Dépouillements

The role of reduced expression of fragile X mental retardation protein in neurons and increased expression in astrocytes in idiopathic and syndromic autism (duplications 15q11.2-q13) in Autism Research, 11-10 (October 2018)  

Public ISBD [article]  inAutism Research > 11-10 (October 2018) . - p.1316-1331 Titre : The role of reduced expression of fragile X mental retardation protein in neurons and increased expression in astrocytes in idiopathic and syndromic autism (duplications 15q11.2-q13) Type de document : Texte imprimé et/ou numérique Article en page(s) : p.1316-1331 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : astrocyte  duplication 15q11.2-q13/autism  fragile X mental retardation protein  idiopathic autism  neuron Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Fragile X syndrome (FXS), caused by lack of fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP), is associated with a high prevalence of autism. The deficit of FMRP reported in idiopathic autism suggests a mechanistic overlap between FXS and autism. The overall goal of this study is to detect neuropathological commonalities of FMRP deficits in the brains of people with idiopathic autism and with syndromic autism caused by dup15q11.2-q13 (dup15). This study tests the hypothesis based on our preliminary data that both idiopathic and syndromic autism are associated with brain region-specific deficits of neuronal FMRP and structural changes of the affected neurons. This immunocytochemical study revealed neuronal FMRP deficits and shrinkage of deficient neurons in the cerebral cortex, subcortical structures, and cerebellum in subjects with idiopathic and dup(15)/autism. Neuronal FMRP deficit coexists with surprising infiltration of the brains of autistic children and adults with FMRP-positive astrocytes known to be typical only for the fetal and short postnatal periods. In the examined autistic subjects, these astrocytes selectively infiltrate the border between white and gray matter in the cerebral and cerebellar cortex, the molecular layer of the cortex, part of the amygdala and thalamus, central cerebellar white matter, and dentate nucleus. Astrocyte pathology results in an additional local loss of FMRP in neurons and their shrinkage. Neuronal deficit of FMRP and shrinkage of affected neurons in structures free of FMRP-positive astrocytes and regions infiltrated with FMRP-expressing astrocytes appear to reflect mechanistic, neuropathological, and functional commonalities of FMRP abnormalities in FXS and autism spectrum disorder. Autism Res 2018, 11: 1316-1331. (c) 2018 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc. LAY SUMMARY: Immunocytochemistry reveals a deficit of fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP) in neurons of cortical and subcortical brain structures but increased FMRP expression in astrocytes infiltrating gray and white matter. The detected shrinkage of FMRP-deficient neurons may provide a mechanistic explanation of reported neuronal structural and functional changes in autism. This study contributes to growing evidence of mechanistic commonalities between fragile X syndrome and autism spectrum disorder. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aur.2003 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=369 [article] The role of reduced expression of fragile X mental retardation protein in neurons and increased expression in astrocytes in idiopathic and syndromic autism (duplications 15q11.2-q13) [Texte imprimé et/ou numérique] . - p.1316-1331. Langues : Anglais (eng) in Autism Research > 11-10 (October 2018) . - p.1316-1331 Mots-clés : astrocyte  duplication 15q11.2-q13/autism  fragile X mental retardation protein  idiopathic autism  neuron Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Fragile X syndrome (FXS), caused by lack of fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP), is associated with a high prevalence of autism. The deficit of FMRP reported in idiopathic autism suggests a mechanistic overlap between FXS and autism. The overall goal of this study is to detect neuropathological commonalities of FMRP deficits in the brains of people with idiopathic autism and with syndromic autism caused by dup15q11.2-q13 (dup15). This study tests the hypothesis based on our preliminary data that both idiopathic and syndromic autism are associated with brain region-specific deficits of neuronal FMRP and structural changes of the affected neurons. This immunocytochemical study revealed neuronal FMRP deficits and shrinkage of deficient neurons in the cerebral cortex, subcortical structures, and cerebellum in subjects with idiopathic and dup(15)/autism. Neuronal FMRP deficit coexists with surprising infiltration of the brains of autistic children and adults with FMRP-positive astrocytes known to be typical only for the fetal and short postnatal periods. In the examined autistic subjects, these astrocytes selectively infiltrate the border between white and gray matter in the cerebral and cerebellar cortex, the molecular layer of the cortex, part of the amygdala and thalamus, central cerebellar white matter, and dentate nucleus. Astrocyte pathology results in an additional local loss of FMRP in neurons and their shrinkage. Neuronal deficit of FMRP and shrinkage of affected neurons in structures free of FMRP-positive astrocytes and regions infiltrated with FMRP-expressing astrocytes appear to reflect mechanistic, neuropathological, and functional commonalities of FMRP abnormalities in FXS and autism spectrum disorder. Autism Res 2018, 11: 1316-1331. (c) 2018 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc. LAY SUMMARY: Immunocytochemistry reveals a deficit of fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP) in neurons of cortical and subcortical brain structures but increased FMRP expression in astrocytes infiltrating gray and white matter. The detected shrinkage of FMRP-deficient neurons may provide a mechanistic explanation of reported neuronal structural and functional changes in autism. This study contributes to growing evidence of mechanistic commonalities between fragile X syndrome and autism spectrum disorder. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aur.2003 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=369

Preschool predictors of reading ability in the first year of schooling in children with ASD / Marleen F. WESTERVELD in Autism Research, 11-10 (October 2018)  

Public ISBD [article]  inAutism Research > 11-10 (October 2018) . - p.1332-1344 Titre : Preschool predictors of reading ability in the first year of schooling in children with ASD Type de document : Texte imprimé et/ou numérique Auteurs : Marleen F. WESTERVELD, Auteur ; J. PAYNTER, Auteur ; K. O'LEARY, Auteur ; D. TREMBATH, Auteur Article en page(s) : p.1332-1344 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : autism  decoding  emergent literacy  longitudinal  preschool  reading Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : A high percentage of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) show elevated challenges in learning to read. We investigated longitudinal predictors of reading skills in 41 children diagnosed with ASD. All children completed measures of precursor literacy skills at the age of 4-5 years, including phonological awareness, letter sound knowledge, rapid automatic naming, name writing, and phonological memory (digit span), along with measures of word- and passage-level reading skills in their first year of formal schooling. Nonverbal cognition and letter sound knowledge accounted for 53.4% of the variance in regular single word reading at school age, with letter sound knowledge a significant individual predictor. Overall, 18 children showed reading ability scores in the average range on a standardized test of passage-level reading ability, whereas 23 children performed below expectations. These groups differed significantly on all precursor literacy measures (at ages 4-5), except autism symptoms based on parent report. Group membership was significantly predicted by preschool receptive vocabulary, name writing, and rapid automatic naming, with high sensitivity and specificity. These results are discussed in reference to the literature describing early literacy predictors for typically developing children, highlighting key areas for future intervention and support. Autism Res 2018, 11: 1332-1344. (c) 2018 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc. LAY SUMMARY: Children with autism are at increased risk of persistent reading difficulties. We examined whether preschool reading-related skills linked to later reading ability. Performance on the following three tasks administered at preschool predicted children who showed early reading success versus below expectations in their first year of school: vocabulary, name writing, and rapid naming of familiar objects and shapes. These results can inform future interventions. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aur.1999 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=369 [article] Preschool predictors of reading ability in the first year of schooling in children with ASD [Texte imprimé et/ou numérique] / Marleen F. WESTERVELD, Auteur ; J. PAYNTER, Auteur ; K. O'LEARY, Auteur ; D. TREMBATH, Auteur . - p.1332-1344. Langues : Anglais (eng) in Autism Research > 11-10 (October 2018) . - p.1332-1344 Mots-clés : autism  decoding  emergent literacy  longitudinal  preschool  reading Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : A high percentage of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) show elevated challenges in learning to read. We investigated longitudinal predictors of reading skills in 41 children diagnosed with ASD. All children completed measures of precursor literacy skills at the age of 4-5 years, including phonological awareness, letter sound knowledge, rapid automatic naming, name writing, and phonological memory (digit span), along with measures of word- and passage-level reading skills in their first year of formal schooling. Nonverbal cognition and letter sound knowledge accounted for 53.4% of the variance in regular single word reading at school age, with letter sound knowledge a significant individual predictor. Overall, 18 children showed reading ability scores in the average range on a standardized test of passage-level reading ability, whereas 23 children performed below expectations. These groups differed significantly on all precursor literacy measures (at ages 4-5), except autism symptoms based on parent report. Group membership was significantly predicted by preschool receptive vocabulary, name writing, and rapid automatic naming, with high sensitivity and specificity. These results are discussed in reference to the literature describing early literacy predictors for typically developing children, highlighting key areas for future intervention and support. Autism Res 2018, 11: 1332-1344. (c) 2018 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc. LAY SUMMARY: Children with autism are at increased risk of persistent reading difficulties. We examined whether preschool reading-related skills linked to later reading ability. Performance on the following three tasks administered at preschool predicted children who showed early reading success versus below expectations in their first year of school: vocabulary, name writing, and rapid naming of familiar objects and shapes. These results can inform future interventions. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aur.1999 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=369

Behavioral predictors of improved speech output in minimally verbal children with autism / Karen CHENAUSKY in Autism Research, 11-10 (October 2018)  

Public ISBD [article]  inAutism Research > 11-10 (October 2018) . - p.1356-1365 Titre : Behavioral predictors of improved speech output in minimally verbal children with autism Type de document : Texte imprimé et/ou numérique Auteurs : Karen CHENAUSKY, Auteur ; A. NORTON, Auteur ; Helen TAGER-FLUSBERG, Auteur ; G. SCHLAUG, Auteur Article en page(s) : p.1356-1365 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : autism spectrum disorder  intonation  longitudinal data analysis  minimally verbal  spoken language Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : We investigated the relationship between eight theoretically motivated behavioral variables and a spoken-language-related outcome measure, after 25 sessions of treatment for speech production in 38 minimally verbal children with autism. After removing potential predictors that were uncorrelated with the outcome variable, two remained. We used both complete-case and multiple-imputation analyses to address missing predictor data and performed linear regressions to identify significant predictors of change in percent syllables approximately correct after treatment. Baseline phonetic inventory (the number of English phonemes repeated correctly) was the most robust predictor of improvement. In the group of 17 participants with complete data, ADOS score also significantly predicted the outcome. In contrast to some earlier studies, nonverbal IQ, baseline levels of expressive language, and younger age did not significantly predict improvement. The present results are not only consistent with previous studies showing that verbal imitation and autism severity significantly predict spoken language outcomes in preschool-aged minimally verbal children with autism, but also extend these findings to older minimally verbal children with autism. Autism Res 2018, 11: 1356-1365. (c) 2018 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc. LAY SUMMARY: We wished to understand what baseline factors predicted whether minimally verbal children with autism would improve after treatment for spoken language. The outcome measure was change in percentage (%) syllables approximately correct on a set of 30 two-syllable words or phrases. Fifteen were both practiced in treatment and tested; the remainder were not practiced in treatment, but only tested, to assess how well children were able to generalize their new skills to an untrained set of words. Potential predictors tested were sex, age, expressive language, phonetic inventory (the number of English speech sounds repeated correctly), autism severity, and nonverbal IQ. Phonetic inventory and (for some children) autism severity predicted children's posttreatment improvement. Nonverbal IQ and expressive language ability did not predict improvement, nor did younger age, suggesting that some older children with autism may be candidates for speech therapy. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aur.2006 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=369 [article] Behavioral predictors of improved speech output in minimally verbal children with autism [Texte imprimé et/ou numérique] / Karen CHENAUSKY, Auteur ; A. NORTON, Auteur ; Helen TAGER-FLUSBERG, Auteur ; G. SCHLAUG, Auteur . - p.1356-1365. Langues : Anglais (eng) in Autism Research > 11-10 (October 2018) . - p.1356-1365 Mots-clés : autism spectrum disorder  intonation  longitudinal data analysis  minimally verbal  spoken language Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : We investigated the relationship between eight theoretically motivated behavioral variables and a spoken-language-related outcome measure, after 25 sessions of treatment for speech production in 38 minimally verbal children with autism. After removing potential predictors that were uncorrelated with the outcome variable, two remained. We used both complete-case and multiple-imputation analyses to address missing predictor data and performed linear regressions to identify significant predictors of change in percent syllables approximately correct after treatment. Baseline phonetic inventory (the number of English phonemes repeated correctly) was the most robust predictor of improvement. In the group of 17 participants with complete data, ADOS score also significantly predicted the outcome. In contrast to some earlier studies, nonverbal IQ, baseline levels of expressive language, and younger age did not significantly predict improvement. The present results are not only consistent with previous studies showing that verbal imitation and autism severity significantly predict spoken language outcomes in preschool-aged minimally verbal children with autism, but also extend these findings to older minimally verbal children with autism. Autism Res 2018, 11: 1356-1365. (c) 2018 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc. LAY SUMMARY: We wished to understand what baseline factors predicted whether minimally verbal children with autism would improve after treatment for spoken language. The outcome measure was change in percentage (%) syllables approximately correct on a set of 30 two-syllable words or phrases. Fifteen were both practiced in treatment and tested; the remainder were not practiced in treatment, but only tested, to assess how well children were able to generalize their new skills to an untrained set of words. Potential predictors tested were sex, age, expressive language, phonetic inventory (the number of English speech sounds repeated correctly), autism severity, and nonverbal IQ. Phonetic inventory and (for some children) autism severity predicted children's posttreatment improvement. Nonverbal IQ and expressive language ability did not predict improvement, nor did younger age, suggesting that some older children with autism may be candidates for speech therapy. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aur.2006 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=369

When do Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder Take Common Ground into Account During Communication? / L. MALKIN in Autism Research, 11-10 (October 2018)  

Public ISBD [article]  inAutism Research > 11-10 (October 2018) . - p.1366-1375 Titre : When do Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder Take Common Ground into Account During Communication? Type de document : Texte imprimé et/ou numérique Auteurs : L. MALKIN, Auteur ; Kirsten ABBOT-SMITH, Auteur ; D. WILLIAMS, Auteur ; J. AYLING, Auteur Article en page(s) : p.1366-1375 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : autism  children  common ground  comprehension  production  reference  verbal social communication Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : One feature of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a deficit in verbal reference production, that is, providing an appropriate amount of verbal information for the listener to refer to things, people, and events. However, very few studies have manipulated whether individuals with ASD can take a speaker's perspective to interpret verbal reference. A critical limitation of all interpretation studies is that comprehension of another's verbal reference required the participant to represent only the other's visual perspective. Yet, many everyday interpretations of verbal reference require knowledge of social perspective (i.e., a consideration of which experiences one has shared with which interlocutor). We investigated whether 22 5;0-7;11-year-old children with ASD and 22 well-matched typically developing (TD) children used social perspective to comprehend (Study 1) and produce (Study 2) verbal reference. Social perspective-taking was manipulated by having children collaboratively complete activities with one of two interlocutors such that for a given activity, one interlocutor was Knowledgeable and one was Naive. Study 1 found no between-group differences for the interpretation of ambiguous references based on social perspective. In Study 2, when producing referring terms, the ASD group made modifications based on listener needs, but this effect was significantly stronger in the TD group. Overall, the findings suggest that high-functioning children with ASD know with which interlocutor they have previously shared a given experience and can take this information into account to steer verbal reference. Nonetheless, they show clear performance limitations in this regard relative to well-matched controls. Autism Res 2018, 11: 1366-1375. (c) 2018 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc. LAY SUMMARY: No one had studied if young children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) could take into account previous collaboration with particular conversation partners to drive how well they communicate with others. In both their language understanding and spoken language, we found that five to 7-year-olds with ASD were able to consider what they had previously shared with the conversation partner. However, they were impaired when compared to typically developing children in the degree to which they tailored their spoken language for a specific listener. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aur.2007 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=369 [article] When do Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder Take Common Ground into Account During Communication? [Texte imprimé et/ou numérique] / L. MALKIN, Auteur ; Kirsten ABBOT-SMITH, Auteur ; D. WILLIAMS, Auteur ; J. AYLING, Auteur . - p.1366-1375. Langues : Anglais (eng) in Autism Research > 11-10 (October 2018) . - p.1366-1375 Mots-clés : autism  children  common ground  comprehension  production  reference  verbal social communication Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : One feature of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a deficit in verbal reference production, that is, providing an appropriate amount of verbal information for the listener to refer to things, people, and events. However, very few studies have manipulated whether individuals with ASD can take a speaker's perspective to interpret verbal reference. A critical limitation of all interpretation studies is that comprehension of another's verbal reference required the participant to represent only the other's visual perspective. Yet, many everyday interpretations of verbal reference require knowledge of social perspective (i.e., a consideration of which experiences one has shared with which interlocutor). We investigated whether 22 5;0-7;11-year-old children with ASD and 22 well-matched typically developing (TD) children used social perspective to comprehend (Study 1) and produce (Study 2) verbal reference. Social perspective-taking was manipulated by having children collaboratively complete activities with one of two interlocutors such that for a given activity, one interlocutor was Knowledgeable and one was Naive. Study 1 found no between-group differences for the interpretation of ambiguous references based on social perspective. In Study 2, when producing referring terms, the ASD group made modifications based on listener needs, but this effect was significantly stronger in the TD group. Overall, the findings suggest that high-functioning children with ASD know with which interlocutor they have previously shared a given experience and can take this information into account to steer verbal reference. Nonetheless, they show clear performance limitations in this regard relative to well-matched controls. Autism Res 2018, 11: 1366-1375. (c) 2018 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc. LAY SUMMARY: No one had studied if young children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) could take into account previous collaboration with particular conversation partners to drive how well they communicate with others. In both their language understanding and spoken language, we found that five to 7-year-olds with ASD were able to consider what they had previously shared with the conversation partner. However, they were impaired when compared to typically developing children in the degree to which they tailored their spoken language for a specific listener. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aur.2007 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=369

Facilitation of biological motion processing by group-based autism specific social skills training / C. LUCKHARDT in Autism Research, 11-10 (October 2018)  

Public ISBD [article]  inAutism Research > 11-10 (October 2018) . - p.1376-1387 Titre : Facilitation of biological motion processing by group-based autism specific social skills training Type de document : Texte imprimé et/ou numérique Auteurs : C. LUCKHARDT, Auteur ; A. KROGER, Auteur ; L. ELSUNI, Auteur ; H. CHOLEMKERY, Auteur ; S. BENDER, Auteur ; C. M. FREITAG, Auteur Article en page(s) : p.1376-1387 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : autism  biological motion  event-related potentials  facial emotion recognition  intervention  social skills training Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Abnormalities in neurophysiological correlates of social perception are a well-known feature of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). However, little is known if and how ASD specific behavioral interventions may affect neural processing in ASD. The aim of the current study was to investigate for the first time, whether the group-based social skills training SOSTA-FRA would elicit changes in neurophysiological correlates of social perception in high-functioning ASD individuals aged 8-17 years. Event-related potentials (ERPs) of a facial emotion recognition (FER) and a biological motion perception task were examined. ERPs were compared between a randomized intervention and a treatment as usual group at three time points (baseline, post-intervention, and at 3 months follow-up). A reduction of P100 amplitude in the right hemisphere and a trend toward reduced N200 latency in the biological motion task were found after the training only in the intervention group, whereas behavioral performance remained stable. Change in N200 latencies and parent-rated social responsiveness showed small but statistically nonsignificant correlations. No changes were observed regarding FER. Results indicate that the intervention changed neural correlates of social perception in ASD. Especially neural correlates of biological motion perception, which is an important prerequisite for successful social interaction, were sensitive to change. ERPs of social perception tasks that are impaired in ASD can well be used to objectively measure neural processing improvement by behavioral intervention. Autism Res 2018, 11: 1376-1387. (c) 2018 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc. LAY SUMMARY: It is well known that people with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) process social information differently than other people and that these differences can also be seen in their brain activity. We also know that behavioral therapies, such as group-based social skills trainings can help people with ASD improve their behavior. But it is unclear how therapy changes social processing in the brain. The aim of our study was therefore to examine how neural processing of social stimuli changed after behavioral intervention. Comparing a group of children and adolescents that received the group-based social skills training SOSTA-FRA to a control group we found that the neural processing of human motion became faster and involved less brain resources after the intervention, while behavioral performance remained stable. No changes were seen for the processing of emotional facial expressions. We recommend that future studies should also analyze changes in brain function as well as behavioral changes as a secondary therapy outcome parameter. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aur.2013 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=369 [article] Facilitation of biological motion processing by group-based autism specific social skills training [Texte imprimé et/ou numérique] / C. LUCKHARDT, Auteur ; A. KROGER, Auteur ; L. ELSUNI, Auteur ; H. CHOLEMKERY, Auteur ; S. BENDER, Auteur ; C. M. FREITAG, Auteur . - p.1376-1387. Langues : Anglais (eng) in Autism Research > 11-10 (October 2018) . - p.1376-1387 Mots-clés : autism  biological motion  event-related potentials  facial emotion recognition  intervention  social skills training Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Abnormalities in neurophysiological correlates of social perception are a well-known feature of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). However, little is known if and how ASD specific behavioral interventions may affect neural processing in ASD. The aim of the current study was to investigate for the first time, whether the group-based social skills training SOSTA-FRA would elicit changes in neurophysiological correlates of social perception in high-functioning ASD individuals aged 8-17 years. Event-related potentials (ERPs) of a facial emotion recognition (FER) and a biological motion perception task were examined. ERPs were compared between a randomized intervention and a treatment as usual group at three time points (baseline, post-intervention, and at 3 months follow-up). A reduction of P100 amplitude in the right hemisphere and a trend toward reduced N200 latency in the biological motion task were found after the training only in the intervention group, whereas behavioral performance remained stable. Change in N200 latencies and parent-rated social responsiveness showed small but statistically nonsignificant correlations. No changes were observed regarding FER. Results indicate that the intervention changed neural correlates of social perception in ASD. Especially neural correlates of biological motion perception, which is an important prerequisite for successful social interaction, were sensitive to change. ERPs of social perception tasks that are impaired in ASD can well be used to objectively measure neural processing improvement by behavioral intervention. Autism Res 2018, 11: 1376-1387. (c) 2018 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc. LAY SUMMARY: It is well known that people with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) process social information differently than other people and that these differences can also be seen in their brain activity. We also know that behavioral therapies, such as group-based social skills trainings can help people with ASD improve their behavior. But it is unclear how therapy changes social processing in the brain. The aim of our study was therefore to examine how neural processing of social stimuli changed after behavioral intervention. Comparing a group of children and adolescents that received the group-based social skills training SOSTA-FRA to a control group we found that the neural processing of human motion became faster and involved less brain resources after the intervention, while behavioral performance remained stable. No changes were seen for the processing of emotional facial expressions. We recommend that future studies should also analyze changes in brain function as well as behavioral changes as a secondary therapy outcome parameter. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aur.2013 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=369

Na(+) , K(+) -ATPase activity in children with autism spectrum disorder: Searching for the reason(s) of its decrease in blood cells / A. BOLOTTA in Autism Research, 11-10 (October 2018)  

Public ISBD [article]  inAutism Research > 11-10 (October 2018) . - p.1388-1403 Titre : Na(+) , K(+) -ATPase activity in children with autism spectrum disorder: Searching for the reason(s) of its decrease in blood cells Type de document : Texte imprimé et/ou numérique Auteurs : A. BOLOTTA, Auteur ; Paola VISCONTI, Auteur ; G. FEDRIZZI, Auteur ; A. GHEZZO, Auteur ; M. MARINI, Auteur ; P. MANUNTA, Auteur ; E. MESSAGGIO, Auteur ; A. POSAR, Auteur ; A. VIGNINI, Auteur ; P. M. ABRUZZO, Auteur Article en page(s) : p.1388-1403 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Nrf2  Na+, K+-ATPase  autism spectrum disorders  beta-actin  endogenous ouabain  erythrocyte membrane  membrane lipids  metals  oxidative stress Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Na(+) , K(+) -ATPase (NKA) activity, which establishes the sodium and potassium gradient across the cell membrane and is instrumental in the propagation of the nerve impulses, is altered in a number of neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders, including autism spectrum disorders (ASD). In the present work, we examined a wide range of biochemical and cellular parameters in the attempt to understand the reason(s) for the severe decrease in NKA activity in erythrocytes of ASD children that we reported previously. NKA activity in leukocytes was found to be decreased independently from alteration in plasma membrane fluidity. The different subunits were evaluated for gene expression in leukocytes and for protein expression in erythrocytes: small differences in gene expression between ASD and typically developing children were not apparently paralleled by differences in protein expression. Moreover, no gross difference in erythrocyte plasma membrane oxidative modifications was detectable, although oxidative stress in blood samples from ASD children was confirmed by increased expression of NRF2 mRNA. Interestingly, gene expression of some NKA subunits correlated with clinical features. Excess inhibitory metals or ouabain-like activities, which might account for NKA activity decrease, were ruled out. Plasma membrane cholesterol, but not phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidlserine, was slighty decreased in erythrocytes from ASD children. Although no compelling results were obtained, our data suggest that alteration in the erytrocyte lipid moiety or subtle oxidative modifications in NKA structure are likely candidates for the observed decrease in NKA activity. These findings are discussed in the light of the relevance of NKA in ASD. Autism Res 2018, 11: 1388-1403. (c) 2018 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc. LAY SUMMARY: The activity of the cell membrane enzyme NKA, which is instrumental in the propagation of the nerve impulses, is severely decreased in erythrocytes from ASD children and in other brain disorders, yet no explanation has been provided for this observation. We strived to find a biological/biochemical cause of such alteration, but most queries went unsolved because of the complexity of NKA regulation. As NKA activity is altered in many brain disorders, we stress the relevance of studies aimed at understanding its regulation in ASD. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aur.2002 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=369 [article] Na(+) , K(+) -ATPase activity in children with autism spectrum disorder: Searching for the reason(s) of its decrease in blood cells [Texte imprimé et/ou numérique] / A. BOLOTTA, Auteur ; Paola VISCONTI, Auteur ; G. FEDRIZZI, Auteur ; A. GHEZZO, Auteur ; M. MARINI, Auteur ; P. MANUNTA, Auteur ; E. MESSAGGIO, Auteur ; A. POSAR, Auteur ; A. VIGNINI, Auteur ; P. M. ABRUZZO, Auteur . - p.1388-1403. Langues : Anglais (eng) in Autism Research > 11-10 (October 2018) . - p.1388-1403 Mots-clés : Nrf2  Na+, K+-ATPase  autism spectrum disorders  beta-actin  endogenous ouabain  erythrocyte membrane  membrane lipids  metals  oxidative stress Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Na(+) , K(+) -ATPase (NKA) activity, which establishes the sodium and potassium gradient across the cell membrane and is instrumental in the propagation of the nerve impulses, is altered in a number of neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders, including autism spectrum disorders (ASD). In the present work, we examined a wide range of biochemical and cellular parameters in the attempt to understand the reason(s) for the severe decrease in NKA activity in erythrocytes of ASD children that we reported previously. NKA activity in leukocytes was found to be decreased independently from alteration in plasma membrane fluidity. The different subunits were evaluated for gene expression in leukocytes and for protein expression in erythrocytes: small differences in gene expression between ASD and typically developing children were not apparently paralleled by differences in protein expression. Moreover, no gross difference in erythrocyte plasma membrane oxidative modifications was detectable, although oxidative stress in blood samples from ASD children was confirmed by increased expression of NRF2 mRNA. Interestingly, gene expression of some NKA subunits correlated with clinical features. Excess inhibitory metals or ouabain-like activities, which might account for NKA activity decrease, were ruled out. Plasma membrane cholesterol, but not phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidlserine, was slighty decreased in erythrocytes from ASD children. Although no compelling results were obtained, our data suggest that alteration in the erytrocyte lipid moiety or subtle oxidative modifications in NKA structure are likely candidates for the observed decrease in NKA activity. These findings are discussed in the light of the relevance of NKA in ASD. Autism Res 2018, 11: 1388-1403. (c) 2018 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc. LAY SUMMARY: The activity of the cell membrane enzyme NKA, which is instrumental in the propagation of the nerve impulses, is severely decreased in erythrocytes from ASD children and in other brain disorders, yet no explanation has been provided for this observation. We strived to find a biological/biochemical cause of such alteration, but most queries went unsolved because of the complexity of NKA regulation. As NKA activity is altered in many brain disorders, we stress the relevance of studies aimed at understanding its regulation in ASD. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aur.2002 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=369

Toe Walking Assessment in Autism Spectrum Disorder Subjects: A Systematic Review / G. VALAGUSSA in Autism Research, 11-10 (October 2018)  

Public ISBD [article]  inAutism Research > 11-10 (October 2018) . - p.1404-1415 Titre : Toe Walking Assessment in Autism Spectrum Disorder Subjects: A Systematic Review Type de document : Texte imprimé et/ou numérique Auteurs : G. VALAGUSSA, Auteur ; L. TRENTIN, Auteur ; A. SIGNORI, Auteur ; E. GROSSI, Auteur Article en page(s) : p.1404-1415 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : assessment  autism spectrum disorder  systematic review  toe walking  treatment Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : There is increasing evidence that autism spectrum disorder (ASD) subjects have also motor impairments. Toe walking (TW) is a phenomenon that can be found in ASD subjects during gait, even if this condition was found not to be necessarily related only to walking, since these children often also stand and run on their tiptoes. Since persistent TW in ASD subjects may contribute to secondary shortening of the Achilles's tendon, it becomes important to have an assessment tool and/or outcome measure for both the clinical and rehabilitative settings. The aim of this systematic review is to critically evaluate and describe the methods employed to assess toe walking in ASD subjects. The systematic review protocol was previously registered on PROSPERO. We conducted an extensive literature search in PubMed, CINAHL, PsycINFO, The Cochrane Library, and Scopus databases. There were no restrictions on the types of study design eligible for inclusion. Ten studies were included in the systematic review. Risk of bias of the included studies was conducted using the following instruments depending on the study types: STROBE Statement, Cochrane risk of bias tool, and CARE checklist. Almost all the included studies (8/10) proposed a tip-toe behavior (TTB) assessment only during walking. Nine out of ten of the included studies assessed TTB using a qualitative methodology. The results evidenced the heterogeneity of qualitative methods and a lack of a structured quantitative test to assess toe walking in ASD subjects. Autism Res 2018, 11: 1404-1415. (c) 2018 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc. LAY ABSTRACT: Toe walking (TW) is a phenomenon that can be found during ASD subject's gait. The persistence of this behavior may contribute to secondary Achilles's tendon shortening. In this perspective it becomes important to have an assessment tool and/or outcome measure for both the clinical and rehabilitative settings. The current systematic review aimed to describe the methods employed to assess TW. The results evidenced the lack and the need of a structured quantitative test to assess TW in ASD subjects. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aur.2009 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=369 [article] Toe Walking Assessment in Autism Spectrum Disorder Subjects: A Systematic Review [Texte imprimé et/ou numérique] / G. VALAGUSSA, Auteur ; L. TRENTIN, Auteur ; A. SIGNORI, Auteur ; E. GROSSI, Auteur . - p.1404-1415. Langues : Anglais (eng) in Autism Research > 11-10 (October 2018) . - p.1404-1415 Mots-clés : assessment  autism spectrum disorder  systematic review  toe walking  treatment Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : There is increasing evidence that autism spectrum disorder (ASD) subjects have also motor impairments. Toe walking (TW) is a phenomenon that can be found in ASD subjects during gait, even if this condition was found not to be necessarily related only to walking, since these children often also stand and run on their tiptoes. Since persistent TW in ASD subjects may contribute to secondary shortening of the Achilles's tendon, it becomes important to have an assessment tool and/or outcome measure for both the clinical and rehabilitative settings. The aim of this systematic review is to critically evaluate and describe the methods employed to assess toe walking in ASD subjects. The systematic review protocol was previously registered on PROSPERO. We conducted an extensive literature search in PubMed, CINAHL, PsycINFO, The Cochrane Library, and Scopus databases. There were no restrictions on the types of study design eligible for inclusion. Ten studies were included in the systematic review. Risk of bias of the included studies was conducted using the following instruments depending on the study types: STROBE Statement, Cochrane risk of bias tool, and CARE checklist. Almost all the included studies (8/10) proposed a tip-toe behavior (TTB) assessment only during walking. Nine out of ten of the included studies assessed TTB using a qualitative methodology. The results evidenced the heterogeneity of qualitative methods and a lack of a structured quantitative test to assess toe walking in ASD subjects. Autism Res 2018, 11: 1404-1415. (c) 2018 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc. LAY ABSTRACT: Toe walking (TW) is a phenomenon that can be found during ASD subject's gait. The persistence of this behavior may contribute to secondary Achilles's tendon shortening. In this perspective it becomes important to have an assessment tool and/or outcome measure for both the clinical and rehabilitative settings. The current systematic review aimed to describe the methods employed to assess TW. The results evidenced the lack and the need of a structured quantitative test to assess TW in ASD subjects. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aur.2009 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=369

Fetal and Infancy Growth Pattern, Cord and Early Childhood Plasma Leptin, and Development of Autism Spectrum Disorder in the Boston Birth Cohort / R. RAGHAVAN in Autism Research, 11-10 (October 2018)  

Public ISBD [article]  inAutism Research > 11-10 (October 2018) . - p.1416-1431 Titre : Fetal and Infancy Growth Pattern, Cord and Early Childhood Plasma Leptin, and Development of Autism Spectrum Disorder in the Boston Birth Cohort Type de document : Texte imprimé et/ou numérique Auteurs : R. RAGHAVAN, Auteur ; Barry S. ZUCKERMAN, Auteur ; X. HONG, Auteur ; G. WANG, Auteur ; Y. JI, Auteur ; D. PAIGE, Auteur ; J. DIBARI, Auteur ; C. ZHANG, Auteur ; M. D. FALLIN, Auteur ; X. WANG, Auteur Article en page(s) : p.1416-1431 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : autism  birth weight for gestational age  leptin  rapid weight gain in infancy Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Leptin is a proinflammatory cytokine that plays an important role in energy homeostasis. Emerging evidence suggests that leptin levels are altered in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD); however, this has not been studied prospectively. Rapid growth during infancy and early childhood has been implicated in ASD, but the evidence is inconsistent. As leptin is involved in growth and is a potential risk factor for ASD, we explored the associations between (a) cord, early childhood leptin and ASD; and (b) birth weight for gestational age, early childhood weight gain, and ASD. We also assessed the mediating role of leptin in the relationship between weight gain during infancy and ASD. This study was conducted in a sample of 822 subjects from the Boston Birth Cohort. ASD was defined from diagnostic codes in electronic medical records. Extremely rapid weight gain during infancy was associated with a greater ASD risk and this persisted after adjusting for potential confounders (aOR: 3.11; 95% CI: 1.37, 7.07). Similarly, children that had higher plasma leptin levels, prior to ASD diagnosis, had an increased ASD risk in both unadjusted and adjusted models (aOR: 7.87; 95% CI: 2.06, 30.04). Further, early childhood leptin indirectly mediated the relationship between rapid weight gain and ASD. No associations were found between birth weight for gestational age, cord leptin and risk of ASD. Our findings provide a basis to further explore whether the combination of early life growth pattern and a biomarker such as leptin can predict ASD earlier. Autism Res 2018, 11: 1416-1431. (c) 2018 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc. LAY SUMMARY: Is early life growth and a biomarker leptin related to ASD risk? To answer this question, we followed 822 children from birth and found that those who gained weight very quickly in infancy, had higher leptin levels in early childhood, had a greater chance of later ASD diagnosis. More research is needed to see if infant's weight gain pattern along with a biomarker (such as leptin) can be used to identify children with ASD sooner. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aur.2011 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=369 [article] Fetal and Infancy Growth Pattern, Cord and Early Childhood Plasma Leptin, and Development of Autism Spectrum Disorder in the Boston Birth Cohort [Texte imprimé et/ou numérique] / R. RAGHAVAN, Auteur ; Barry S. ZUCKERMAN, Auteur ; X. HONG, Auteur ; G. WANG, Auteur ; Y. JI, Auteur ; D. PAIGE, Auteur ; J. DIBARI, Auteur ; C. ZHANG, Auteur ; M. D. FALLIN, Auteur ; X. WANG, Auteur . - p.1416-1431. Langues : Anglais (eng) in Autism Research > 11-10 (October 2018) . - p.1416-1431 Mots-clés : autism  birth weight for gestational age  leptin  rapid weight gain in infancy Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Leptin is a proinflammatory cytokine that plays an important role in energy homeostasis. Emerging evidence suggests that leptin levels are altered in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD); however, this has not been studied prospectively. Rapid growth during infancy and early childhood has been implicated in ASD, but the evidence is inconsistent. As leptin is involved in growth and is a potential risk factor for ASD, we explored the associations between (a) cord, early childhood leptin and ASD; and (b) birth weight for gestational age, early childhood weight gain, and ASD. We also assessed the mediating role of leptin in the relationship between weight gain during infancy and ASD. This study was conducted in a sample of 822 subjects from the Boston Birth Cohort. ASD was defined from diagnostic codes in electronic medical records. Extremely rapid weight gain during infancy was associated with a greater ASD risk and this persisted after adjusting for potential confounders (aOR: 3.11; 95% CI: 1.37, 7.07). Similarly, children that had higher plasma leptin levels, prior to ASD diagnosis, had an increased ASD risk in both unadjusted and adjusted models (aOR: 7.87; 95% CI: 2.06, 30.04). Further, early childhood leptin indirectly mediated the relationship between rapid weight gain and ASD. No associations were found between birth weight for gestational age, cord leptin and risk of ASD. Our findings provide a basis to further explore whether the combination of early life growth pattern and a biomarker such as leptin can predict ASD earlier. Autism Res 2018, 11: 1416-1431. (c) 2018 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc. LAY SUMMARY: Is early life growth and a biomarker leptin related to ASD risk? To answer this question, we followed 822 children from birth and found that those who gained weight very quickly in infancy, had higher leptin levels in early childhood, had a greater chance of later ASD diagnosis. More research is needed to see if infant's weight gain pattern along with a biomarker (such as leptin) can be used to identify children with ASD sooner. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aur.2011 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=369

Otitis media, antibiotics, and risk of autism spectrum disorder / T. WIMBERLEY in Autism Research, 11-10 (October 2018)  

Public ISBD [article]  inAutism Research > 11-10 (October 2018) . - p.1432-1440 Titre : Otitis media, antibiotics, and risk of autism spectrum disorder Type de document : Texte imprimé et/ou numérique Auteurs : T. WIMBERLEY, Auteur ; E. AGERBO, Auteur ; C. B. PEDERSEN, Auteur ; Soeren DALSGAARD, Auteur ; H. T. HORSDAL, Auteur ; P. B. MORTENSEN, Auteur ; W. K. THOMPSON, Auteur ; O. KOHLER-FORSBERG, Auteur ; R. H. YOLKEN, Auteur Article en page(s) : p.1432-1440 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : antibiotics  autism spectrum disorder  epidemiology  otitis media Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Otitis media infections and antibiotic treatment have been linked to the risk of developing autism spectrum disorder. Broad-spectrum antibiotics may alter the composition of the gut flora microbiota, which is hypothesized to be involved in the regulation of the immune system. This study examines the interplay among otitis media, antibiotics, and the subsequent risk of developing autism. Based on the entire Danish population, 780,547 children were followed from birth (January 1, 1997 to December 31, 2008) until December 31, 2012. We calculated adjusted hazard ratios and absolute risks of autism with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) related to previous otitis media diagnoses and antibiotic prescriptions redeemed at Danish pharmacies. The absolute risk of autism before age 10 was increased among children with otitis media (1.2% for females and 3.3% for males) and in children who had redeemed an antibiotic prescription (0.6% and 2.7% for females and males) compared to children without a history of otitis media and antibiotics usage (0.4% for females and 1.9% for males). Similarly, we found an increased hazard ratio of autism associated with otitis media (1.83 95% CI 1.71-1.95) and antibiotics usage (1.29 95% CI 1.17-1.43). A history of both otitis media and antibiotic treatment did not further increase the risk of autism. Although the risk of autism was associated with otitis media and treatment with antibiotics, we found little evidence of a synergistic effect between otitis media infections and treatment with antibiotics. Autism Res 2018, 11: 1432-1440. (c) 2018 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc. LAY SUMMARY: We investigated whether otitis media ear infections and antibiotic treatment were associated with autism spectrum disorder. Autism was more common in children who had had an otitis media infection or who had been treated with antibiotics. Given the observational nature of our data, our study cannot be used to conclude that otitis media or use of antibiotics cause autism, as our findings may be subject to unobserved confounding. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aur.2015 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=369 [article] Otitis media, antibiotics, and risk of autism spectrum disorder [Texte imprimé et/ou numérique] / T. WIMBERLEY, Auteur ; E. AGERBO, Auteur ; C. B. PEDERSEN, Auteur ; Soeren DALSGAARD, Auteur ; H. T. HORSDAL, Auteur ; P. B. MORTENSEN, Auteur ; W. K. THOMPSON, Auteur ; O. KOHLER-FORSBERG, Auteur ; R. H. YOLKEN, Auteur . - p.1432-1440. Langues : Anglais (eng) in Autism Research > 11-10 (October 2018) . - p.1432-1440 Mots-clés : antibiotics  autism spectrum disorder  epidemiology  otitis media Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Otitis media infections and antibiotic treatment have been linked to the risk of developing autism spectrum disorder. Broad-spectrum antibiotics may alter the composition of the gut flora microbiota, which is hypothesized to be involved in the regulation of the immune system. This study examines the interplay among otitis media, antibiotics, and the subsequent risk of developing autism. Based on the entire Danish population, 780,547 children were followed from birth (January 1, 1997 to December 31, 2008) until December 31, 2012. We calculated adjusted hazard ratios and absolute risks of autism with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) related to previous otitis media diagnoses and antibiotic prescriptions redeemed at Danish pharmacies. The absolute risk of autism before age 10 was increased among children with otitis media (1.2% for females and 3.3% for males) and in children who had redeemed an antibiotic prescription (0.6% and 2.7% for females and males) compared to children without a history of otitis media and antibiotics usage (0.4% for females and 1.9% for males). Similarly, we found an increased hazard ratio of autism associated with otitis media (1.83 95% CI 1.71-1.95) and antibiotics usage (1.29 95% CI 1.17-1.43). A history of both otitis media and antibiotic treatment did not further increase the risk of autism. Although the risk of autism was associated with otitis media and treatment with antibiotics, we found little evidence of a synergistic effect between otitis media infections and treatment with antibiotics. Autism Res 2018, 11: 1432-1440. (c) 2018 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc. LAY SUMMARY: We investigated whether otitis media ear infections and antibiotic treatment were associated with autism spectrum disorder. Autism was more common in children who had had an otitis media infection or who had been treated with antibiotics. Given the observational nature of our data, our study cannot be used to conclude that otitis media or use of antibiotics cause autism, as our findings may be subject to unobserved confounding. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aur.2015 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=369

Reduced distractor interference in neurotypical adults with high expression of autistic traits irrespective of stimulus type / Mayra MULLER SPANIOL in Autism Research, 11-10 (October 2018)  

Public ISBD [article]  inAutism Research > 11-10 (October 2018) . - p.e2005 Titre : Reduced distractor interference in neurotypical adults with high expression of autistic traits irrespective of stimulus type Type de document : Texte imprimé et/ou numérique Auteurs : Mayra MULLER SPANIOL, Auteur ; Lilach SHALEV, Auteur ; Carmel MEVORACH, Auteur Article en page(s) : p.e2005 Langues : Anglais (eng) Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Attention atypicality is evident in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and its broader phenotype with previous studies suggesting that in some cases participants can be more efficient at ignoring distracting irrelevant information. However, it is not clear to what extent this improved filtering capacity is driven by perceptual atypicality, such as local bias or atypical face processing, which is also sometimes reported in these populations. For instance, better ability to ignore the global aspect of a display could stem from a local perceptual bias rather than from improved distractor inhibition. To test whether distractor suppression per se, is associated with high expression of autistic traits, in the present study a large cohort of neurotypical participants (n = 218), in whom expression of autistic traits was assessed, performed two nonspatial attention selection tasks with different categories of stimuli (global/local and face/scene). Importantly, both tasks involved a conflict with one aspect of the stimuli designated as the target and the other designated as the distractor. Across the two experiments adults with high autistic traits were overall, better able to ignore distractors than adults with low autistic traits, irrespective of the type of perceptual processing involved. These results support the notion that autistic tendencies are associated with increased attention filtering (at least when target and distractor remain constant) which is not dependent on perceptual biases. Thus, future work in the broader autism phenotype should explicitly consider the effect played by attention mechanisms in this population. Autism Res 2018, 11: 1345–1355. © 2018 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Lay Summary In the present study, we show that neurotypical adults with high autistic traits are better able to avoid distraction from conspicuous (but completely irrelevant) distractors when told in advance to do so. This ability is not affected by the type of visual input (for instance, whether the distractor is a face or whether small rather than large letters should be reported). This finding could be important in better understanding the way attention is utilized in Autism. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aur.2005 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=369 [article] Reduced distractor interference in neurotypical adults with high expression of autistic traits irrespective of stimulus type [Texte imprimé et/ou numérique] / Mayra MULLER SPANIOL, Auteur ; Lilach SHALEV, Auteur ; Carmel MEVORACH, Auteur . - p.e2005. Langues : Anglais (eng) in Autism Research > 11-10 (October 2018) . - p.e2005 Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Attention atypicality is evident in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and its broader phenotype with previous studies suggesting that in some cases participants can be more efficient at ignoring distracting irrelevant information. However, it is not clear to what extent this improved filtering capacity is driven by perceptual atypicality, such as local bias or atypical face processing, which is also sometimes reported in these populations. For instance, better ability to ignore the global aspect of a display could stem from a local perceptual bias rather than from improved distractor inhibition. To test whether distractor suppression per se, is associated with high expression of autistic traits, in the present study a large cohort of neurotypical participants (n = 218), in whom expression of autistic traits was assessed, performed two nonspatial attention selection tasks with different categories of stimuli (global/local and face/scene). Importantly, both tasks involved a conflict with one aspect of the stimuli designated as the target and the other designated as the distractor. Across the two experiments adults with high autistic traits were overall, better able to ignore distractors than adults with low autistic traits, irrespective of the type of perceptual processing involved. These results support the notion that autistic tendencies are associated with increased attention filtering (at least when target and distractor remain constant) which is not dependent on perceptual biases. Thus, future work in the broader autism phenotype should explicitly consider the effect played by attention mechanisms in this population. Autism Res 2018, 11: 1345–1355. © 2018 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Lay Summary In the present study, we show that neurotypical adults with high autistic traits are better able to avoid distraction from conspicuous (but completely irrelevant) distractors when told in advance to do so. This ability is not affected by the type of visual input (for instance, whether the distractor is a face or whether small rather than large letters should be reported). This finding could be important in better understanding the way attention is utilized in Autism. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aur.2005 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=369