8 recherche sur le mot-clé 'Neurobiology'

Annual Research Review: The neurobiology and physiology of resilience and adaptation across the life course / Ilia N. KARATOREOS in Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 54-4 (April 2013)  

Public ISBD [article]  inJournal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry > 54-4 (April 2013) . - p.337-347 Titre : Annual Research Review: The neurobiology and physiology of resilience and adaptation across the life course Type de document : Texte imprimé et/ou numérique Auteurs : Ilia N. KARATOREOS, Auteur ; Bruce S. MCEWEN, Auteur Article en page(s) : p.337-347 Mots-clés : Allostasis  hormones  neurobiology  aging  brain development Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Background Adaptation is key to survival. An organism must adapt to environmental challenges in order to be able to thrive in the environment in which they find themselves. Resilience can be thought of as a measure of the ability of an organism to adapt, and to withstand challenges to its stability. In higher animals, the brain is a key player in this process of adaptation and resilience, and through a process known as “allostasis” can obtain “stability through change”; protecting homeostasis in the face of stressors in the environment. Mediators of allostasis, such as glucocorticoids, can cause changes in the structure and function of neural circuits, clearly impacting behavior. How developmental stage interacts with stress and leads to long-lasting changes is a key question addressed in this review. Scope and Methods We discuss the concept of allostasis, its role in resilience, the neural and physiological systems mediating these responses, the modulatory role of development, and the consequences for adult functioning. We present this in the context of mediators the brain and body engage to protect against threats to homeostasis. The review has been informed by comprehensive searches on PubMed and Scopus through November 2012. Findings Stressors in the environment can have long lasting effects on development, depending upon the stage of life at which they are experienced. As such, adverse childhood experiences can alter resilience of individuals, making it more difficult for them to respond normally to adverse situations in adulthood, but the brain maintains the capacity to re-enter a more plastic state where such effects can be mitigated. Conclusions The brain regulates responses that allow for adaptation to challenges in the environment. The capacity of the brain and body to withstand challenges to stability can be considered as “resilience”. While adverse childhood experiences can have long-term negative consequences, under the right circumstances, the brain can re-enter plastic states, and negative outcomes may be mitigated, even later in life. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12054 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=194 [article] Annual Research Review: The neurobiology and physiology of resilience and adaptation across the life course [Texte imprimé et/ou numérique] / Ilia N. KARATOREOS, Auteur ; Bruce S. MCEWEN, Auteur . - p.337-347. in Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry > 54-4 (April 2013) . - p.337-347 Mots-clés : Allostasis  hormones  neurobiology  aging  brain development Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Background Adaptation is key to survival. An organism must adapt to environmental challenges in order to be able to thrive in the environment in which they find themselves. Resilience can be thought of as a measure of the ability of an organism to adapt, and to withstand challenges to its stability. In higher animals, the brain is a key player in this process of adaptation and resilience, and through a process known as “allostasis” can obtain “stability through change”; protecting homeostasis in the face of stressors in the environment. Mediators of allostasis, such as glucocorticoids, can cause changes in the structure and function of neural circuits, clearly impacting behavior. How developmental stage interacts with stress and leads to long-lasting changes is a key question addressed in this review. Scope and Methods We discuss the concept of allostasis, its role in resilience, the neural and physiological systems mediating these responses, the modulatory role of development, and the consequences for adult functioning. We present this in the context of mediators the brain and body engage to protect against threats to homeostasis. The review has been informed by comprehensive searches on PubMed and Scopus through November 2012. Findings Stressors in the environment can have long lasting effects on development, depending upon the stage of life at which they are experienced. As such, adverse childhood experiences can alter resilience of individuals, making it more difficult for them to respond normally to adverse situations in adulthood, but the brain maintains the capacity to re-enter a more plastic state where such effects can be mitigated. Conclusions The brain regulates responses that allow for adaptation to challenges in the environment. The capacity of the brain and body to withstand challenges to stability can be considered as “resilience”. While adverse childhood experiences can have long-term negative consequences, under the right circumstances, the brain can re-enter plastic states, and negative outcomes may be mitigated, even later in life. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12054 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=194

Child Abuse and Neglect and the Brain—A Review / Danya GLASER in Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 41-1 (January 2000)

Public ISBD [article]  inJournal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry > 41-1 (January 2000) . - p.97-116 Titre : Child Abuse and Neglect and the Brain—A Review Type de document : Texte imprimé et/ou numérique Auteurs : Danya GLASER, Auteur Année de publication : 2000 Article en page(s) : p.97-116 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Attachment  brain development  child abuse  neglect  neurobiology  stress Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Developmental psychology and the study of behaviour and emotion have tended to be considered in parallel to the study of neurobiological processes. This review explores the effects of child abuse and neglect on the brain, excluding nonaccidental injury that causes gross physical trauma to the brain. It commences with a background summary of the nature, context, and some deleterious effects of omission and commission within child maltreatment. There is no post-maltreatment syndrome, outcomes varying with many factors including nature, duration, and interpersonal context of the maltreatment as well as the nature of later intervention. There then follows a section on environmental influences on brain development, demonstrating the dependence of the orderly process of neurodevelopment on the child's environment. Ontogenesis, or the development of the self through self-determination, proceeds in the context of the nature-nurture interaction. As a prelude to reviewing the neurobiology of child abuse and neglect, the next section is concerned with bridging the mind and the brain. Here, neurobiological processes, including cellular, biochemical, and neurophysiological processes, are examined alongside their behavioural, cognitive, and emotional equivalents and vice versa. Child maltreatment is a potent source of stress and the stress response is therefore discussed in some detail. Evidence is outlined for the buffering effects of a secure attachment on the stress response. The section dealing with actual effects on the brain of child abuse and neglect discusses manifestations of the stress response including dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, and parasympathetic and catecholamine responses. Recent evidence about reduction in brain volume following child abuse and neglect is also outlined. Some biochemical, functional, and structural changes in the brain that are not reflections of the stress response are observed following child maltreatment. The mechanisms bringing about these changes are less clearly understood and may well be related to early and more chronic abuse and neglect affecting the process of brain development. The behavioural and emotional concomitants of their neurobiological manifestations are discussed. The importance of early intervention and attention to the chronicity of environmental adversity may indicate the need for permanent alternative caregivers, in order to preserve the development of the most vulnerable children. Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=125 [article] Child Abuse and Neglect and the Brain—A Review [Texte imprimé et/ou numérique] / Danya GLASER, Auteur . - 2000 . - p.97-116. Langues : Anglais (eng) in Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry > 41-1 (January 2000) . - p.97-116 Mots-clés : Attachment  brain development  child abuse  neglect  neurobiology  stress Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Developmental psychology and the study of behaviour and emotion have tended to be considered in parallel to the study of neurobiological processes. This review explores the effects of child abuse and neglect on the brain, excluding nonaccidental injury that causes gross physical trauma to the brain. It commences with a background summary of the nature, context, and some deleterious effects of omission and commission within child maltreatment. There is no post-maltreatment syndrome, outcomes varying with many factors including nature, duration, and interpersonal context of the maltreatment as well as the nature of later intervention. There then follows a section on environmental influences on brain development, demonstrating the dependence of the orderly process of neurodevelopment on the child's environment. Ontogenesis, or the development of the self through self-determination, proceeds in the context of the nature-nurture interaction. As a prelude to reviewing the neurobiology of child abuse and neglect, the next section is concerned with bridging the mind and the brain. Here, neurobiological processes, including cellular, biochemical, and neurophysiological processes, are examined alongside their behavioural, cognitive, and emotional equivalents and vice versa. Child maltreatment is a potent source of stress and the stress response is therefore discussed in some detail. Evidence is outlined for the buffering effects of a secure attachment on the stress response. The section dealing with actual effects on the brain of child abuse and neglect discusses manifestations of the stress response including dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, and parasympathetic and catecholamine responses. Recent evidence about reduction in brain volume following child abuse and neglect is also outlined. Some biochemical, functional, and structural changes in the brain that are not reflections of the stress response are observed following child maltreatment. The mechanisms bringing about these changes are less clearly understood and may well be related to early and more chronic abuse and neglect affecting the process of brain development. The behavioural and emotional concomitants of their neurobiological manifestations are discussed. The importance of early intervention and attention to the chronicity of environmental adversity may indicate the need for permanent alternative caregivers, in order to preserve the development of the most vulnerable children. Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=125

Research Review: What have we learned about adolescent substance use? / K. M. GRAY in Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 59-6 (June 2018)  

Public ISBD [article]  inJournal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry > 59-6 (June 2018) . - p.618-627 Titre : Research Review: What have we learned about adolescent substance use? Type de document : Texte imprimé et/ou numérique Auteurs : K. M. GRAY, Auteur ; L. M. SQUEGLIA, Auteur Article en page(s) : p.618-627 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Adolescence  addiction  development  neurobiology  prevention  substance use  treatment Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : BACKGROUND: Adolescence is a critical biological, psychological, and social developmental stage involving heightened risk for substance use and associated adverse consequences. This review, synthesizing emerging findings on this complex topic, is intended to inform research and clinical care focused on adolescents. METHODS: Literature searches were conducted using PubMed, yielding a cross-section of observational and interventional studies focused on adolescent substance use. Findings were organized and categorized to cover key areas of epidemiology, neurobiology, prevention, and treatment. FINDINGS: Adolescent substance-related attitudes and use patterns have evolved over time, informed by adult and peer behaviors, public policy, media messaging, substance availability, and other variables. A number of risk and resiliency factors contribute to individual differences in substance use and related consequences. Advances in observational techniques have provided enhanced understanding of adolescent brain development and its implications for substance use. Prevention efforts have yielded mixed results, and while a number of adolescent-targeted evidence-based treatments for substance use disorders have been developed, effect sizes are generally modest, indicating the need for further research to enhance prevention and treatment outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: Substance use in adolescence is heterogeneous, ranging from normative to pathological, and can lead to significant acute and long-term morbidity and mortality. Understanding risk and resiliency factors, underlying neurobiology, and optimal developmentally sensitive interventions is critical in addressing substance-associated problems in adolescence. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12783 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=363 [article] Research Review: What have we learned about adolescent substance use? [Texte imprimé et/ou numérique] / K. M. GRAY, Auteur ; L. M. SQUEGLIA, Auteur . - p.618-627. Langues : Anglais (eng) in Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry > 59-6 (June 2018) . - p.618-627 Mots-clés : Adolescence  addiction  development  neurobiology  prevention  substance use  treatment Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : BACKGROUND: Adolescence is a critical biological, psychological, and social developmental stage involving heightened risk for substance use and associated adverse consequences. This review, synthesizing emerging findings on this complex topic, is intended to inform research and clinical care focused on adolescents. METHODS: Literature searches were conducted using PubMed, yielding a cross-section of observational and interventional studies focused on adolescent substance use. Findings were organized and categorized to cover key areas of epidemiology, neurobiology, prevention, and treatment. FINDINGS: Adolescent substance-related attitudes and use patterns have evolved over time, informed by adult and peer behaviors, public policy, media messaging, substance availability, and other variables. A number of risk and resiliency factors contribute to individual differences in substance use and related consequences. Advances in observational techniques have provided enhanced understanding of adolescent brain development and its implications for substance use. Prevention efforts have yielded mixed results, and while a number of adolescent-targeted evidence-based treatments for substance use disorders have been developed, effect sizes are generally modest, indicating the need for further research to enhance prevention and treatment outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: Substance use in adolescence is heterogeneous, ranging from normative to pathological, and can lead to significant acute and long-term morbidity and mortality. Understanding risk and resiliency factors, underlying neurobiology, and optimal developmentally sensitive interventions is critical in addressing substance-associated problems in adolescence. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12783 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=363

Annual Research Review: The state of autism intervention science: progress, target psychological and biological mechanisms and future prospects / J. GREEN in Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 59-4 (April 2018)  

Public ISBD [article]  inJournal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry > 59-4 (April 2018) . - p.424-443 Titre : Annual Research Review: The state of autism intervention science: progress, target psychological and biological mechanisms and future prospects Type de document : Texte imprimé et/ou numérique Auteurs : J. GREEN, Auteur ; S. GARG, Auteur Article en page(s) : p.424-443 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Autism spectrum disorders  intervention  neurobiology  parent training  parent-child interaction Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : BACKGROUND: There has been recent systematic review of key evidence in psychosocial intervention in autism but little review of biological treatments. METHODS: We analyse the current literature from the perspective of intervention and mechanism targets across social and biological development. RESULTS: The overall quality of trials evidence in autism intervention remains relatively low, despite some recent progress. Many treatments in common use have little or no evidence base. This is very concerning in such an important disorder. A variety of psychosocial interventions can show effect to improve some short-term effects on children's immediate dyadic social interactions, for instance with caregivers. But showing true effectiveness in this developmental disorder requires generalisation of such effects into wider social contexts, on autism symptoms and in long-term progress in development. Only a few interventions so far have begun to show this. A number of early phase interventions on biological targets have shown real promise, but none has yet progressed to larger scale effectiveness trials on behavioural or symptom outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: There has been enough progress in psychosocial intervention research now to be able to begin to identify some evidence-based practice in autism treatment. To consolidate and improve outcomes, the next phase of intervention research needs improved trial design, and an iterative approach building on success. It may also include the testing of potential synergies between promising biological and psychosocial interventions. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12892 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=353 [article] Annual Research Review: The state of autism intervention science: progress, target psychological and biological mechanisms and future prospects [Texte imprimé et/ou numérique] / J. GREEN, Auteur ; S. GARG, Auteur . - p.424-443. Langues : Anglais (eng) in Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry > 59-4 (April 2018) . - p.424-443 Mots-clés : Autism spectrum disorders  intervention  neurobiology  parent training  parent-child interaction Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : BACKGROUND: There has been recent systematic review of key evidence in psychosocial intervention in autism but little review of biological treatments. METHODS: We analyse the current literature from the perspective of intervention and mechanism targets across social and biological development. RESULTS: The overall quality of trials evidence in autism intervention remains relatively low, despite some recent progress. Many treatments in common use have little or no evidence base. This is very concerning in such an important disorder. A variety of psychosocial interventions can show effect to improve some short-term effects on children's immediate dyadic social interactions, for instance with caregivers. But showing true effectiveness in this developmental disorder requires generalisation of such effects into wider social contexts, on autism symptoms and in long-term progress in development. Only a few interventions so far have begun to show this. A number of early phase interventions on biological targets have shown real promise, but none has yet progressed to larger scale effectiveness trials on behavioural or symptom outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: There has been enough progress in psychosocial intervention research now to be able to begin to identify some evidence-based practice in autism treatment. To consolidate and improve outcomes, the next phase of intervention research needs improved trial design, and an iterative approach building on success. It may also include the testing of potential synergies between promising biological and psychosocial interventions. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12892 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=353

Commentary: We've only just begun: unravelling the underlying genetics of neurodevelopmental disorders – a commentary on Kiser et al. () / David COGHILL in Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 56-3 (March 2015)  

Public ISBD [article]  inJournal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry > 56-3 (March 2015) . - p.296-298 Titre : Commentary: We've only just begun: unravelling the underlying genetics of neurodevelopmental disorders – a commentary on Kiser et al. () Type de document : Texte imprimé et/ou numérique Auteurs : David COGHILL, Auteur Article en page(s) : p.296-298 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Neurodevelopmental disorders  genetic variations  genomics  neurobiology  shared cognitive deficits  de novo mutations Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Kiser and colleagues (this issue) have presented us with a comprehensive and bold review that describes current understanding of the genetic influences that underpin three of the most important neurodevelopmental disorders: attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and intellectual disability (ID), and explores several new avenues of thinking that are opening up based on this knowledge. Based on phenotypic overlap, comorbidity and a sharing of genetic and environmental risks they propose that ADHD, ASD and ID together form part of a continuum. The idea that disorders we have traditionally seen as being separate are in fact inter-related is, of course, not an entirely new one and indeed has similarly been proposed for the developmental disorders by Gillberg and in a more general way as a part of the NIMH Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) project. Where this review differs is in the authors’ attempts to look at several possible mechanisms for these. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12399 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=260 [article] Commentary: We've only just begun: unravelling the underlying genetics of neurodevelopmental disorders – a commentary on Kiser et al. () [Texte imprimé et/ou numérique] / David COGHILL, Auteur . - p.296-298. Langues : Anglais (eng) in Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry > 56-3 (March 2015) . - p.296-298 Mots-clés : Neurodevelopmental disorders  genetic variations  genomics  neurobiology  shared cognitive deficits  de novo mutations Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Kiser and colleagues (this issue) have presented us with a comprehensive and bold review that describes current understanding of the genetic influences that underpin three of the most important neurodevelopmental disorders: attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and intellectual disability (ID), and explores several new avenues of thinking that are opening up based on this knowledge. Based on phenotypic overlap, comorbidity and a sharing of genetic and environmental risks they propose that ADHD, ASD and ID together form part of a continuum. The idea that disorders we have traditionally seen as being separate are in fact inter-related is, of course, not an entirely new one and indeed has similarly been proposed for the developmental disorders by Gillberg and in a more general way as a part of the NIMH Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) project. Where this review differs is in the authors’ attempts to look at several possible mechanisms for these. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12399 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=260

Editorial Commentary: Resilience in child development – interconnected pathways to wellbeing / Catherine PANTER-BRICK in Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 54-4 (April 2013)  

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Enhanced Cortisol Response to Stress in Children in Autism / Eve SPRATT in Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 42-1 (January 2012)  

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Rett Syndrome: Clinical Aspects / Daniel C. TARQUINIO  

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