanding of camouflaging in adolescents, this mixed-methods study explored camouflaging behaviours in offline and online contexts with 40 autistic and 158 non-autistic adolescents. At the quantitative phase, participants completed measures of camouflaging behaviours (online vs offline) and measures of social media use. Following this, six autistic adolescents participated in semi-structured interviews. Findings indicate that in the offline context, autistic adolescents camouflage more than non-autistic adolescents. Online, autistic participants camouflage less than they do offline, and females camouflage more than males. Implications for research and theory are discussed. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10803-021-04953-6 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=455
in Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders > 52-2 (February 2022) . - p.630-646[article] Camouflaging in Autistic and Non-autistic Adolescents in the Modern Context of Social Media [Texte imprimé et/ou numérique] / A. JEDRZEJEWSKA, Auteur ; J. DEWEY, Auteur . - p.630-646.
Langues : Anglais (eng)
in Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders > 52-2 (February 2022) . - p.630-646
Mots-clés : Adolescent Adult Autism Spectrum Disorder Autistic Disorder Female Humans Male Social Media Adolescents Autism Camouflaging Masking Social media Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Camouflaging is described as a set of strategies used to prevent others from noticing one's social difficulties. Research indicates heightened levels of camouflaging behaviours in the adult autistic population. To extend understanding of camouflaging in adolescents, this mixed-methods study explored camouflaging behaviours in offline and online contexts with 40 autistic and 158 non-autistic adolescents. At the quantitative phase, participants completed measures of camouflaging behaviours (online vs offline) and measures of social media use. Following this, six autistic adolescents participated in semi-structured interviews. Findings indicate that in the offline context, autistic adolescents camouflage more than non-autistic adolescents. Online, autistic participants camouflage less than they do offline, and females camouflage more than males. Implications for research and theory are discussed. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10803-021-04953-6 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=455 Camouflaging Intent, First Impressions, and Age of ASC Diagnosis in Autistic Men and Women / Hannah L. BELCHER in Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 52-8 (August 2022)
[article]
Titre : Camouflaging Intent, First Impressions, and Age of ASC Diagnosis in Autistic Men and Women Type de document : Texte imprimé et/ou numérique Auteurs : Hannah L. BELCHER, Auteur ; Sharon MOREIN-ZAMIR, Auteur ; Will MANDY, Auteur ; Ruth M. FORD, Auteur Article en page(s) : p.3413-3426 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Adult Autism Spectrum Disorder Autistic Disorder/diagnosis Female Humans Intention Male Peer Group Surveys and Questionnaires Autism Camouflaging Female autism phenotype First impressions Gender differences Masking Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Camouflaging of autistic traits may make autism harder to diagnose. The current study evaluated the relations between camouflaging intent, first impressions, and age of autism diagnosis. Participants comprised autistic and non-autistic adults (n=80, 50% female) who completed the Camouflaging of Autistic Traits Questionnaire. They were later video-recorded having a conversation with a person unaware of their diagnostic status. Ten-second clips from half these videos were later shown to 127 non-autistic peers, who rated their first impressions of each participant. Results showed that autistic participants were rated more poorly on first impressions, males were rated less favourably than females, and male raters were particularly harsh in their evaluations of autistic males. Camouflaging intent did not predict first impressions but better first impressions were linked with a later age of diagnosis. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10803-021-05221-3 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=485
in Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders > 52-8 (August 2022) . - p.3413-3426[article] Camouflaging Intent, First Impressions, and Age of ASC Diagnosis in Autistic Men and Women [Texte imprimé et/ou numérique] / Hannah L. BELCHER, Auteur ; Sharon MOREIN-ZAMIR, Auteur ; Will MANDY, Auteur ; Ruth M. FORD, Auteur . - p.3413-3426.
Langues : Anglais (eng)
in Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders > 52-8 (August 2022) . - p.3413-3426
Mots-clés : Adult Autism Spectrum Disorder Autistic Disorder/diagnosis Female Humans Intention Male Peer Group Surveys and Questionnaires Autism Camouflaging Female autism phenotype First impressions Gender differences Masking Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Camouflaging of autistic traits may make autism harder to diagnose. The current study evaluated the relations between camouflaging intent, first impressions, and age of autism diagnosis. Participants comprised autistic and non-autistic adults (n=80, 50% female) who completed the Camouflaging of Autistic Traits Questionnaire. They were later video-recorded having a conversation with a person unaware of their diagnostic status. Ten-second clips from half these videos were later shown to 127 non-autistic peers, who rated their first impressions of each participant. Results showed that autistic participants were rated more poorly on first impressions, males were rated less favourably than females, and male raters were particularly harsh in their evaluations of autistic males. Camouflaging intent did not predict first impressions but better first impressions were linked with a later age of diagnosis. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10803-021-05221-3 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=485 Cognitive Predictors of Self-Reported Camouflaging in Autistic Adolescents / Laura HULL in Autism Research, 14-3 (March 2021)
[article]
Titre : Cognitive Predictors of Self-Reported Camouflaging in Autistic Adolescents Type de document : Texte imprimé et/ou numérique Auteurs : Laura HULL, Auteur ; K. V. PETRIDES, Auteur ; William MANDY, Auteur Article en page(s) : p.523-532 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : adolescence camouflaging compensation executive function masking Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Camouflaging involves masking and/or compensating for autistic characteristics and has been identified in autistic individuals through a variety of different methods. Individual variation in the extent, processes and outcomes of camouflaging has been reported in autistic adults, and there has been some investigation of camouflaging by autistic adolescents. This study was conducted to better understand how some of these individual differences emerge, by examining potential mechanisms (theory of mind, executive function, intelligence quotient and age) involved in camouflaging by 58 autistic adolescents aged 13-18?years (29 females, 29 males). Fewer executive function difficulties predicted greater use of total camouflaging strategies and the compensation subscale, but not the masking or assimilation subscales; no other predictors reached statistical significance. These findings suggest that individual differences in executive function ability may underlie variation in the use of camouflaging by adolescents. The total variance explained in the model was small, suggesting the need to examine other factors which may underpin camouflaging. The implications of this finding for the relationship between camouflaging and well-being are discussed, along with the distinction between attempts to camouflage and the efficacy of those attempts. LAY SUMMARY: Camouflaging involves hiding your autism or finding ways around difficulties in order to fit in during social situations. This study found that autistic teenagers with good executive function abilities camouflage their autism more than those who struggle with executive function (which includes planning, goal-direction and memory). This may have implications for teenagers' mental health and their social functioning. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aur.2407 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=443
in Autism Research > 14-3 (March 2021) . - p.523-532[article] Cognitive Predictors of Self-Reported Camouflaging in Autistic Adolescents [Texte imprimé et/ou numérique] / Laura HULL, Auteur ; K. V. PETRIDES, Auteur ; William MANDY, Auteur . - p.523-532.
Langues : Anglais (eng)
in Autism Research > 14-3 (March 2021) . - p.523-532
Mots-clés : adolescence camouflaging compensation executive function masking Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Camouflaging involves masking and/or compensating for autistic characteristics and has been identified in autistic individuals through a variety of different methods. Individual variation in the extent, processes and outcomes of camouflaging has been reported in autistic adults, and there has been some investigation of camouflaging by autistic adolescents. This study was conducted to better understand how some of these individual differences emerge, by examining potential mechanisms (theory of mind, executive function, intelligence quotient and age) involved in camouflaging by 58 autistic adolescents aged 13-18?years (29 females, 29 males). Fewer executive function difficulties predicted greater use of total camouflaging strategies and the compensation subscale, but not the masking or assimilation subscales; no other predictors reached statistical significance. These findings suggest that individual differences in executive function ability may underlie variation in the use of camouflaging by adolescents. The total variance explained in the model was small, suggesting the need to examine other factors which may underpin camouflaging. The implications of this finding for the relationship between camouflaging and well-being are discussed, along with the distinction between attempts to camouflage and the efficacy of those attempts. LAY SUMMARY: Camouflaging involves hiding your autism or finding ways around difficulties in order to fit in during social situations. This study found that autistic teenagers with good executive function abilities camouflage their autism more than those who struggle with executive function (which includes planning, goal-direction and memory). This may have implications for teenagers' mental health and their social functioning. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aur.2407 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=443 Exploring autistic adults' psychosocial experiences affecting beginnings, continuity and change in camouflaging over time: A qualitative study in Singapore / Beatrice Rui Yi LOO in Autism, 28-3 (March 2024)
[article]
Titre : Exploring autistic adults' psychosocial experiences affecting beginnings, continuity and change in camouflaging over time: A qualitative study in Singapore Type de document : Texte imprimé et/ou numérique Auteurs : Beatrice Rui Yi LOO, Auteur ; Truman Jing Yang TEO, Auteur ; Melanie Jiamin LIANG, Auteur ; Dawn-Joy LEONG, Auteur ; Diana Weiting TAN, Auteur ; Sici ZHUANG, Auteur ; Laura HULL, Auteur ; Lucy A. LIVINGSTON, Auteur ; Will MANDY, Auteur ; Francesca HAPPE, Auteur ; Iliana MAGIATI, Auteur Article en page(s) : p.627-643 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : adults autism camouflaging masking mental health well-being Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Camouflaging (or otherwise referred to as masking or passing) involves hiding one?s autistic-related characteristics and differences to get by in social situations in predominantly non-autistic societies. Very little is known to date about the course of camouflaging motivations and strategies over time or the psychosocial factors that may influence autistic people?s camouflaging choices and trajectories. In an exploratory qualitative study within an Asian sociocultural context, we interviewed 11 Singaporean autistic adults (9 males, 2 females, aged 22-45?years) about their camouflaging experiences to better understand (1) their camouflaging motivations and strategies over time, and (2) related psychosocial influences. Organised across four phases (pre-camouflaging, beginnings, continuity and change over time), 17 themes relating to camouflaging motivations and 8 themes relating to strategies were identified. The earliest camouflaging motivations were predominantly relational, linked to a negative self-identity that had been shaped by adverse social experiences. Camouflaging strategies became increasingly complex and integrated into one?s sense of self over time. Our findings highlight the role of psychosocial pressures precipitating camouflaging and emphasise the need for individual and societal changes, including moving towards enhanced acceptance and inclusion to reduce psychosocial pressures on autistic people to camouflage. Lay Abstract Over their lifetimes, many autistic people learn to camouflage (hide or mask) their autism-related differences to forge relationships, find work and live independently in largely non-autistic societies. Autistic adults have described camouflaging as a 'lifetime of conditioning . . . to act normal' involving 'years of effort', suggesting that camouflaging develops over an autistic person?s lifetime and may start early on, in childhood or adolescence. Yet, we know very little about why and how autistic people start to camouflage, or why and how their camouflaging behaviours continue or change over time. We interviewed 11 Singaporean autistic adults (9 male, 2 female, 22-45?years old) who shared their camouflaging experiences. We found that autistic adults' earliest motivations to camouflage were largely related to the desire to fit in and connect with others. They also camouflaged to avoid difficult social experiences (such as being teased or bullied). Autistic adults shared that their camouflaging behaviours became more complex and that, for some, camouflaging became a part of their self-identity over time. Our findings suggest that society should not pathologise autistic differences, but instead accept and include autistic people, to reduce the pressure on autistic people to hide who they truly are. En ligne : https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/13623613231180075 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=523
in Autism > 28-3 (March 2024) . - p.627-643[article] Exploring autistic adults' psychosocial experiences affecting beginnings, continuity and change in camouflaging over time: A qualitative study in Singapore [Texte imprimé et/ou numérique] / Beatrice Rui Yi LOO, Auteur ; Truman Jing Yang TEO, Auteur ; Melanie Jiamin LIANG, Auteur ; Dawn-Joy LEONG, Auteur ; Diana Weiting TAN, Auteur ; Sici ZHUANG, Auteur ; Laura HULL, Auteur ; Lucy A. LIVINGSTON, Auteur ; Will MANDY, Auteur ; Francesca HAPPE, Auteur ; Iliana MAGIATI, Auteur . - p.627-643.
Langues : Anglais (eng)
in Autism > 28-3 (March 2024) . - p.627-643
Mots-clés : adults autism camouflaging masking mental health well-being Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Camouflaging (or otherwise referred to as masking or passing) involves hiding one?s autistic-related characteristics and differences to get by in social situations in predominantly non-autistic societies. Very little is known to date about the course of camouflaging motivations and strategies over time or the psychosocial factors that may influence autistic people?s camouflaging choices and trajectories. In an exploratory qualitative study within an Asian sociocultural context, we interviewed 11 Singaporean autistic adults (9 males, 2 females, aged 22-45?years) about their camouflaging experiences to better understand (1) their camouflaging motivations and strategies over time, and (2) related psychosocial influences. Organised across four phases (pre-camouflaging, beginnings, continuity and change over time), 17 themes relating to camouflaging motivations and 8 themes relating to strategies were identified. The earliest camouflaging motivations were predominantly relational, linked to a negative self-identity that had been shaped by adverse social experiences. Camouflaging strategies became increasingly complex and integrated into one?s sense of self over time. Our findings highlight the role of psychosocial pressures precipitating camouflaging and emphasise the need for individual and societal changes, including moving towards enhanced acceptance and inclusion to reduce psychosocial pressures on autistic people to camouflage. Lay Abstract Over their lifetimes, many autistic people learn to camouflage (hide or mask) their autism-related differences to forge relationships, find work and live independently in largely non-autistic societies. Autistic adults have described camouflaging as a 'lifetime of conditioning . . . to act normal' involving 'years of effort', suggesting that camouflaging develops over an autistic person?s lifetime and may start early on, in childhood or adolescence. Yet, we know very little about why and how autistic people start to camouflage, or why and how their camouflaging behaviours continue or change over time. We interviewed 11 Singaporean autistic adults (9 male, 2 female, 22-45?years old) who shared their camouflaging experiences. We found that autistic adults' earliest motivations to camouflage were largely related to the desire to fit in and connect with others. They also camouflaged to avoid difficult social experiences (such as being teased or bullied). Autistic adults shared that their camouflaging behaviours became more complex and that, for some, camouflaging became a part of their self-identity over time. Our findings suggest that society should not pathologise autistic differences, but instead accept and include autistic people, to reduce the pressure on autistic people to hide who they truly are. En ligne : https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/13623613231180075 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=523 Exploring camouflaging by the Chinese version Camouflaging Autistic Traits Questionnaire in Taiwanese autistic and non-autistic adolescents: An initial development / Chun-Hao LIU in Autism, 28-3 (March 2024)
Permalink“Putting on My Best Normal”: Social Camouflaging in Adults with Autism Spectrum Conditions / Laura HULL in Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 47-8 (August 2017)
PermalinkSelf-reported camouflaging behaviours used by autistic adults during everyday social interactions / J. COOK in Autism, 26-2 (February 2022)
PermalinkSocial Camouflaging in Autistic and Neurotypical Adolescents: A Pilot Study of Differences by Sex and Diagnosis / Courtney JORGENSON in Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 50-12 (December 2020)
PermalinkUnderstanding Camouflaging as a Response to Autism-Related Stigma: A Social Identity Theory Approach / E. PERRY in Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 52-2 (February 2022)
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