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Auteur Francesca HAPPE |
Documents disponibles écrits par cet auteur (78)
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A comparison of self-report and discrepancy measures of camouflaging: Exploring sex differences in diagnosed autistic versus high autistic trait young adults / Victoria MILNER in Autism Research, 16-3 (March 2023)
[article]
Titre : A comparison of self-report and discrepancy measures of camouflaging: Exploring sex differences in diagnosed autistic versus high autistic trait young adults Type de document : Texte imprimé et/ou numérique Auteurs : Victoria MILNER, Auteur ; Emma COLVERT, Auteur ; William MANDY, Auteur ; Francesca HAPPE, Auteur Article en page(s) : p.580-590 Langues : Anglais (eng) Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Abstract Camouflaging describes masking or compensating for autistic traits and/or related difficulties. Some evidence suggests autistic females camouflage more than autistic males, potentially contributing to delayed or missed diagnosis. Studies predominantly adopt self-report measures of camouflaging, potentially reflecting a person's intent to camouflage without accurately measuring effectiveness (i.e., success in fulfilling the intended effect of minimizing the appearance of autistic traits) of camouflaging. Discrepancy scores between underlying cognitive difficulties (e.g., theory of mind) and observed autistic traits (henceforth camoToM), or between self-reported autistic traits and observed autistic traits (henceforth camoSRS), may provide a more accurate measure of camouflaging effectiveness. Three measures of camouflaging administered to autistic males (n = 46) and females (n = 40), and adults with equally high levels of autistic traits but no diagnosis (n = 45 males, n = 43 females) recruited from a large population-based sample were compared. Self-report measures of camouflaging were significantly correlated with camoSRS scores only. Both discrepancy scores were correlated with each other. Adults with high autistic traits, but no diagnosis, had higher discrepancy camouflaging scores than diagnosed adults, but self-reported scores were similar. Diagnosed females scored higher than diagnosed males across all camouflaging measures, but no sex difference occurred in the high trait group. This might indicate that autistic females have higher intentions and greater effectiveness when camouflaging, compared with autistic males. For camoSRS only, high trait males scored significantly higher than diagnosed males; no group difference occurred for females. These results suggest that, despite all participants intending to camouflage to some extent, effective camouflaging as measured by discrepancy scores is higher in undiagnosed high autistic trait individuals. One interpretation is that effective camouflaging reduces the likelihood of autism diagnosis in males and females with high autistic traits. En ligne : https://doi.org/10.1002/aur.2873 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=498
in Autism Research > 16-3 (March 2023) . - p.580-590[article] A comparison of self-report and discrepancy measures of camouflaging: Exploring sex differences in diagnosed autistic versus high autistic trait young adults [Texte imprimé et/ou numérique] / Victoria MILNER, Auteur ; Emma COLVERT, Auteur ; William MANDY, Auteur ; Francesca HAPPE, Auteur . - p.580-590.
Langues : Anglais (eng)
in Autism Research > 16-3 (March 2023) . - p.580-590
Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Abstract Camouflaging describes masking or compensating for autistic traits and/or related difficulties. Some evidence suggests autistic females camouflage more than autistic males, potentially contributing to delayed or missed diagnosis. Studies predominantly adopt self-report measures of camouflaging, potentially reflecting a person's intent to camouflage without accurately measuring effectiveness (i.e., success in fulfilling the intended effect of minimizing the appearance of autistic traits) of camouflaging. Discrepancy scores between underlying cognitive difficulties (e.g., theory of mind) and observed autistic traits (henceforth camoToM), or between self-reported autistic traits and observed autistic traits (henceforth camoSRS), may provide a more accurate measure of camouflaging effectiveness. Three measures of camouflaging administered to autistic males (n = 46) and females (n = 40), and adults with equally high levels of autistic traits but no diagnosis (n = 45 males, n = 43 females) recruited from a large population-based sample were compared. Self-report measures of camouflaging were significantly correlated with camoSRS scores only. Both discrepancy scores were correlated with each other. Adults with high autistic traits, but no diagnosis, had higher discrepancy camouflaging scores than diagnosed adults, but self-reported scores were similar. Diagnosed females scored higher than diagnosed males across all camouflaging measures, but no sex difference occurred in the high trait group. This might indicate that autistic females have higher intentions and greater effectiveness when camouflaging, compared with autistic males. For camoSRS only, high trait males scored significantly higher than diagnosed males; no group difference occurred for females. These results suggest that, despite all participants intending to camouflage to some extent, effective camouflaging as measured by discrepancy scores is higher in undiagnosed high autistic trait individuals. One interpretation is that effective camouflaging reduces the likelihood of autism diagnosis in males and females with high autistic traits. En ligne : https://doi.org/10.1002/aur.2873 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=498 A Conceptual Framework for Understanding the Cultural and Contextual Factors on Autism Across the Globe / Anne DE LEEUW in Autism Research, 13-7 (July 2020)
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Titre : A Conceptual Framework for Understanding the Cultural and Contextual Factors on Autism Across the Globe Type de document : Texte imprimé et/ou numérique Auteurs : Anne DE LEEUW, Auteur ; Francesca HAPPE, Auteur ; Rosa A. HOEKSTRA, Auteur Article en page(s) : p.1029-1050 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : autism culture diagnosis low- and middle-income countries screening Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Autism research is heavily skewed toward western high-income countries. Culturally appropriate screening and diagnostic instruments for autism are lacking in most low- and middle-income settings where the majority of the global autism population lives. To date, a clear overview of the possible cultural and contextual factors that may affect the process of identifying and diagnosing individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) is missing. This study aims to outline these factors by proposing a conceptual framework. A multidisciplinary review approach was applied to inform the development of the conceptual framework, combining a systematic review of the relevant autism research literature with a wider literature search spanning key texts in global mental health, cultural psychiatry, cross-cultural psychology, and intellectual disability research. The resulting conceptual framework considers the identification, help-seeking, and diagnostic process at four interrelated levels: (a) the expression; (b) recognition; (c) interpretation; and (d) reporting of autism symptoms, and describes the cultural and contextual factors associated with each of these levels, including cultural norms of typical and atypical behavior, culture-specific approaches to parenting, mental health literacy, cultural beliefs, attitudes and stigma, as well as the affordability, availability, accessibility, and acceptability of services. This framework, mapping out the cultural and contextual factors that can affect the identification, help-seeking, and diagnosis of ASD may function as a springboard for the development of culturally appropriate autism screening and diagnostic instruments, and inform future cross-cultural autism research directions. The framework also has relevance for clinicians and policy makers aiming to improve support for underserved autism populations worldwide. Autism Res 2020, 13: 1029-1050. © 2020 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc. LAY SUMMARY: The vast majority of autism research is conducted in western high-income settings. We therefore know relatively little of how culture and context can affect the identification, help-seeking, and diagnosis of autism across the globe. This study synthesizes what is known from the autism research literature and a broader literature and maps out how culture and context may affect (a) the expression, (b) recognition, (c) interpretation, and (d) reporting of autism symptoms. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aur.2276 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=429
in Autism Research > 13-7 (July 2020) . - p.1029-1050[article] A Conceptual Framework for Understanding the Cultural and Contextual Factors on Autism Across the Globe [Texte imprimé et/ou numérique] / Anne DE LEEUW, Auteur ; Francesca HAPPE, Auteur ; Rosa A. HOEKSTRA, Auteur . - p.1029-1050.
Langues : Anglais (eng)
in Autism Research > 13-7 (July 2020) . - p.1029-1050
Mots-clés : autism culture diagnosis low- and middle-income countries screening Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Autism research is heavily skewed toward western high-income countries. Culturally appropriate screening and diagnostic instruments for autism are lacking in most low- and middle-income settings where the majority of the global autism population lives. To date, a clear overview of the possible cultural and contextual factors that may affect the process of identifying and diagnosing individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) is missing. This study aims to outline these factors by proposing a conceptual framework. A multidisciplinary review approach was applied to inform the development of the conceptual framework, combining a systematic review of the relevant autism research literature with a wider literature search spanning key texts in global mental health, cultural psychiatry, cross-cultural psychology, and intellectual disability research. The resulting conceptual framework considers the identification, help-seeking, and diagnostic process at four interrelated levels: (a) the expression; (b) recognition; (c) interpretation; and (d) reporting of autism symptoms, and describes the cultural and contextual factors associated with each of these levels, including cultural norms of typical and atypical behavior, culture-specific approaches to parenting, mental health literacy, cultural beliefs, attitudes and stigma, as well as the affordability, availability, accessibility, and acceptability of services. This framework, mapping out the cultural and contextual factors that can affect the identification, help-seeking, and diagnosis of ASD may function as a springboard for the development of culturally appropriate autism screening and diagnostic instruments, and inform future cross-cultural autism research directions. The framework also has relevance for clinicians and policy makers aiming to improve support for underserved autism populations worldwide. Autism Res 2020, 13: 1029-1050. © 2020 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc. LAY SUMMARY: The vast majority of autism research is conducted in western high-income settings. We therefore know relatively little of how culture and context can affect the identification, help-seeking, and diagnosis of autism across the globe. This study synthesizes what is known from the autism research literature and a broader literature and maps out how culture and context may affect (a) the expression, (b) recognition, (c) interpretation, and (d) reporting of autism symptoms. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aur.2276 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=429
[article]
Titre : Decision-making in autism: A narrative review Type de document : Texte imprimé et/ou numérique Auteurs : Elisa VAN DER PLAS, Auteur ; David MASON, Auteur ; Francesca HAPPE, Auteur Article en page(s) : p.1532-1546 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : autism spectrum condition;mentalising;metacognition;perceptual decision-making Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Autistic people often have an atypical profile of abilities: while excelling in some structured paradigms, many report difficulties with making real-life decisions. To test whether decision-making in autism is different from in typically developing controls, we reviewed 104 studies that compared decision-making performance between autistic and comparison participants (N=2712 autistic and N=3189 comparison participants) between 1998 and 2022. Our searches revealed four main decision-making paradigms that are widely used in the field of decision neuroscience: perceptual discrimination, reward learning, metacognition and value-based decision-making paradigm. Our synthesis highlights that perceptual processing and reward learning were similar between autistic and comparison participants, whereas value-based decision-making and metacognitive accuracy were often different between groups. Furthermore, decision-making differences were most pronounced when the autistic participant was explicitly probed to report on an internal belief, while implicit markers of the same decision (e.g. error-related response times) were usually not different. Our findings provide evidence in favour of a metacognitive explanation of decision-making atypicalities in autism.Lay summaryMany autistic people report difficulties with real-life decision-making. However, when doing decision-making tests in laboratory experiments, autistic people often perform as well or better than non-autistic people. We review previously published studies on autistic people?s decision-making, across different types of tests, to understand what type of decision-making is more challenging. To do this, we searched four databases of research papers. We found 104 studies that tested, in total, 2712 autistic and 3189 comparison participants on different decision-making tasks. We found that there were four categories of decision-making tests that were used in these experiments: perceptual (e.g. deciding which image has the most dots); reward learning (e.g. learning which deck of cards gives the best reward); metacognition (e.g. knowing how well you perform or what you want); and value-based (e.g. making a decision based on a choice between two outcomes that differ in value to you). Overall, these studies suggest that autistic and comparison participants tend to perform similarly well at perceptual and reward-learning decisions. However, autistic participants tended to decide differently from comparison participants on metacognition and value-based paradigms. This suggests that autistic people might differ from typically developing controls in how they evaluate their own performance and in how they make decisions based on weighing up the subjective value of two different options. We suggest these reflect more general differences in metacognition, thinking about thinking, in autism. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/13623613221148010 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=509
in Autism > 27-6 (August 2023) . - p.1532-1546[article] Decision-making in autism: A narrative review [Texte imprimé et/ou numérique] / Elisa VAN DER PLAS, Auteur ; David MASON, Auteur ; Francesca HAPPE, Auteur . - p.1532-1546.
Langues : Anglais (eng)
in Autism > 27-6 (August 2023) . - p.1532-1546
Mots-clés : autism spectrum condition;mentalising;metacognition;perceptual decision-making Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Autistic people often have an atypical profile of abilities: while excelling in some structured paradigms, many report difficulties with making real-life decisions. To test whether decision-making in autism is different from in typically developing controls, we reviewed 104 studies that compared decision-making performance between autistic and comparison participants (N=2712 autistic and N=3189 comparison participants) between 1998 and 2022. Our searches revealed four main decision-making paradigms that are widely used in the field of decision neuroscience: perceptual discrimination, reward learning, metacognition and value-based decision-making paradigm. Our synthesis highlights that perceptual processing and reward learning were similar between autistic and comparison participants, whereas value-based decision-making and metacognitive accuracy were often different between groups. Furthermore, decision-making differences were most pronounced when the autistic participant was explicitly probed to report on an internal belief, while implicit markers of the same decision (e.g. error-related response times) were usually not different. Our findings provide evidence in favour of a metacognitive explanation of decision-making atypicalities in autism.Lay summaryMany autistic people report difficulties with real-life decision-making. However, when doing decision-making tests in laboratory experiments, autistic people often perform as well or better than non-autistic people. We review previously published studies on autistic people?s decision-making, across different types of tests, to understand what type of decision-making is more challenging. To do this, we searched four databases of research papers. We found 104 studies that tested, in total, 2712 autistic and 3189 comparison participants on different decision-making tasks. We found that there were four categories of decision-making tests that were used in these experiments: perceptual (e.g. deciding which image has the most dots); reward learning (e.g. learning which deck of cards gives the best reward); metacognition (e.g. knowing how well you perform or what you want); and value-based (e.g. making a decision based on a choice between two outcomes that differ in value to you). Overall, these studies suggest that autistic and comparison participants tend to perform similarly well at perceptual and reward-learning decisions. However, autistic participants tended to decide differently from comparison participants on metacognition and value-based paradigms. This suggests that autistic people might differ from typically developing controls in how they evaluate their own performance and in how they make decisions based on weighing up the subjective value of two different options. We suggest these reflect more general differences in metacognition, thinking about thinking, in autism. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/13623613221148010 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=509 Demographic and Cognitive Profile of Individuals Seeking a Diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder in Adulthood / Francesca HAPPE in Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 46-11 (November 2016)
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Titre : Demographic and Cognitive Profile of Individuals Seeking a Diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder in Adulthood Type de document : Texte imprimé et/ou numérique Auteurs : Francesca HAPPE, Auteur ; Hassan MANSOUR, Auteur ; Pippa BARRETT, Auteur ; Tony BROWN, Auteur ; Patricia ABBOTT, Auteur ; Rebecca A. CHARLTON, Auteur Article en page(s) : p.3469-3480 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Adulthood Ageing Autism spectrum disorders Autism traits Diagnosis Psychiatric comorbidity Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Little is known about ageing with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). We examined the characteristics of adults referred to a specialist diagnostic centre for assessment of possible ASD, 100 of whom received an ASD diagnosis and 46 did not. Few demographic differences were noted between the groups. Comorbid psychiatric disorders were high in individuals with ASD (58 %) and non-ASD (59 %). Individuals who received an ASD diagnosis had higher self-rated severity of ASD traits than non-ASD individuals. Within the ASD group, older age was associated with higher ratings of ASD traits and better cognitive performance. One interpretation is that general cognitive ability and the development of coping strategies across the lifespan, do not necessarily reduce ASD traits but may mitigate their effects. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10803-016-2886-2 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=294
in Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders > 46-11 (November 2016) . - p.3469-3480[article] Demographic and Cognitive Profile of Individuals Seeking a Diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder in Adulthood [Texte imprimé et/ou numérique] / Francesca HAPPE, Auteur ; Hassan MANSOUR, Auteur ; Pippa BARRETT, Auteur ; Tony BROWN, Auteur ; Patricia ABBOTT, Auteur ; Rebecca A. CHARLTON, Auteur . - p.3469-3480.
Langues : Anglais (eng)
in Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders > 46-11 (November 2016) . - p.3469-3480
Mots-clés : Adulthood Ageing Autism spectrum disorders Autism traits Diagnosis Psychiatric comorbidity Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Little is known about ageing with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). We examined the characteristics of adults referred to a specialist diagnostic centre for assessment of possible ASD, 100 of whom received an ASD diagnosis and 46 did not. Few demographic differences were noted between the groups. Comorbid psychiatric disorders were high in individuals with ASD (58 %) and non-ASD (59 %). Individuals who received an ASD diagnosis had higher self-rated severity of ASD traits than non-ASD individuals. Within the ASD group, older age was associated with higher ratings of ASD traits and better cognitive performance. One interpretation is that general cognitive ability and the development of coping strategies across the lifespan, do not necessarily reduce ASD traits but may mitigate their effects. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10803-016-2886-2 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=294 Detecting changes in naturalistic scenes: contextual inconsistency does not influence spontaneous attention in high-functioning people with autism spectrum disorder / Eva LOTH in Autism Research, 1-3 (June 2008)
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Titre : Detecting changes in naturalistic scenes: contextual inconsistency does not influence spontaneous attention in high-functioning people with autism spectrum disorder Type de document : Texte imprimé et/ou numérique Auteurs : Eva LOTH, Auteur ; Francesca HAPPE, Auteur ; Juan-Carlos GOMEZ, Auteur Année de publication : 2008 Article en page(s) : p.179-188 Langues : Anglais (eng) Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are often reported to be good at detecting minute changes in the environment. This study tested two factors in this phenomenon; detail-focus and reduced top-down influence of scene-schema expectations on spontaneous attention to visual scene elements. Using a change blindness paradigm, adults with ASD and matched typically developing (TD) adults were presented with images of naturalistic scenes (e.g., living room). Scene changes involved three types of object substitution: an object was replaced with (i) an unexpected scene-unrelated object, (ii) a scene-related object of a different basic-level category, (iii) or a different exemplar of the original object category. Top-down effects of scene-schema expectations should render scene-unrelated (i) substitutions easiest to recognize; detail focus should increase detection of exemplar changes. The TD group showed the expected condition effects, detecting scene-unrelated substitutions significantly better than both types of scene-related changes. By contrast, the ASD group showed no condition effect, and was only significantly slower and less accurate than the TD group in detecting scene-unrelated objects. These findings suggest reduced influence of schematic expectations on spontaneous attention in individuals with ASD. Together with other factors, this may contribute to the tendency to notice irrelevant changes in the environment. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aur.19 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=931
in Autism Research > 1-3 (June 2008) . - p.179-188[article] Detecting changes in naturalistic scenes: contextual inconsistency does not influence spontaneous attention in high-functioning people with autism spectrum disorder [Texte imprimé et/ou numérique] / Eva LOTH, Auteur ; Francesca HAPPE, Auteur ; Juan-Carlos GOMEZ, Auteur . - 2008 . - p.179-188.
Langues : Anglais (eng)
in Autism Research > 1-3 (June 2008) . - p.179-188
Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are often reported to be good at detecting minute changes in the environment. This study tested two factors in this phenomenon; detail-focus and reduced top-down influence of scene-schema expectations on spontaneous attention to visual scene elements. Using a change blindness paradigm, adults with ASD and matched typically developing (TD) adults were presented with images of naturalistic scenes (e.g., living room). Scene changes involved three types of object substitution: an object was replaced with (i) an unexpected scene-unrelated object, (ii) a scene-related object of a different basic-level category, (iii) or a different exemplar of the original object category. Top-down effects of scene-schema expectations should render scene-unrelated (i) substitutions easiest to recognize; detail focus should increase detection of exemplar changes. The TD group showed the expected condition effects, detecting scene-unrelated substitutions significantly better than both types of scene-related changes. By contrast, the ASD group showed no condition effect, and was only significantly slower and less accurate than the TD group in detecting scene-unrelated objects. These findings suggest reduced influence of schematic expectations on spontaneous attention in individuals with ASD. Together with other factors, this may contribute to the tendency to notice irrelevant changes in the environment. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aur.19 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=931 Development of the ‘Extreme Demand Avoidance Questionnaire’ (EDA-Q): preliminary observations on a trait measure for Pathological Demand Avoidance / Elizabeth O'NIONS in Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 55-7 (July 2014)
PermalinkDiagnosing autism spectrum disorder in community settings using the Development and Well-Being Assessment: validation in a UK population-based twin sample / Fiona S. MCEWEN in Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 57-2 (February 2016)
PermalinkDimensional or Categorical Approaches to Autism? Both are Needed. A Reply to Nick Chown and Julia Leatherland / Francesca HAPPE in Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 51-2 (February 2021)
PermalinkDistinct Neurodevelopmental Trajectories in Groups of Very Preterm Children Screening Positively for Autism Spectrum Conditions / Lucy VANES ; Vyacheslav KAROLIS ; Dana KANEL ; Marguerite LEONI ; Francesca HAPPE ; A. David EDWARDS ; Serena J. COUNSELL ; Dafnis BATALLE ; Chiara NOSARTI in Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 54-1 (January 2024)
PermalinkDo High-Functioning People with Autism Spectrum Disorder Spontaneously Use Event Knowledge to Selectively Attend to and Remember Context-Relevant Aspects in Scenes? / Eva LOTH in Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 41-7 (July 2011)
PermalinkDoes camouflaging predict age at autism diagnosis? A comparison of autistic men and women / Victoria MILNER in Autism Research, 17-3 (March 2024)
PermalinkErratum to: A Clinical Assessment Tool for Advanced Theory of Mind Performance in 5 to 12 Year Olds / Anne O'HARE in Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 40-6 (June 2010)
PermalinkEvent Schemas in Autism Spectrum Disorders: The Role of Theory of Mind and Weak Central Coherence / Eva LOTH in Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 38-3 (March 2008)
PermalinkEveryday Memory’ Impairments in Autism Spectrum Disorders / Catherine R. G. JONES in Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 41-4 (April 2011)
PermalinkEvidence of Reduced Global Processing in Autism Spectrum Disorder / R. D. L. BOOTH in Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 48-4 (April 2018)
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