Autism Spectrum Disorder and Gender Dysphoria/Incongruence. A systematic Literature Review and Meta-Analysis / Aimilia KALLITSOUNAKI in Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 53-8 (August 2023)  

Public ISBD [article]  inJournal of Autism and Developmental Disorders > 53-8 (August 2023) . - p.3103-3117 Titre : Autism Spectrum Disorder and Gender Dysphoria/Incongruence. A systematic Literature Review and Meta-Analysis Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Aimilia KALLITSOUNAKI, Auteur ; David M. WILLIAMS, Auteur Article en page(s) : p.3103-3117 Langues : Anglais (eng) Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : The suggested overlap between autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and gender dysphoria/incongruence (GD/GI) has been much disputed. This review showed a relationship between ASD traits and GD feelings in the general population and a high prevalence of GD/GI in ASD. Our meta-analyses revealed that the pooled estimate of the prevalence of ASD diagnoses in GD/GI people was 11% (p < .001) and the overall effect size of the difference in ASD traits between GD/GI and control people was significant (g 0.67, p < .001). Heterogeneity was high in both meta-analyses. We demonstrated that the chances that there is not a link between ASD and GD/GI are negligible, yet the size of it needs further investigation. En ligne : https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-022-05517-y Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=508 [article] Autism Spectrum Disorder and Gender Dysphoria/Incongruence. A systematic Literature Review and Meta-Analysis [texte imprimé] / Aimilia KALLITSOUNAKI, Auteur ; David M. WILLIAMS, Auteur . - p.3103-3117. Langues : Anglais (eng) in Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders > 53-8 (August 2023) . - p.3103-3117 Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : The suggested overlap between autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and gender dysphoria/incongruence (GD/GI) has been much disputed. This review showed a relationship between ASD traits and GD feelings in the general population and a high prevalence of GD/GI in ASD. Our meta-analyses revealed that the pooled estimate of the prevalence of ASD diagnoses in GD/GI people was 11% (p < .001) and the overall effect size of the difference in ASD traits between GD/GI and control people was significant (g 0.67, p < .001). Heterogeneity was high in both meta-analyses. We demonstrated that the chances that there is not a link between ASD and GD/GI are negligible, yet the size of it needs further investigation. En ligne : https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-022-05517-y Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=508

Behavioural phenotypes of autism in autistic and nonautistic gender clinic-referred youth and their caregivers / Aimilia KALLITSOUNAKI in Autism, 30-1 (January 2026)  

Public ISBD [article]  inAutism > 30-1 (January 2026) . - p.163-175 Titre : Behavioural phenotypes of autism in autistic and nonautistic gender clinic-referred youth and their caregivers Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Aimilia KALLITSOUNAKI, Auteur ; Matthew C. FYSH, Auteur ; David M. WILLIAMS, Auteur ; Lauren SPINNER, Auteur ; Eilis KENNEDY, Auteur Article en page(s) : p.163-175 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : ASD  autism traits  familial aggregation of autism  gender diversity  gender referrals in youth Résumé : In recent years, referrals of youth to specialised gender services have risen sharply, with ~11% of these youth diagnosed as autistic compared with a general population rate of ~1%. In two preregistered studies, we addressed this insufficiently understood intersection. In Study 1, we examined the number and developmental trajectory of autism traits in autistic and nonautistic gender clinic-referred and cisgender youth (aged 7–16 years) using both screening measures (Autism-Spectrum Quotient Children’s Version and Autism-Spectrum Quotient Adolescent Version, Social Communication Questionnaire–Lifetime) and diagnostic tools (Autism Diagnostic Interview–Revised, Brief Observation of Symptoms of Autism). In Study 2, we examined autism traits among the caregivers of participants from each group using the Autism-Spectrum Quotient Adolescent Version. Study 1 results showed the autism phenotype in autistic gender clinic-referred youth closely resembled that of their cisgender autistic peers. In addition, after addressing methodological limitations in previous research, we found no evidence of elevated autism traits in nonautistic gender clinic-referred youth, challenging findings of some earlier studies. Study 2 provided evidence of familial aggregation of both autism traits and diagnoses among caregivers of both autistic gender clinic-referred and cisgender participants. Taken together, these findings challenge the hypothesis that autism in gender-diverse youth is merely a ‘phenomimic’ of autism and provide valuable clinical insights into the presentation of autism in this population.Lay abstract In recent years, more young people have been referred to specialised gender clinics for support with their gender identity. Interestingly, about 11% of these young people are also diagnosed with autism–much higher than the general population rate of only around 1%. This overlap has raised important questions about how autism and gender diversity are related, and even whether autism traits in gender-diverse people with an autism diagnosis really reflect autism. In this research, we carried out two studies to understand this link better. In the first study, we looked at autism traits in gender-diverse children and adolescents aged 7–16 years who were referred to a gender clinic for issues with their gender identity. We compared them with both autistic and nonautistic children who were not referred to gender services. We used several standard tools to assess autism-related traits, including both questionnaires and clinical interviews. We found that gender-diverse youth who were also autistic showed similar patterns of autism traits as cisgender autistic children who were not exploring their gender. Importantly, nonautistic gender-diverse youth did not show unusually high levels of autism traits, which challenges some earlier studies that suggested they might. In the second study, we explored autism traits in the caregivers (mostly mothers) of the young people in our first study. We found that caregivers of autistic children–whether the children were gender-diverse or not–were more likely to be autistic than the caregivers of nonautistic children. Moreover, even nonautistic caregivers of autistic children displayed more autism traits than caregivers of nonautistic children, irrespective of whether their child was gender-diverse or not. Overall, our findings challenge the idea that autism in gender-diverse youth is just a mimic of ‘true’ autism caused by gender-related stress or experiences. Instead, the results point to genuine autism that presents in a typical way. This research provides important insights for clinicians and families, and highlights the need to take the gender-related concerns of autistic children as seriously as of nonautistic children. En ligne : https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/13623613251379920 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=578 [article] Behavioural phenotypes of autism in autistic and nonautistic gender clinic-referred youth and their caregivers [texte imprimé] / Aimilia KALLITSOUNAKI, Auteur ; Matthew C. FYSH, Auteur ; David M. WILLIAMS, Auteur ; Lauren SPINNER, Auteur ; Eilis KENNEDY, Auteur . - p.163-175. Langues : Anglais (eng) in Autism > 30-1 (January 2026) . - p.163-175 Mots-clés : ASD  autism traits  familial aggregation of autism  gender diversity  gender referrals in youth Résumé : In recent years, referrals of youth to specialised gender services have risen sharply, with ~11% of these youth diagnosed as autistic compared with a general population rate of ~1%. In two preregistered studies, we addressed this insufficiently understood intersection. In Study 1, we examined the number and developmental trajectory of autism traits in autistic and nonautistic gender clinic-referred and cisgender youth (aged 7–16 years) using both screening measures (Autism-Spectrum Quotient Children’s Version and Autism-Spectrum Quotient Adolescent Version, Social Communication Questionnaire–Lifetime) and diagnostic tools (Autism Diagnostic Interview–Revised, Brief Observation of Symptoms of Autism). In Study 2, we examined autism traits among the caregivers of participants from each group using the Autism-Spectrum Quotient Adolescent Version. Study 1 results showed the autism phenotype in autistic gender clinic-referred youth closely resembled that of their cisgender autistic peers. In addition, after addressing methodological limitations in previous research, we found no evidence of elevated autism traits in nonautistic gender clinic-referred youth, challenging findings of some earlier studies. Study 2 provided evidence of familial aggregation of both autism traits and diagnoses among caregivers of both autistic gender clinic-referred and cisgender participants. Taken together, these findings challenge the hypothesis that autism in gender-diverse youth is merely a ‘phenomimic’ of autism and provide valuable clinical insights into the presentation of autism in this population.Lay abstract In recent years, more young people have been referred to specialised gender clinics for support with their gender identity. Interestingly, about 11% of these young people are also diagnosed with autism–much higher than the general population rate of only around 1%. This overlap has raised important questions about how autism and gender diversity are related, and even whether autism traits in gender-diverse people with an autism diagnosis really reflect autism. In this research, we carried out two studies to understand this link better. In the first study, we looked at autism traits in gender-diverse children and adolescents aged 7–16 years who were referred to a gender clinic for issues with their gender identity. We compared them with both autistic and nonautistic children who were not referred to gender services. We used several standard tools to assess autism-related traits, including both questionnaires and clinical interviews. We found that gender-diverse youth who were also autistic showed similar patterns of autism traits as cisgender autistic children who were not exploring their gender. Importantly, nonautistic gender-diverse youth did not show unusually high levels of autism traits, which challenges some earlier studies that suggested they might. In the second study, we explored autism traits in the caregivers (mostly mothers) of the young people in our first study. We found that caregivers of autistic children–whether the children were gender-diverse or not–were more likely to be autistic than the caregivers of nonautistic children. Moreover, even nonautistic caregivers of autistic children displayed more autism traits than caregivers of nonautistic children, irrespective of whether their child was gender-diverse or not. Overall, our findings challenge the idea that autism in gender-diverse youth is just a mimic of ‘true’ autism caused by gender-related stress or experiences. Instead, the results point to genuine autism that presents in a typical way. This research provides important insights for clinicians and families, and highlights the need to take the gender-related concerns of autistic children as seriously as of nonautistic children. En ligne : https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/13623613251379920 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=578

Interoception is Impaired in Children, But Not Adults, with Autism Spectrum Disorder / Toby NICHOLSON in Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 49-9 (September 2019)  

Public ISBD [article]  inJournal of Autism and Developmental Disorders > 49-9 (September 2019) . - p.3625-3637 Titre : Interoception is Impaired in Children, But Not Adults, with Autism Spectrum Disorder Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Toby NICHOLSON, Auteur ; David WILLIAMS, Auteur ; Katie CARPENTER, Auteur ; Aimilia KALLITSOUNAKI, Auteur Année de publication : 2019 Article en page(s) : p.3625-3637 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Autism spectrum disorder  Developmental disorders  Interoception  Interoceptive accuracy Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Interoception (the ability to sense what's going on inside one's body) is considered integral to many higher-order cognitive processes. Some have speculated that impaired interoception may underpin some features of ASD. Yet, in Experiment 1, we found no evidence of a between-group difference in either cardiac or respiratory interoceptive accuracy among 21 adults with ASD and 21 matched controls. Bayesian analyses suggested the data strongly supported the null hypothesis. In Experiment 2, we measured cardiac interoceptive accuracy in 21 children with ASD and 21 matched controls. Here interoceptve accuracy was significantly diminished in the ASD group and was associated with a moderate-to-large effect size. Results suggest early interoception difficulties are resolved or compensated for by adulthood in people with ASD. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10803-019-04079-w Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=405 [article] Interoception is Impaired in Children, But Not Adults, with Autism Spectrum Disorder [texte imprimé] / Toby NICHOLSON, Auteur ; David WILLIAMS, Auteur ; Katie CARPENTER, Auteur ; Aimilia KALLITSOUNAKI, Auteur . - 2019 . - p.3625-3637. Langues : Anglais (eng) in Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders > 49-9 (September 2019) . - p.3625-3637 Mots-clés : Autism spectrum disorder  Developmental disorders  Interoception  Interoceptive accuracy Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Interoception (the ability to sense what's going on inside one's body) is considered integral to many higher-order cognitive processes. Some have speculated that impaired interoception may underpin some features of ASD. Yet, in Experiment 1, we found no evidence of a between-group difference in either cardiac or respiratory interoceptive accuracy among 21 adults with ASD and 21 matched controls. Bayesian analyses suggested the data strongly supported the null hypothesis. In Experiment 2, we measured cardiac interoceptive accuracy in 21 children with ASD and 21 matched controls. Here interoceptve accuracy was significantly diminished in the ASD group and was associated with a moderate-to-large effect size. Results suggest early interoception difficulties are resolved or compensated for by adulthood in people with ASD. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10803-019-04079-w Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=405

Links Between Autistic Traits, Feelings of Gender Dysphoria, and Mentalising Ability: Replication and Extension of Previous Findings from the General Population / Aimilia KALLITSOUNAKI in Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 51-5 (May 2021)  

Public ISBD [article]  inJournal of Autism and Developmental Disorders > 51-5 (May 2021) . - p.1458-1465 Titre : Links Between Autistic Traits, Feelings of Gender Dysphoria, and Mentalising Ability: Replication and Extension of Previous Findings from the General Population Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Aimilia KALLITSOUNAKI, Auteur ; David M. WILLIAMS, Auteur ; Sophie E. LIND, Auteur Article en page(s) : p.1458-1465 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Autism  Gender dysphoria  Gender identity  Mindreading  Replication  Theory of mind Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Gender nonconformity is substantially elevated in the autistic population, but the reasons for this are currently unclear. In a recent study, Kallitsounaki and Williams (Kallitsounaki and Williams, Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 2020; authors 1 and 2 of the current paper) found significant relations between autistic traits and both gender dysphoric feelings and recalled cross-gender behaviour, and between mentalising ability and gender dysphoric feelings. The current study successfully replicated these findings (results were supplemented with Bayesian analyses), in sample of 126 adults. Furthermore, it extended the previous finding of the role of mentalising in the relation between autistic traits and gender dysphoric feelings, by showing that mentalising fully mediated this link. Results provide a potential partial explanation for the increased rate of gender nonconformity in the autistic population. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10803-020-04626-w Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=445 [article] Links Between Autistic Traits, Feelings of Gender Dysphoria, and Mentalising Ability: Replication and Extension of Previous Findings from the General Population [texte imprimé] / Aimilia KALLITSOUNAKI, Auteur ; David M. WILLIAMS, Auteur ; Sophie E. LIND, Auteur . - p.1458-1465. Langues : Anglais (eng) in Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders > 51-5 (May 2021) . - p.1458-1465 Mots-clés : Autism  Gender dysphoria  Gender identity  Mindreading  Replication  Theory of mind Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Gender nonconformity is substantially elevated in the autistic population, but the reasons for this are currently unclear. In a recent study, Kallitsounaki and Williams (Kallitsounaki and Williams, Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 2020; authors 1 and 2 of the current paper) found significant relations between autistic traits and both gender dysphoric feelings and recalled cross-gender behaviour, and between mentalising ability and gender dysphoric feelings. The current study successfully replicated these findings (results were supplemented with Bayesian analyses), in sample of 126 adults. Furthermore, it extended the previous finding of the role of mentalising in the relation between autistic traits and gender dysphoric feelings, by showing that mentalising fully mediated this link. Results provide a potential partial explanation for the increased rate of gender nonconformity in the autistic population. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10803-020-04626-w Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=445

Mentalising Moderates the Link between Autism Traits and Current Gender Dysphoric Features in Primarily Non-autistic, Cisgender Individuals / Aimilia KALLITSOUNAKI in Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 50-11 (November 2020)  

Public ISBD [article]  inJournal of Autism and Developmental Disorders > 50-11 (November 2020) . - p.4148-4157 Titre : Mentalising Moderates the Link between Autism Traits and Current Gender Dysphoric Features in Primarily Non-autistic, Cisgender Individuals Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Aimilia KALLITSOUNAKI, Auteur ; David WILLIAMS, Auteur Article en page(s) : p.4148-4157 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Autism  Gender dysphoria  Gender identity  Mentalising  ToM Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : The co-occurrence between autism and gender dysphoria has received much attention recently. We found that, among 101 adults from the general population number of autism traits, as measured using the autism-spectrum quotient was associated significantly with recalled and current gender dysphoric traits. Furthermore, performance on an objective measure of mentalising, such as the "Reading the Mind in the Eyes" test was associated with current gender dysphoric traits, but most importantly it moderated the relation between number of autism traits and number of current gender dysphoric traits, such that the association was significant only when mentalising ability was relatively low. Results suggest mentalising may represent a contributing factor to the relation between autism and gender dysphoric traits in the general population. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10803-020-04478-4 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=432 [article] Mentalising Moderates the Link between Autism Traits and Current Gender Dysphoric Features in Primarily Non-autistic, Cisgender Individuals [texte imprimé] / Aimilia KALLITSOUNAKI, Auteur ; David WILLIAMS, Auteur . - p.4148-4157. Langues : Anglais (eng) in Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders > 50-11 (November 2020) . - p.4148-4157 Mots-clés : Autism  Gender dysphoria  Gender identity  Mentalising  ToM Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : The co-occurrence between autism and gender dysphoria has received much attention recently. We found that, among 101 adults from the general population number of autism traits, as measured using the autism-spectrum quotient was associated significantly with recalled and current gender dysphoric traits. Furthermore, performance on an objective measure of mentalising, such as the "Reading the Mind in the Eyes" test was associated with current gender dysphoric traits, but most importantly it moderated the relation between number of autism traits and number of current gender dysphoric traits, such that the association was significant only when mentalising ability was relatively low. Results suggest mentalising may represent a contributing factor to the relation between autism and gender dysphoric traits in the general population. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10803-020-04478-4 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=432

A Relation Between Autism Traits and Gender Self-concept: Evidence from Explicit and Implicit Measures / Aimilia KALLITSOUNAKI in Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 50-2 (February 2020)  

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