Atypical gaze patterns in autistic adults are heterogeneous across but reliable within individuals / Umit KELES in Molecular Autism, 13 (2022)  

Public ISBD [article]  inMolecular Autism > 13 (2022) . - 39 p. Titre : Atypical gaze patterns in autistic adults are heterogeneous across but reliable within individuals Type de document : Texte imprimé et/ou numérique Auteurs : Umit KELES, Auteur ; Dorit KLIEMANN, Auteur ; Lisa BYRGE, Auteur ; Heini SAARIMAKI, Auteur ; Lynn K. PAUL, Auteur ; Daniel P. KENNEDY, Auteur ; Ralph ADOLPHS, Auteur Article en page(s) : 39 p. Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Adult  Autism Spectrum Disorder/diagnosis  Autistic Disorder/diagnosis  Fixation, Ocular  Humans  Autism  Eye tracking  Heterogeneity  Individual differences  Videos Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : BACKGROUND: Across behavioral studies, autistic individuals show greater variability than typically developing individuals. However, it remains unknown to what extent this variability arises from heterogeneity across individuals, or from unreliability within individuals. Here, we focus on eye tracking, which provides rich dependent measures that have been used extensively in studies of autism. Autistic individuals have an atypical gaze onto both static visual images and dynamic videos that could be leveraged for diagnostic purposes if the above open question could be addressed. METHODS: We tested three competing hypotheses: (1) that gaze patterns of autistic individuals are less reliable or noisier than those of controls, (2) that atypical gaze patterns are individually reliable but heterogeneous across autistic individuals, or (3) that atypical gaze patterns are individually reliable and also homogeneous among autistic individuals. We collected desktop-based eye tracking data from two different full-length television sitcom episodes, at two independent sites (Caltech and Indiana University), in a total of over 150 adult participants (N=48 autistic individuals with IQ in the normal range, 105 controls) and quantified gaze onto features of the videos using automated computer vision-based feature extraction. RESULTS: We found support for the second of these hypotheses. Autistic people and controls showed equivalently reliable gaze onto specific features of videos, such as faces, so much so that individuals could be identified significantly above chance using a fingerprinting approach from video epochs as short as 2 min. However, classification of participants into diagnostic groups based on their eye tracking data failed to produce clear group classifications, due to heterogeneity in the autistic group. LIMITATIONS: Three limitations are the relatively small sample size, assessment across only two videos (from the same television series), and the absence of other dependent measures (e.g., neuroimaging or genetics) that might have revealed individual-level variability that was not evident with eye tracking. Future studies should expand to larger samples across longer longitudinal epochs, an aim that is now becoming feasible with Internet- and phone-based eye tracking. CONCLUSIONS: These findings pave the way for the investigation of autism subtypes, and for elucidating the specific visual features that best discriminate gaze patterns-directions that will also combine with and inform neuroimaging and genetic studies of this complex disorder. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13229-022-00517-2 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=491 [article] Atypical gaze patterns in autistic adults are heterogeneous across but reliable within individuals [Texte imprimé et/ou numérique] / Umit KELES, Auteur ; Dorit KLIEMANN, Auteur ; Lisa BYRGE, Auteur ; Heini SAARIMAKI, Auteur ; Lynn K. PAUL, Auteur ; Daniel P. KENNEDY, Auteur ; Ralph ADOLPHS, Auteur . - 39 p. Langues : Anglais (eng) in Molecular Autism > 13 (2022) . - 39 p. Mots-clés : Adult  Autism Spectrum Disorder/diagnosis  Autistic Disorder/diagnosis  Fixation, Ocular  Humans  Autism  Eye tracking  Heterogeneity  Individual differences  Videos Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : BACKGROUND: Across behavioral studies, autistic individuals show greater variability than typically developing individuals. However, it remains unknown to what extent this variability arises from heterogeneity across individuals, or from unreliability within individuals. Here, we focus on eye tracking, which provides rich dependent measures that have been used extensively in studies of autism. Autistic individuals have an atypical gaze onto both static visual images and dynamic videos that could be leveraged for diagnostic purposes if the above open question could be addressed. METHODS: We tested three competing hypotheses: (1) that gaze patterns of autistic individuals are less reliable or noisier than those of controls, (2) that atypical gaze patterns are individually reliable but heterogeneous across autistic individuals, or (3) that atypical gaze patterns are individually reliable and also homogeneous among autistic individuals. We collected desktop-based eye tracking data from two different full-length television sitcom episodes, at two independent sites (Caltech and Indiana University), in a total of over 150 adult participants (N=48 autistic individuals with IQ in the normal range, 105 controls) and quantified gaze onto features of the videos using automated computer vision-based feature extraction. RESULTS: We found support for the second of these hypotheses. Autistic people and controls showed equivalently reliable gaze onto specific features of videos, such as faces, so much so that individuals could be identified significantly above chance using a fingerprinting approach from video epochs as short as 2 min. However, classification of participants into diagnostic groups based on their eye tracking data failed to produce clear group classifications, due to heterogeneity in the autistic group. LIMITATIONS: Three limitations are the relatively small sample size, assessment across only two videos (from the same television series), and the absence of other dependent measures (e.g., neuroimaging or genetics) that might have revealed individual-level variability that was not evident with eye tracking. Future studies should expand to larger samples across longer longitudinal epochs, an aim that is now becoming feasible with Internet- and phone-based eye tracking. CONCLUSIONS: These findings pave the way for the investigation of autism subtypes, and for elucidating the specific visual features that best discriminate gaze patterns-directions that will also combine with and inform neuroimaging and genetic studies of this complex disorder. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13229-022-00517-2 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=491

Smartphone-based gaze estimation for in-home autism research / Junfeng HE ; Qianying WU ; Na DAI ; Kai KOHLHOFF ; Jasmin TURNER ; Lynn K. PAUL ; Daniel P. KENNEDY ; Ralph ADOLPHS ; Vidhya NAVALPAKKAM in Autism Research, 17-6 (June 2024)  

Public ISBD [article]  inAutism Research > 17-6 (June 2024) . - p.1140-1148 Titre : Smartphone-based gaze estimation for in-home autism research Type de document : Texte imprimé et/ou numérique Auteurs : Junfeng HE, Auteur ; Qianying WU, Auteur ; Na DAI, Auteur ; Kai KOHLHOFF, Auteur ; Jasmin TURNER, Auteur ; Lynn K. PAUL, Auteur ; Daniel P. KENNEDY, Auteur ; Ralph ADOLPHS, Auteur ; Vidhya NAVALPAKKAM, Auteur Article en page(s) : p.1140-1148 Langues : Anglais (eng) Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Abstract Atypical gaze patterns are a promising biomarker of autism spectrum disorder. To measure gaze accurately, however, it typically requires highly controlled studies in the laboratory using specialized equipment that is often expensive, thereby limiting the scalability of these approaches. Here we test whether a recently developed smartphone-based gaze estimation method could overcome such limitations and take advantage of the ubiquity of smartphones. As a proof-of-principle, we measured gaze while a small sample of well-assessed autistic participants and controls watched videos on a smartphone, both in the laboratory (with lab personnel) and in remote home settings (alone). We demonstrate that gaze data can be efficiently collected, in-home and longitudinally by participants themselves, with sufficiently high accuracy (gaze estimation error below 1° visual angle on average) for quantitative, feature-based analysis. Using this approach, we show that autistic individuals have reduced gaze time on human faces and longer gaze time on non-social features in the background, thereby reproducing established findings in autism using just smartphones and no additional hardware. Our approach provides a foundation for scaling future research with larger and more representative participant groups at vastly reduced cost, also enabling better inclusion of underserved communities. En ligne : https://doi.org/10.1002/aur.3140 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=531 [article] Smartphone-based gaze estimation for in-home autism research [Texte imprimé et/ou numérique] / Junfeng HE, Auteur ; Qianying WU, Auteur ; Na DAI, Auteur ; Kai KOHLHOFF, Auteur ; Jasmin TURNER, Auteur ; Lynn K. PAUL, Auteur ; Daniel P. KENNEDY, Auteur ; Ralph ADOLPHS, Auteur ; Vidhya NAVALPAKKAM, Auteur . - p.1140-1148. Langues : Anglais (eng) in Autism Research > 17-6 (June 2024) . - p.1140-1148 Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Abstract Atypical gaze patterns are a promising biomarker of autism spectrum disorder. To measure gaze accurately, however, it typically requires highly controlled studies in the laboratory using specialized equipment that is often expensive, thereby limiting the scalability of these approaches. Here we test whether a recently developed smartphone-based gaze estimation method could overcome such limitations and take advantage of the ubiquity of smartphones. As a proof-of-principle, we measured gaze while a small sample of well-assessed autistic participants and controls watched videos on a smartphone, both in the laboratory (with lab personnel) and in remote home settings (alone). We demonstrate that gaze data can be efficiently collected, in-home and longitudinally by participants themselves, with sufficiently high accuracy (gaze estimation error below 1° visual angle on average) for quantitative, feature-based analysis. Using this approach, we show that autistic individuals have reduced gaze time on human faces and longer gaze time on non-social features in the background, thereby reproducing established findings in autism using just smartphones and no additional hardware. Our approach provides a foundation for scaling future research with larger and more representative participant groups at vastly reduced cost, also enabling better inclusion of underserved communities. En ligne : https://doi.org/10.1002/aur.3140 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=531

Violations of Personal Space in Young People with Autism Spectrum Disorders and Williams Syndrome: Insights from the Social Responsiveness Scale / Emma LOUGH in Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 45-12 (December 2015)  

Public ISBD [article]  inJournal of Autism and Developmental Disorders > 45-12 (December 2015) . - p.4101-4108 Titre : Violations of Personal Space in Young People with Autism Spectrum Disorders and Williams Syndrome: Insights from the Social Responsiveness Scale Type de document : Texte imprimé et/ou numérique Auteurs : Emma LOUGH, Auteur ; Mary HANLEY, Auteur ; Jacqui RODGERS, Auteur ; Mikle SOUTH, Auteur ; Hannah KIRK, Auteur ; Daniel P. KENNEDY, Auteur ; Deborah M. RIBY, Auteur Article en page(s) : p.4101-4108 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Personal space  Social distance  Autism  Williams syndrome  Social behaviour Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Interpersonal distance regulation is crucial for successful social interactions. We investigated personal space awareness in Williams syndrome (WS) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) compared to typical development. Parents reported that individuals with WS and ASD were significantly more likely than those developing typically to invade the personal space of others. WS individuals were reported to have the least awareness of the personal space boundaries of others. Despite the suggested opposing social profiles of WS and ASD, some similarities are present in the ability, or indeed inability, to regulate interpersonal distance during social interactions. Findings are discussed in relation to implications of atypical amygdala function, inhibitory control and anxiety on real-world behaviour for such socially vulnerable groups. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10803-015-2536-0 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=274 [article] Violations of Personal Space in Young People with Autism Spectrum Disorders and Williams Syndrome: Insights from the Social Responsiveness Scale [Texte imprimé et/ou numérique] / Emma LOUGH, Auteur ; Mary HANLEY, Auteur ; Jacqui RODGERS, Auteur ; Mikle SOUTH, Auteur ; Hannah KIRK, Auteur ; Daniel P. KENNEDY, Auteur ; Deborah M. RIBY, Auteur . - p.4101-4108. Langues : Anglais (eng) in Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders > 45-12 (December 2015) . - p.4101-4108 Mots-clés : Personal space  Social distance  Autism  Williams syndrome  Social behaviour Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Interpersonal distance regulation is crucial for successful social interactions. We investigated personal space awareness in Williams syndrome (WS) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) compared to typical development. Parents reported that individuals with WS and ASD were significantly more likely than those developing typically to invade the personal space of others. WS individuals were reported to have the least awareness of the personal space boundaries of others. Despite the suggested opposing social profiles of WS and ASD, some similarities are present in the ability, or indeed inability, to regulate interpersonal distance during social interactions. Findings are discussed in relation to implications of atypical amygdala function, inhibitory control and anxiety on real-world behaviour for such socially vulnerable groups. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10803-015-2536-0 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=274

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