5 recherche sur le mot-clé 'heavy metals'

Interaction between a mixture of heavy metals (lead, mercury, arsenic, cadmium, manganese, aluminum) and GSTP1, GSTT1, and GSTM1 in relation to autism spectrum disorder / Mohammad H. RAHBAR in Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 79 (November 2020)  

Public ISBD [article]  inResearch in Autism Spectrum Disorders > 79 (November 2020) . - 101681 Titre : Interaction between a mixture of heavy metals (lead, mercury, arsenic, cadmium, manganese, aluminum) and GSTP1, GSTT1, and GSTM1 in relation to autism spectrum disorder Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Mohammad H. RAHBAR, Auteur ; Maureen SAMMS-VAUGHAN, Auteur ; MinJae LEE, Auteur ; Jing ZHANG, Auteur ; Manouchehr HESSABI, Auteur ; Jan BRESSLER, Auteur ; MacKinsey A. BACH, Auteur ; Megan L. GROVE, Auteur ; Sydonnie SHAKESPEARE-PELLINGTON, Auteur ; Compton BEECHER, Auteur ; Wayne MCLAUGHLIN, Auteur ; Katherine A. LOVELAND, Auteur Article en page(s) : 101681 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Autism Spectrum Disorder  Glutathione S-transferase (GST) genes ( and )  Mixture analysis  Generalized weighted quantile sum regression (gWQS)  Heavy metals  Jamaica Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Background Exposure to many environmental chemicals, including metals, often does not occur in isolation, hence requires assessment of the associations between exposure to mixtures of chemicals and human health. Objectives To investigate associations of a metal mixture of lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), manganese (Mn), and aluminum (Al) in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), additively or interactively with each of three glutathione S-transferase (GST) genes (GSTP1, GSTT1, and GSTM1). Method Using data from 266 case-control pairs of Jamaican children (2–8 years old), we fitted negative and positive generalized weighted quantile sum (gWQS) regression models to assess the aforementioned associations. Results Based on additive and interactive negative gWQS models adjusted for maternal age, parental education, child’s parish, and seafood consumption, we found inverse associations of the overall mixture score with ASD [MOR (95 % CI) = 0.70 (0.49, 0.99); P <  0.05) and [MOR (95 % CI) = 0.46 (0.25, 0.84); P = 0.01], respectively. In an unadjusted negative gWQS model, we found a marginally significant interaction between GSTP1 and a mixture of three metals (Pb, Hg, and Mn) (P = 0.07) while the association was no longer significant after adjustment for the same covariates (P = 0.24). Conclusions Differences in diet between ASD and control groups may play a role in the inverse associations we found. The possible interactive association between Mn and GSTP1 in ASD based on gWQS is consistent with our previous reports. However, possible interaction of GSTP1 with Pb and Hg in ASD requires further investigation and replication. En ligne : https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2020.101681 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=434 [article] Interaction between a mixture of heavy metals (lead, mercury, arsenic, cadmium, manganese, aluminum) and GSTP1, GSTT1, and GSTM1 in relation to autism spectrum disorder [texte imprimé] / Mohammad H. RAHBAR, Auteur ; Maureen SAMMS-VAUGHAN, Auteur ; MinJae LEE, Auteur ; Jing ZHANG, Auteur ; Manouchehr HESSABI, Auteur ; Jan BRESSLER, Auteur ; MacKinsey A. BACH, Auteur ; Megan L. GROVE, Auteur ; Sydonnie SHAKESPEARE-PELLINGTON, Auteur ; Compton BEECHER, Auteur ; Wayne MCLAUGHLIN, Auteur ; Katherine A. LOVELAND, Auteur . - 101681. Langues : Anglais (eng) in Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders > 79 (November 2020) . - 101681 Mots-clés : Autism Spectrum Disorder  Glutathione S-transferase (GST) genes ( and )  Mixture analysis  Generalized weighted quantile sum regression (gWQS)  Heavy metals  Jamaica Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Background Exposure to many environmental chemicals, including metals, often does not occur in isolation, hence requires assessment of the associations between exposure to mixtures of chemicals and human health. Objectives To investigate associations of a metal mixture of lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), manganese (Mn), and aluminum (Al) in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), additively or interactively with each of three glutathione S-transferase (GST) genes (GSTP1, GSTT1, and GSTM1). Method Using data from 266 case-control pairs of Jamaican children (2–8 years old), we fitted negative and positive generalized weighted quantile sum (gWQS) regression models to assess the aforementioned associations. Results Based on additive and interactive negative gWQS models adjusted for maternal age, parental education, child’s parish, and seafood consumption, we found inverse associations of the overall mixture score with ASD [MOR (95 % CI) = 0.70 (0.49, 0.99); P <  0.05) and [MOR (95 % CI) = 0.46 (0.25, 0.84); P = 0.01], respectively. In an unadjusted negative gWQS model, we found a marginally significant interaction between GSTP1 and a mixture of three metals (Pb, Hg, and Mn) (P = 0.07) while the association was no longer significant after adjustment for the same covariates (P = 0.24). Conclusions Differences in diet between ASD and control groups may play a role in the inverse associations we found. The possible interactive association between Mn and GSTP1 in ASD based on gWQS is consistent with our previous reports. However, possible interaction of GSTP1 with Pb and Hg in ASD requires further investigation and replication. En ligne : https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2020.101681 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=434

Association between urinary toxic and essential metals exposure and autism in children / Josefa CANALS-SANS ; Paula MORALES-HIDALGO ; Victoria ARIJA in Research in Autism, 125 (July 2025)  

Public ISBD [article]  inResearch in Autism > 125 (July 2025) . - p.202616 Titre : Association between urinary toxic and essential metals exposure and autism in children Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Josefa CANALS-SANS, Auteur ; Paula MORALES-HIDALGO, Auteur ; Victoria ARIJA, Auteur Article en page(s) : p.202616 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Heavy metals  Autism  Neurodevelopment conditions  Children Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Autism has a multifactorial origin, with genetic factors playing a significant role, while various environmental factors, including early exposure to toxic or essential metals, have been associated with an increased likelihood in children. The current study analysed the association between 15 different essential and heavy metals and autism among Spanish school children. Urine samples from a total of 108 children (autism group: N = 42; non-autism group: N = 66) between the ages of 5-16 years were analysed. Logistic regressions, adjusted for sex, age, BMI, SES, and diet quality, were performed using a categorical comparison of metal concentrations in quartiles, with the first quartile as a reference. Significant associations were found in the fourth quartile for copper (Cu) (aOR 9.45; CI: 1.89-48.02), third quartile for lead (Pb) (aOR 5.59; CI 1.36-22.94) and in the 75th percentile for manganese (Mn) (aOR 12.50; CI 3.27-47.72). Furthermore, Mn exposure was associated with more pronounced differences in social cognition, as measured by the Social Responsiveness Scale-2nd edition (? = 22.04, p = .038). However, no significant associations were found with other essential or heavy metals. This study provides significant insights into the association between metal exposure and autism in school-aged children, emphasising the need for further research to better understand and mitigate the impact of environmental influences on children s health and development. En ligne : https://doi.org/10.1016/j.reia.2025.202616 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=559 [article] Association between urinary toxic and essential metals exposure and autism in children [texte imprimé] / Josefa CANALS-SANS, Auteur ; Paula MORALES-HIDALGO, Auteur ; Victoria ARIJA, Auteur . - p.202616. Langues : Anglais (eng) in Research in Autism > 125 (July 2025) . - p.202616 Mots-clés : Heavy metals  Autism  Neurodevelopment conditions  Children Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Autism has a multifactorial origin, with genetic factors playing a significant role, while various environmental factors, including early exposure to toxic or essential metals, have been associated with an increased likelihood in children. The current study analysed the association between 15 different essential and heavy metals and autism among Spanish school children. Urine samples from a total of 108 children (autism group: N = 42; non-autism group: N = 66) between the ages of 5-16 years were analysed. Logistic regressions, adjusted for sex, age, BMI, SES, and diet quality, were performed using a categorical comparison of metal concentrations in quartiles, with the first quartile as a reference. Significant associations were found in the fourth quartile for copper (Cu) (aOR 9.45; CI: 1.89-48.02), third quartile for lead (Pb) (aOR 5.59; CI 1.36-22.94) and in the 75th percentile for manganese (Mn) (aOR 12.50; CI 3.27-47.72). Furthermore, Mn exposure was associated with more pronounced differences in social cognition, as measured by the Social Responsiveness Scale-2nd edition (? = 22.04, p = .038). However, no significant associations were found with other essential or heavy metals. This study provides significant insights into the association between metal exposure and autism in school-aged children, emphasising the need for further research to better understand and mitigate the impact of environmental influences on children s health and development. En ligne : https://doi.org/10.1016/j.reia.2025.202616 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=559

Interaction between manganese and GSTP1 in relation to autism spectrum disorder while controlling for exposure to mixture of lead, mercury, arsenic, and cadmium / Mohammad H. RAHBAR in Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 55 (November 2018)  

Public ISBD [article]  inResearch in Autism Spectrum Disorders > 55 (November 2018) . - p.50-63 Titre : Interaction between manganese and GSTP1 in relation to autism spectrum disorder while controlling for exposure to mixture of lead, mercury, arsenic, and cadmium Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Mohammad H. RAHBAR, Auteur ; Maureen SAMMS-VAUGHAN, Auteur ; MinJae LEE, Auteur ; MacKinsey A. CHRISTIAN, Auteur ; Jan BRESSLER, Auteur ; Manouchehr HESSABI, Auteur ; Megan L. GROVE, Auteur ; Sydonnie SHAKESPEARE-PELLINGTON, Auteur ; Charlene COORE-DESAI, Auteur ; Jody-Ann REECE, Auteur ; Katherine A. LOVELAND, Auteur ; Compton BEECHER, Auteur ; Wayne MCLAUGHLIN, Auteur ; Eric BOERWINKLE, Auteur Article en page(s) : p.50-63 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Autism spectrum disorder (ASD)  Heavy metals  Interaction  Weighted quantile sum (WQS) regression Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Background We previously reported a significant interactive association between polymorphisms of GSTP1 and blood manganese concentrations (BMC) with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in Jamaican children. In this paper, we investigate the same interactive association with ASD while adjusting for the mixture of four metals (lead, mercury, cadmium, and arsenic). Method We used data from 163 case-control pairs of children 2–8 years of age from our autism project in Jamaica, in which we collected blood for heavy metals analysis at enrollment. To minimize potential multicollinearity between concentrations of the four metals, we generated a mixture index using generalized weighted quantile sum regression, which was used in conditional logistic regression models to control for the four metals while assessing the interactive association between GSTP1 and BMC with ASD. Results Similar to the findings we reported previously, we found that in co-dominant and dominant models for GSTP1, among children with the Ile/Ile genotype, those with BMC ≥ 12 μg/L had 4.6 and 4.27 times higher odds of ASD compared to those with BMC < 12 μg/L (adjusted Matched Odds Ratio (MOR) = 4.6, 95% CI: 1.21–17.42 and adjusted MOR = 4.27, 95% CI: 1.15–15.85, respectively). In the co-dominant model, for children with the Ile/Val and Val/Val genotypes, the adjusted MORs were 1.26 (95% CI: 0.32, 5.01) and 0.26 (95% CI: 0.05, 1.42), respectively. Conclusions After adjusting for the mixture of four metals, the interactive association of BMC and GSTP1 with ASD remained significant with similar magnitude of associations. Results should be interpreted cautiously. En ligne : https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2018.08.003 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=369 [article] Interaction between manganese and GSTP1 in relation to autism spectrum disorder while controlling for exposure to mixture of lead, mercury, arsenic, and cadmium [texte imprimé] / Mohammad H. RAHBAR, Auteur ; Maureen SAMMS-VAUGHAN, Auteur ; MinJae LEE, Auteur ; MacKinsey A. CHRISTIAN, Auteur ; Jan BRESSLER, Auteur ; Manouchehr HESSABI, Auteur ; Megan L. GROVE, Auteur ; Sydonnie SHAKESPEARE-PELLINGTON, Auteur ; Charlene COORE-DESAI, Auteur ; Jody-Ann REECE, Auteur ; Katherine A. LOVELAND, Auteur ; Compton BEECHER, Auteur ; Wayne MCLAUGHLIN, Auteur ; Eric BOERWINKLE, Auteur . - p.50-63. Langues : Anglais (eng) in Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders > 55 (November 2018) . - p.50-63 Mots-clés : Autism spectrum disorder (ASD)  Heavy metals  Interaction  Weighted quantile sum (WQS) regression Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Background We previously reported a significant interactive association between polymorphisms of GSTP1 and blood manganese concentrations (BMC) with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in Jamaican children. In this paper, we investigate the same interactive association with ASD while adjusting for the mixture of four metals (lead, mercury, cadmium, and arsenic). Method We used data from 163 case-control pairs of children 2–8 years of age from our autism project in Jamaica, in which we collected blood for heavy metals analysis at enrollment. To minimize potential multicollinearity between concentrations of the four metals, we generated a mixture index using generalized weighted quantile sum regression, which was used in conditional logistic regression models to control for the four metals while assessing the interactive association between GSTP1 and BMC with ASD. Results Similar to the findings we reported previously, we found that in co-dominant and dominant models for GSTP1, among children with the Ile/Ile genotype, those with BMC ≥ 12 μg/L had 4.6 and 4.27 times higher odds of ASD compared to those with BMC < 12 μg/L (adjusted Matched Odds Ratio (MOR) = 4.6, 95% CI: 1.21–17.42 and adjusted MOR = 4.27, 95% CI: 1.15–15.85, respectively). In the co-dominant model, for children with the Ile/Val and Val/Val genotypes, the adjusted MORs were 1.26 (95% CI: 0.32, 5.01) and 0.26 (95% CI: 0.05, 1.42), respectively. Conclusions After adjusting for the mixture of four metals, the interactive association of BMC and GSTP1 with ASD remained significant with similar magnitude of associations. Results should be interpreted cautiously. En ligne : https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2018.08.003 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=369

Are Urinary Porphyrins a Valid Diagnostic Biomarker of Autism Spectrum Disorder? / Kerrie SHANDLEY in Autism Research, 7-5 (October 2014)  

Public ISBD [article]  inAutism Research > 7-5 (October 2014) . - p.535-542 Titre : Are Urinary Porphyrins a Valid Diagnostic Biomarker of Autism Spectrum Disorder? Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Kerrie SHANDLEY, Auteur ; David W. AUSTIN, Auteur ; Jahar L. BHOWMIK, Auteur Article en page(s) : p.535-542 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : porphyrins  biomarker  ASD diagnosis  ASD severity  heavy metals  mercury Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : A fundamental challenge to the timely diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is the reliance on the observation of a set of aberrant behavior. Consequently, the diagnostic process requires that the child reach an age where the behaviors would typically be exhibited. The identification of a reliable biological marker (biomarker) could be of considerable benefit to the diagnostic process. As a diagnostic biomarker, porphyrins present an attractive prospect as previous studies have reported consistent findings of children with ASD showing significant elevations in porphyrin levels in contrast to controls. Furthermore, there is some evidence that ASD severity may be associated with porphyrins, which would be a valuable characteristic of any ASD biomarker. Importantly, for practical use, porphyrins can be tested non-invasively via a sample of urine. The present study sought to investigate whether porphyrin profiles can reliably be used to (a) differentiate ASD cases from healthy controls; and (b) predict ASD severity. The study compared the porphyrin levels of three groups of children aged 2–6 years: Group 1—children diagnosed with ASD (n = 70); Group 2—healthy, normally developing siblings of children diagnosed with ASD (n = 36); and Group 3—healthy, normally developing children with no known blood relative diagnosed with ASD (n = 54). The results of logistic regression analyses failed to find support for the hypotheses that porphyrin levels could be used as a valid tool to detect ASD cases or predict severity. Autism Res 2014, 7: 535–542. © 2014 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aur.1385 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=241 [article] Are Urinary Porphyrins a Valid Diagnostic Biomarker of Autism Spectrum Disorder? [texte imprimé] / Kerrie SHANDLEY, Auteur ; David W. AUSTIN, Auteur ; Jahar L. BHOWMIK, Auteur . - p.535-542. Langues : Anglais (eng) in Autism Research > 7-5 (October 2014) . - p.535-542 Mots-clés : porphyrins  biomarker  ASD diagnosis  ASD severity  heavy metals  mercury Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : A fundamental challenge to the timely diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is the reliance on the observation of a set of aberrant behavior. Consequently, the diagnostic process requires that the child reach an age where the behaviors would typically be exhibited. The identification of a reliable biological marker (biomarker) could be of considerable benefit to the diagnostic process. As a diagnostic biomarker, porphyrins present an attractive prospect as previous studies have reported consistent findings of children with ASD showing significant elevations in porphyrin levels in contrast to controls. Furthermore, there is some evidence that ASD severity may be associated with porphyrins, which would be a valuable characteristic of any ASD biomarker. Importantly, for practical use, porphyrins can be tested non-invasively via a sample of urine. The present study sought to investigate whether porphyrin profiles can reliably be used to (a) differentiate ASD cases from healthy controls; and (b) predict ASD severity. The study compared the porphyrin levels of three groups of children aged 2–6 years: Group 1—children diagnosed with ASD (n = 70); Group 2—healthy, normally developing siblings of children diagnosed with ASD (n = 36); and Group 3—healthy, normally developing children with no known blood relative diagnosed with ASD (n = 54). The results of logistic regression analyses failed to find support for the hypotheses that porphyrin levels could be used as a valid tool to detect ASD cases or predict severity. Autism Res 2014, 7: 535–542. © 2014 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aur.1385 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=241

Exploring the link between toxic metal exposure and ADHD: a systematic review of pb and hg / Reyhane FARMANI in Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders, 16 (2024)  

Public ISBD [article]  inJournal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders > 16 (2024) Titre : Exploring the link between toxic metal exposure and ADHD: a systematic review of pb and hg Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Reyhane FARMANI, Auteur ; Omid MEHRPOUR, Auteur ; Alireza KOOSHKI, Auteur ; Samaneh NAKHAEE, Auteur Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Humans  Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/epidemiology/chemically induced  Lead/blood/adverse effects  Mercury/urine/blood/adverse effects  Child  Environmental Exposure/adverse effects  Adhd  Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder  Heavy metals  Hg  Lead  Mercury  Neurodevelopmental disorders  Pb Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : INTRODUCTION: Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a recognized neurodevelopmental disorder with a complex, multifactorial origin. Lead (Pb) and mercury (Hg) are highly toxic substances that can potentially impair brain development and have been implicated in the development of ADHD. This systematic review aims to analyze the epidemiological literature regarding the association between Pb and Hg exposure and the diagnosis of ADHD. METHODS: From November 1983 to June 2, 2023, a comprehensive search was conducted in multiple databases and search engines, including PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar. Observational studies (case-control, cohort, and cross-sectional) measuring Pb and Hg levels in various biological samples (blood, hair, urine, nail, saliva, teeth, and bone) of children with ADHD or their parents and their association with ADHD symptoms were included. RESULTS: Out of 2059 studies, 87 met the inclusion criteria and were included in this systematic review. Approximately two-thirds of the 74 studies investigating Pb levels in different biological samples reported associations with at least one subtype of ADHD. However, most studies examining Hg levels in various biological samples found no significant association with any ADHD subtype, although there were variations in exposure periods and diagnostic criteria. CONCLUSION: The evidence gathered from the included studies supports an association between Pb exposure and the diagnosis of ADHD, while no significant association was found with Hg exposure. Importantly, even low levels of Pb were found to elevate the risk of ADHD. Further research is needed to explore the comprehensive range of risk factors for ADHD in children, considering its significance as a neurodevelopmental disorder. En ligne : https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s11689-024-09555-8 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=575 [article] Exploring the link between toxic metal exposure and ADHD: a systematic review of pb and hg [texte imprimé] / Reyhane FARMANI, Auteur ; Omid MEHRPOUR, Auteur ; Alireza KOOSHKI, Auteur ; Samaneh NAKHAEE, Auteur. Langues : Anglais (eng) in Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders > 16 (2024) Mots-clés : Humans  Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/epidemiology/chemically induced  Lead/blood/adverse effects  Mercury/urine/blood/adverse effects  Child  Environmental Exposure/adverse effects  Adhd  Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder  Heavy metals  Hg  Lead  Mercury  Neurodevelopmental disorders  Pb Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : INTRODUCTION: Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a recognized neurodevelopmental disorder with a complex, multifactorial origin. Lead (Pb) and mercury (Hg) are highly toxic substances that can potentially impair brain development and have been implicated in the development of ADHD. This systematic review aims to analyze the epidemiological literature regarding the association between Pb and Hg exposure and the diagnosis of ADHD. METHODS: From November 1983 to June 2, 2023, a comprehensive search was conducted in multiple databases and search engines, including PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar. Observational studies (case-control, cohort, and cross-sectional) measuring Pb and Hg levels in various biological samples (blood, hair, urine, nail, saliva, teeth, and bone) of children with ADHD or their parents and their association with ADHD symptoms were included. RESULTS: Out of 2059 studies, 87 met the inclusion criteria and were included in this systematic review. Approximately two-thirds of the 74 studies investigating Pb levels in different biological samples reported associations with at least one subtype of ADHD. However, most studies examining Hg levels in various biological samples found no significant association with any ADHD subtype, although there were variations in exposure periods and diagnostic criteria. CONCLUSION: The evidence gathered from the included studies supports an association between Pb exposure and the diagnosis of ADHD, while no significant association was found with Hg exposure. Importantly, even low levels of Pb were found to elevate the risk of ADHD. Further research is needed to explore the comprehensive range of risk factors for ADHD in children, considering its significance as a neurodevelopmental disorder. En ligne : https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s11689-024-09555-8 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=575