Atypical event-related potentials revealed during the passive parts of a Go-NoGo task in autism spectrum disorder: a case-control study / A.L. HOYLAND in Molecular Autism, 10 (2019)  

Public ISBD [article]  inMolecular Autism > 10 (2019) . - 10 p. Titre : Atypical event-related potentials revealed during the passive parts of a Go-NoGo task in autism spectrum disorder: a case-control study Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : A.L. HOYLAND, Auteur ; Terje NAERLAND, Auteur ; M. ENGSTROM, Auteur ; T. TORSKE, Auteur ; S. LYDERSEN, Auteur ; Ole A. ANDREASSEN, Auteur Article en page(s) : 10 p. Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : *asd  *erp  *n1  *P3a  *Passive condition  Research Ethics South East (2013/1236/REK South-East). Written informed consent  was obtained from participants and/ or parents necessary due to age.The authors  declare that they have no competing interests.Springer Nature remains neutral  with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional  affiliations. Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Background: The core features of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are easily recognizable in non-structured clinical and real-life situations. The features are often difficult to capture in structured laboratory settings, and the results from tests do not necessarily reflect symptom severity. We investigated neurophysiological processing in the passive parts of a cued Go-NoGo task, using the active parts of the test as a comparator. Methods: Forty-nine adolescents diagnosed with ASD and 49 typically developing (TD) adolescents (age 12-21 years) were included. Daily life executive function was assessed with the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF). We applied a visual cued Go-NoGo task and recorded event-related potentials (ERPs). We investigated occipital N1, a component related to early perception of visual stimuli, and P3a, a fronto-central component related to switching of attention, in the passive and active parts of the test. Results: During the passive parts, the ASD group had statistically significantly longer N1 latency (p < 0.001, Cohens d = 0.75) and enhanced amplitude of P3a (p = 0.002, Cohens d = 0.64) compared to the TD, while no significant differences were observed in the active parts. Both components correlated significantly with the Behavioral Regulation Index of the BRIEF (partial correlation r = 0.35, p = 0.003). Conclusion: Delayed N1 response, indicating altered visual perception, and enhanced P3a response, indicating increased neural activation related to attention allocation, were found during the passive parts of a Go-NoGo task in ASD participants. These abnormal ERP signals in the non-structured settings were associated with everyday executive function, suggesting that neurophysiolocal measures related to atypical control of alertness and "hyper-awareness" underlie daily life dysfunction in ASD. Assessments during passive settings have a potential to reveal core neurobiological substrates of ASD. En ligne : https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13229-019-0259-3 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=389 [article] Atypical event-related potentials revealed during the passive parts of a Go-NoGo task in autism spectrum disorder: a case-control study [texte imprimé] / A.L. HOYLAND, Auteur ; Terje NAERLAND, Auteur ; M. ENGSTROM, Auteur ; T. TORSKE, Auteur ; S. LYDERSEN, Auteur ; Ole A. ANDREASSEN, Auteur . - 10 p. Langues : Anglais (eng) in Molecular Autism > 10 (2019) . - 10 p. Mots-clés : *asd  *erp  *n1  *P3a  *Passive condition  Research Ethics South East (2013/1236/REK South-East). Written informed consent  was obtained from participants and/ or parents necessary due to age.The authors  declare that they have no competing interests.Springer Nature remains neutral  with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional  affiliations. Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Background: The core features of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are easily recognizable in non-structured clinical and real-life situations. The features are often difficult to capture in structured laboratory settings, and the results from tests do not necessarily reflect symptom severity. We investigated neurophysiological processing in the passive parts of a cued Go-NoGo task, using the active parts of the test as a comparator. Methods: Forty-nine adolescents diagnosed with ASD and 49 typically developing (TD) adolescents (age 12-21 years) were included. Daily life executive function was assessed with the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF). We applied a visual cued Go-NoGo task and recorded event-related potentials (ERPs). We investigated occipital N1, a component related to early perception of visual stimuli, and P3a, a fronto-central component related to switching of attention, in the passive and active parts of the test. Results: During the passive parts, the ASD group had statistically significantly longer N1 latency (p < 0.001, Cohens d = 0.75) and enhanced amplitude of P3a (p = 0.002, Cohens d = 0.64) compared to the TD, while no significant differences were observed in the active parts. Both components correlated significantly with the Behavioral Regulation Index of the BRIEF (partial correlation r = 0.35, p = 0.003). Conclusion: Delayed N1 response, indicating altered visual perception, and enhanced P3a response, indicating increased neural activation related to attention allocation, were found during the passive parts of a Go-NoGo task in ASD participants. These abnormal ERP signals in the non-structured settings were associated with everyday executive function, suggesting that neurophysiolocal measures related to atypical control of alertness and "hyper-awareness" underlie daily life dysfunction in ASD. Assessments during passive settings have a potential to reveal core neurobiological substrates of ASD. En ligne : https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13229-019-0259-3 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=389

Autism spectrum disorder polygenic scores are associated with every day executive function in children admitted for clinical assessment / Tonje TORSKE in Autism Research, 13-2 (February 2020)  

Public ISBD [article]  inAutism Research > 13-2 (February 2020) . - p.207-220 Titre : Autism spectrum disorder polygenic scores are associated with every day executive function in children admitted for clinical assessment Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Tonje TORSKE, Auteur ; Terje NAERLAND, Auteur ; Francesco BETTELLA, Auteur ; Thomas BJELLA, Auteur ; Eva MALT, Auteur ; Anne Lise HOYLAND, Auteur ; Nina STENBERG, Auteur ; Merete Glenne ØIE, Auteur ; Ole A. ANDREASSEN, Auteur Article en page(s) : p.207-220 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder  autism spectrum disorder  behavior rating inventory of executive function  executive function  polygenic score Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and other neurodevelopmental disorders (NDs) are behaviorally defined disorders with overlapping clinical features that are often associated with higher-order cognitive dysfunction, particularly executive dysfunction. Our aim was to determine if the polygenic score (PGS) for ASD is associated with parent-reported executive dysfunction in everyday life using the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF). Furthermore, we investigated if PGS for general intelligence (INT) and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) also correlate with BRIEF. We included 176 children, adolescents and young adults aged 5-22 years with full-scale intelligence quotient (IQ) above 70. All were admitted for clinical assessment of ASD symptoms and 68% obtained an ASD diagnosis. We found a significant difference between low and high ASD PGS groups in the BRIEF behavior regulation index (BRI) (P = 0.015, Cohen's d = 0.69). A linear regression model accounting for age, sex, full-scale IQ, Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS) total score, ASD, ADHD and INT PGS groups as well as genetic principal components, significantly predicted the BRI score; F(11,130) = 8.142, P < 0.001, R(2) = 0.41 (unadjusted). Only SRS total (P < 0.001), ASD PGS 0.1 group (P = 0.018), and sex (P = 0.022) made a significant contribution to the model. This suggests that the common ASD risk gene variants have a stronger association to behavioral regulation aspects of executive dysfunction than ADHD risk or INT variants in a clinical sample with ASD symptoms. Autism Res 2020, 13: 207-220. (c) 2019 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc. LAY SUMMARY: People with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) often have difficulties with higher-order cognitive processes that regulate thoughts and actions during goal-directed behavior, also known as executive function (EF). We studied the association between genetics related to ASD and EF and found a relation between high polygenic score (PGS) for ASD and difficulties with behavior regulation aspects of EF in children and adolescents under assessment for ASD. Furthermore, high PGS for general intelligence was related to social problems. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aur.2207 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=420 [article] Autism spectrum disorder polygenic scores are associated with every day executive function in children admitted for clinical assessment [texte imprimé] / Tonje TORSKE, Auteur ; Terje NAERLAND, Auteur ; Francesco BETTELLA, Auteur ; Thomas BJELLA, Auteur ; Eva MALT, Auteur ; Anne Lise HOYLAND, Auteur ; Nina STENBERG, Auteur ; Merete Glenne ØIE, Auteur ; Ole A. ANDREASSEN, Auteur . - p.207-220. Langues : Anglais (eng) in Autism Research > 13-2 (February 2020) . - p.207-220 Mots-clés : attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder  autism spectrum disorder  behavior rating inventory of executive function  executive function  polygenic score Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and other neurodevelopmental disorders (NDs) are behaviorally defined disorders with overlapping clinical features that are often associated with higher-order cognitive dysfunction, particularly executive dysfunction. Our aim was to determine if the polygenic score (PGS) for ASD is associated with parent-reported executive dysfunction in everyday life using the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF). Furthermore, we investigated if PGS for general intelligence (INT) and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) also correlate with BRIEF. We included 176 children, adolescents and young adults aged 5-22 years with full-scale intelligence quotient (IQ) above 70. All were admitted for clinical assessment of ASD symptoms and 68% obtained an ASD diagnosis. We found a significant difference between low and high ASD PGS groups in the BRIEF behavior regulation index (BRI) (P = 0.015, Cohen's d = 0.69). A linear regression model accounting for age, sex, full-scale IQ, Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS) total score, ASD, ADHD and INT PGS groups as well as genetic principal components, significantly predicted the BRI score; F(11,130) = 8.142, P < 0.001, R(2) = 0.41 (unadjusted). Only SRS total (P < 0.001), ASD PGS 0.1 group (P = 0.018), and sex (P = 0.022) made a significant contribution to the model. This suggests that the common ASD risk gene variants have a stronger association to behavioral regulation aspects of executive dysfunction than ADHD risk or INT variants in a clinical sample with ASD symptoms. Autism Res 2020, 13: 207-220. (c) 2019 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc. LAY SUMMARY: People with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) often have difficulties with higher-order cognitive processes that regulate thoughts and actions during goal-directed behavior, also known as executive function (EF). We studied the association between genetics related to ASD and EF and found a relation between high polygenic score (PGS) for ASD and difficulties with behavior regulation aspects of EF in children and adolescents under assessment for ASD. Furthermore, high PGS for general intelligence was related to social problems. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aur.2207 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=420

Effect of epilepsy on autism symptoms in Angelman syndrome / K.A. BAKKE in Molecular Autism, 9 (2018)  

Public ISBD [article]  inMolecular Autism > 9 (2018) . - 2p. Titre : Effect of epilepsy on autism symptoms in Angelman syndrome Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : K.A. BAKKE, Auteur ; Patricia HOWLIN, Auteur ; L. RETTERSTOL, Auteur ; O.J. KANAVIN, Auteur ; A. HEIBERG, Auteur ; Terje NAERLAND, Auteur Article en page(s) : 2p. Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Angelman syndrome  Autism spectrum disorder  Epilepsy  Epileptic encephalopathy  Seizure onset Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Background: Autism spectrum disorder and epilepsy often co-occur; however, the extent to which the association between autism symptoms and epilepsy is due to shared aetiology or to the direct effects of seizures is a topic of ongoing debate. Angelman syndrome (AS) is presented as a suitable disease model to explore this association. Methods: Data from medical records and questionnaires were used to examine the association between age of epilepsy onset, autism symptoms, genetic aberration and communication level. Forty-eight participants had genetically verified AS (median age 14.5 years; range 1-57 years). A measure of autism symptoms (the Social Communication Questionnaire; SCQ) was completed for 38 individuals aged >/= 4 years. Genetic cause was subgrouped into deletion and other genetic aberrations of the 15q11-q13 area. The number of signs used to communicate (< 20 sign and >/= 20 signs) was used as a measure of nonverbal communication. Results: Mean age of epilepsy onset was 3.0 years (range 3 months-7.8 years). Mean SCQ score for individuals without epilepsy was 13.6 (SD = 6.7) and with epilepsy 17.0 (SD = 5.6; p = 0.17); 58% used fewer than 20 signs to communicate. There were no age differences between groups according to presence of epilepsy, level of nonverbal communication or type of genetic aberration. SCQ scores were higher in individuals with the deletion than in those with other genetic aberrations (18.7 vs 10.8 p = 0.008) and higher in the group who used < 20 signs to communicate (19.4 vs 14.1 p = 0.007). Age of epilepsy onset was correlated with SCQ (r = - 0.61, p < 0.001). Multiple regression showed that age of seizure onset was significantly related to SCQ score (beta = - 0.90; p = 0.006), even when the type of genetic abnormality was controlled (R(2) = 0.53; F = 10.7; p = 0.001). Conclusions: The study provides support for the notion that seizures themselves contribute more to autism symptoms than expected from the underlying genetic pathology alone. The study demonstrates how a rare genetic syndrome such as Angelman syndrome may be used to study the relation between epilepsy and autism symptomatology. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13229-017-0185-1 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=354 [article] Effect of epilepsy on autism symptoms in Angelman syndrome [texte imprimé] / K.A. BAKKE, Auteur ; Patricia HOWLIN, Auteur ; L. RETTERSTOL, Auteur ; O.J. KANAVIN, Auteur ; A. HEIBERG, Auteur ; Terje NAERLAND, Auteur . - 2p. Langues : Anglais (eng) in Molecular Autism > 9 (2018) . - 2p. Mots-clés : Angelman syndrome  Autism spectrum disorder  Epilepsy  Epileptic encephalopathy  Seizure onset Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Background: Autism spectrum disorder and epilepsy often co-occur; however, the extent to which the association between autism symptoms and epilepsy is due to shared aetiology or to the direct effects of seizures is a topic of ongoing debate. Angelman syndrome (AS) is presented as a suitable disease model to explore this association. Methods: Data from medical records and questionnaires were used to examine the association between age of epilepsy onset, autism symptoms, genetic aberration and communication level. Forty-eight participants had genetically verified AS (median age 14.5 years; range 1-57 years). A measure of autism symptoms (the Social Communication Questionnaire; SCQ) was completed for 38 individuals aged >/= 4 years. Genetic cause was subgrouped into deletion and other genetic aberrations of the 15q11-q13 area. The number of signs used to communicate (< 20 sign and >/= 20 signs) was used as a measure of nonverbal communication. Results: Mean age of epilepsy onset was 3.0 years (range 3 months-7.8 years). Mean SCQ score for individuals without epilepsy was 13.6 (SD = 6.7) and with epilepsy 17.0 (SD = 5.6; p = 0.17); 58% used fewer than 20 signs to communicate. There were no age differences between groups according to presence of epilepsy, level of nonverbal communication or type of genetic aberration. SCQ scores were higher in individuals with the deletion than in those with other genetic aberrations (18.7 vs 10.8 p = 0.008) and higher in the group who used < 20 signs to communicate (19.4 vs 14.1 p = 0.007). Age of epilepsy onset was correlated with SCQ (r = - 0.61, p < 0.001). Multiple regression showed that age of seizure onset was significantly related to SCQ score (beta = - 0.90; p = 0.006), even when the type of genetic abnormality was controlled (R(2) = 0.53; F = 10.7; p = 0.001). Conclusions: The study provides support for the notion that seizures themselves contribute more to autism symptoms than expected from the underlying genetic pathology alone. The study demonstrates how a rare genetic syndrome such as Angelman syndrome may be used to study the relation between epilepsy and autism symptomatology. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13229-017-0185-1 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=354

Individual characteristics of students with autism spectrum disorders and school refusal behavior / E.K. MUNKHAUGEN in Autism, 23-2 (February 2019)  

Public ISBD [article]  inAutism > 23-2 (February 2019) . - p.413-423 Titre : Individual characteristics of students with autism spectrum disorders and school refusal behavior Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : E.K. MUNKHAUGEN, Auteur ; T. TORSKE, Auteur ; E. GJEVIK, Auteur ; Terje NAERLAND, Auteur ; A.H. PRIPP, Auteur ; Trond H. DISETH, Auteur Article en page(s) : p.413-423 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : autism spectrum disorder  individual characteristics  school refusal behavior Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : This study compared social, executive, emotional, and behavioral characteristics of students with autism spectrum disorder who did and did not display school refusal behavior. The participants were 62 students with autism spectrum disorder without intellectual disability aged 9-16 years attending inclusive schools. Parents first completed questionnaires assessing social and executive functioning as well as emotional and behavioral problems. They then documented their child's school refusal behavior for a period of 20 days. Compared to students without school refusal behavior (n = 29), students with school refusal behavior (n = 33) were significantly less socially motivated; displayed more deficits in initiating tasks or activities, in generating ideas, responses, or problem-solving strategies; and displayed more withdrawn and depressive symptoms. Assessing social and executive functioning, as well as emotional problems, may help professionals provide tailored interventions for students with autism spectrum disorder and school refusal behavior, which will further be valuable in recognizing characteristics associated with school refusal behavior. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1362361317748619 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=383 [article] Individual characteristics of students with autism spectrum disorders and school refusal behavior [texte imprimé] / E.K. MUNKHAUGEN, Auteur ; T. TORSKE, Auteur ; E. GJEVIK, Auteur ; Terje NAERLAND, Auteur ; A.H. PRIPP, Auteur ; Trond H. DISETH, Auteur . - p.413-423. Langues : Anglais (eng) in Autism > 23-2 (February 2019) . - p.413-423 Mots-clés : autism spectrum disorder  individual characteristics  school refusal behavior Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : This study compared social, executive, emotional, and behavioral characteristics of students with autism spectrum disorder who did and did not display school refusal behavior. The participants were 62 students with autism spectrum disorder without intellectual disability aged 9-16 years attending inclusive schools. Parents first completed questionnaires assessing social and executive functioning as well as emotional and behavioral problems. They then documented their child's school refusal behavior for a period of 20 days. Compared to students without school refusal behavior (n = 29), students with school refusal behavior (n = 33) were significantly less socially motivated; displayed more deficits in initiating tasks or activities, in generating ideas, responses, or problem-solving strategies; and displayed more withdrawn and depressive symptoms. Assessing social and executive functioning, as well as emotional problems, may help professionals provide tailored interventions for students with autism spectrum disorder and school refusal behavior, which will further be valuable in recognizing characteristics associated with school refusal behavior. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1362361317748619 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=383

Reversed gender ratio of autism spectrum disorder in Smith-Magenis syndrome / H.E. NAG in Molecular Autism, 9 (2018)  

Public ISBD [article]  inMolecular Autism > 9 (2018) . - 1p. Titre : Reversed gender ratio of autism spectrum disorder in Smith-Magenis syndrome Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : H.E. NAG, Auteur ; A. NORDGREN, Auteur ; Britt-Marie ANDERLID, Auteur ; Terje NAERLAND, Auteur Article en page(s) : 1p. Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Autism symptomatology  Gender  Smith-Magenis syndrome Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Background: A substantial amount of research shows a higher rate of autistic type of problems in males compared to females. The 4:1 male to female ratio is one of the most consistent findings in autism spectrum disorder (ASD).Lately, the interest in studying ASD in genetic disorders has increased, and research has shown a higher prevalence of ASD in some genetic disorders than in the general population.Smith-Magenis syndrome (SMS) is a rare and complex genetic syndrome caused by an interstitial deletion of chromosome 17p11.2 or a mutation on the retinoic acid induced 1 gene. The disorder is characterised by intellectual disability, multiple congenital anomalies, obesity, neurobehavioural abnormalities and a disrupted circadian sleep-wake pattern. Methods: Parents of 28 persons with SMS between 5 and 50 years old participated in this study. A total of 12 of the persons with SMS were above the age of 18 at the time of the study. A total of 11 came from Sweden and 17 were from Norway.We collected information regarding the number of autism spectrum symptoms using the Social Communication Questionnaire (SCQ) and the Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS). Adaptive behaviour was also measured using the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scale II. The level of intellectual disability was derived from a review of the medical chart. Results: We found significant gender differences in ASD symptomatology using the SCQ and SRS questionnaires. We found approximately three females per male above the SCQ cutoff. The same differences were not found in the intellectual level and adaptive behaviour or for behavioural and emotional problems.Gender had an independent contribution in a regression model predicting the total SCQ score, and neither the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scale II nor the Developmental Behaviour Checklist had an independent contribution to the SCQ scores. Conclusion: We found a clear reversed gender difference in ASD symptomatology in persons with SMS. This may be relevant in the search for female protective factors assumed to explain the male bias in ASD. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13229-017-0184-2 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=354 [article] Reversed gender ratio of autism spectrum disorder in Smith-Magenis syndrome [texte imprimé] / H.E. NAG, Auteur ; A. NORDGREN, Auteur ; Britt-Marie ANDERLID, Auteur ; Terje NAERLAND, Auteur . - 1p. Langues : Anglais (eng) in Molecular Autism > 9 (2018) . - 1p. Mots-clés : Autism symptomatology  Gender  Smith-Magenis syndrome Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Background: A substantial amount of research shows a higher rate of autistic type of problems in males compared to females. The 4:1 male to female ratio is one of the most consistent findings in autism spectrum disorder (ASD).Lately, the interest in studying ASD in genetic disorders has increased, and research has shown a higher prevalence of ASD in some genetic disorders than in the general population.Smith-Magenis syndrome (SMS) is a rare and complex genetic syndrome caused by an interstitial deletion of chromosome 17p11.2 or a mutation on the retinoic acid induced 1 gene. The disorder is characterised by intellectual disability, multiple congenital anomalies, obesity, neurobehavioural abnormalities and a disrupted circadian sleep-wake pattern. Methods: Parents of 28 persons with SMS between 5 and 50 years old participated in this study. A total of 12 of the persons with SMS were above the age of 18 at the time of the study. A total of 11 came from Sweden and 17 were from Norway.We collected information regarding the number of autism spectrum symptoms using the Social Communication Questionnaire (SCQ) and the Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS). Adaptive behaviour was also measured using the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scale II. The level of intellectual disability was derived from a review of the medical chart. Results: We found significant gender differences in ASD symptomatology using the SCQ and SRS questionnaires. We found approximately three females per male above the SCQ cutoff. The same differences were not found in the intellectual level and adaptive behaviour or for behavioural and emotional problems.Gender had an independent contribution in a regression model predicting the total SCQ score, and neither the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scale II nor the Developmental Behaviour Checklist had an independent contribution to the SCQ scores. Conclusion: We found a clear reversed gender difference in ASD symptomatology in persons with SMS. This may be relevant in the search for female protective factors assumed to explain the male bias in ASD. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13229-017-0184-2 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=354

---

1 (1 - 5 / 5) Par page : 25 50 100 200