[article] 
in Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry > 56-2 (February 2015) . - p.105-107

Titre :	Editorial: A double-edged sword: advantages and disadvantages to the current emphasis on biogenetic causes of child psychopathology
Type de document :	texte imprimé
Auteurs :	S. Alexandra BURT, Auteur
Article en page(s) :	p.105-107
Langues :	Anglais (eng)
Mots-clés :	Biogenetics  biology–environment interplay  child psychopathology  main effects
Index. décimale :	PER Périodiques
Résumé :	Research on child psychopathology is a largely biogenetic endeavor these days, at least according to current funding priorities at the National Institutes of Health in the US. This heavy focus on genetic contributions to child psychopathology has some real advantages. Available research has conclusively indicated that child and adolescent mental health problems are partially genetic in origin and, moreover, are related to neural structure and function (as an example, see Plomin et al.). Moreover, these genetic effects may be responsible for some previously reported ‘environmental’ effects, such that, what appear to be direct environmental risk factors may in fact reflect genetic/familial risks. As one example, Sengupta et al. (this issue) found that maternal smoking during pregnancy was in fact a marker of maternal and paternal psychopathology. Put another way, the association between ADHD and maternal smoking during pregnancy may index a genetic/familial risk for a more severe form of ADHD, rather than a direct effect of uterine exposure to cigarettes. A final, more subtle reason for the current trend towards biogenetic research is that it has the rarely-discussed but all-too-important ‘allure of the unknown’. We have only just recently been able to directly explore the biological underpinnings of psychopathology; and as technology advances, so too will the insights gained (presumably). This offers both funding agencies and individual scientists the very real possibility of making a major new discovery – a siren's call for most of us. In sharp contrast, decades of research have explored putatively environmental contributions to child and adolescent psychopathology. New paradigm-shifting discoveries are thus likely to be fewer in number and farther between (if we continue using traditional study designs that omit joint consideration of biology, that is). In short, biogenetic research just feels more cutting edge at the moment. The clear merits of such work notwithstanding, there are a number of critical disadvantages to the current emphasis on genetics. These issues are presented below, not necessarily in order of importance.
En ligne :	http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12393
Permalink :	http://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=2598

[article] Editorial: A double-edged sword: advantages and disadvantages to the current emphasis on biogenetic causes of child psychopathology [texte imprimé] / S. Alexandra BURT, Auteur . - p.105-107.
Langues : Anglais (eng)
in Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry > 56-2 (February 2015) . - p.105-107

Mots-clés :	Biogenetics  biology–environment interplay  child psychopathology  main effects
Index. décimale :	PER Périodiques
Résumé :	Research on child psychopathology is a largely biogenetic endeavor these days, at least according to current funding priorities at the National Institutes of Health in the US. This heavy focus on genetic contributions to child psychopathology has some real advantages. Available research has conclusively indicated that child and adolescent mental health problems are partially genetic in origin and, moreover, are related to neural structure and function (as an example, see Plomin et al.). Moreover, these genetic effects may be responsible for some previously reported ‘environmental’ effects, such that, what appear to be direct environmental risk factors may in fact reflect genetic/familial risks. As one example, Sengupta et al. (this issue) found that maternal smoking during pregnancy was in fact a marker of maternal and paternal psychopathology. Put another way, the association between ADHD and maternal smoking during pregnancy may index a genetic/familial risk for a more severe form of ADHD, rather than a direct effect of uterine exposure to cigarettes. A final, more subtle reason for the current trend towards biogenetic research is that it has the rarely-discussed but all-too-important ‘allure of the unknown’. We have only just recently been able to directly explore the biological underpinnings of psychopathology; and as technology advances, so too will the insights gained (presumably). This offers both funding agencies and individual scientists the very real possibility of making a major new discovery – a siren's call for most of us. In sharp contrast, decades of research have explored putatively environmental contributions to child and adolescent psychopathology. New paradigm-shifting discoveries are thus likely to be fewer in number and farther between (if we continue using traditional study designs that omit joint consideration of biology, that is). In short, biogenetic research just feels more cutting edge at the moment. The clear merits of such work notwithstanding, there are a number of critical disadvantages to the current emphasis on genetics. These issues are presented below, not necessarily in order of importance.
En ligne :	http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12393
Permalink :	http://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=2598

[article] 
in Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry > 56-2 (February 2015) . - p.108-121

Titre :	Practitioner Review: Effective ingredients of prevention programs for youth at risk of persistent juvenile delinquency – recommendations for clinical practice
Type de document :	texte imprimé
Auteurs :	Sanne L. A. DE VRIES, Auteur ; Machteld HOEVE, Auteur ; Mark ASSINK, Auteur ; Geert Jan J. M. STAMS, Auteur ; Jessica J. ASSCHER, Auteur
Article en page(s) :	p.108-121
Langues :	Anglais (eng)
Mots-clés :	Effectiveness  prevention  juvenile delinquency  meta-analysis
Index. décimale :	PER Périodiques
Résumé :	Background There is a lack of knowledge about specific effective ingredients of prevention programs for youth at risk for persistent delinquent behavior. The present study combines findings of previous studies by examining the effectiveness of programs in preventing persistent juvenile delinquency and by studying which particular program, sample, and study characteristics contribute to the effects. Information on effective ingredients offers specific indications of how programs may be improved in clinical practice. Method A literature search in PsychINFO, ERIC, PubMed, Sociological Abstracts, Criminal Justice Abstracts, and Google Scholar was performed. Only (quasi)experimental studies and studies that focused on adolescents at risk for (persistent) delinquent behavior were included. Multilevel meta-analysis was conducted on 39 studies (N = 9,084). Participants’ ages ranged from 6 to 20 years (M = 14 years, SD = 2.45). Results The overall effect size was significant and small in magnitude (d = 0.24, p < .001). Behavioral-oriented programs, focusing on parenting skills training, behavioral modeling, or behavioral contracting yielded the largest effects. Multimodal programs and programs carried out in the family context proved to be more beneficial than individual and group-based programs. Less intensive programs yielded larger effects. Conclusions Prevention programs have positive effects on preventing persistent juvenile delinquency. In order to improve program effectiveness, interventions should be behavioral-oriented, delivered in a family or multimodal format, and the intensity of the program should be matched to the level of risk of the juvenile.
En ligne :	http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12320
Permalink :	http://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=2598

[article] Practitioner Review: Effective ingredients of prevention programs for youth at risk of persistent juvenile delinquency – recommendations for clinical practice [texte imprimé] / Sanne L. A. DE VRIES, Auteur ; Machteld HOEVE, Auteur ; Mark ASSINK, Auteur ; Geert Jan J. M. STAMS, Auteur ; Jessica J. ASSCHER, Auteur . - p.108-121.
Langues : Anglais (eng)
in Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry > 56-2 (February 2015) . - p.108-121

Mots-clés :	Effectiveness  prevention  juvenile delinquency  meta-analysis
Index. décimale :	PER Périodiques
Résumé :	Background There is a lack of knowledge about specific effective ingredients of prevention programs for youth at risk for persistent delinquent behavior. The present study combines findings of previous studies by examining the effectiveness of programs in preventing persistent juvenile delinquency and by studying which particular program, sample, and study characteristics contribute to the effects. Information on effective ingredients offers specific indications of how programs may be improved in clinical practice. Method A literature search in PsychINFO, ERIC, PubMed, Sociological Abstracts, Criminal Justice Abstracts, and Google Scholar was performed. Only (quasi)experimental studies and studies that focused on adolescents at risk for (persistent) delinquent behavior were included. Multilevel meta-analysis was conducted on 39 studies (N = 9,084). Participants’ ages ranged from 6 to 20 years (M = 14 years, SD = 2.45). Results The overall effect size was significant and small in magnitude (d = 0.24, p < .001). Behavioral-oriented programs, focusing on parenting skills training, behavioral modeling, or behavioral contracting yielded the largest effects. Multimodal programs and programs carried out in the family context proved to be more beneficial than individual and group-based programs. Less intensive programs yielded larger effects. Conclusions Prevention programs have positive effects on preventing persistent juvenile delinquency. In order to improve program effectiveness, interventions should be behavioral-oriented, delivered in a family or multimodal format, and the intensity of the program should be matched to the level of risk of the juvenile.
En ligne :	http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12320
Permalink :	http://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=2598

[article] 
in Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry > 56-2 (February 2015) . - p.122-129

Titre :	Parental psychopathology in families of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and exposed to maternal smoking during pregnancy
Type de document :	texte imprimé
Auteurs :	Sarojini M. SENGUPTA, Auteur ; Marie-Eve FORTIER, Auteur ; Geeta A. THAKUR, Auteur ; Venkat BHAT, Auteur ; Natalie GRIZENKO, Auteur ; Ridha JOOBER, Auteur
Article en page(s) :	p.122-129
Langues :	Anglais (eng)
Mots-clés :	Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder  behavior problems  comorbidity  family history  smoking
Index. décimale :	PER Périodiques
Résumé :	Background Both genetic and environmental factors have been implicated in the etiology of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). We had previously suggested that exposure to maternal smoking during pregnancy (MSDP) may be a valid basis for delineating a distinct subtype of ADHD, where children exposed to MSDP present with a more severe clinical picture. Here, we examine the psychopathology of parents in this group, to better understand the etiology of ADHD. Methods Using the Family Interview for Genetic Studies in a sample of 514 families of children with ADHD, we collected data pertaining to lifetime parental psychopathology. Families were stratified based on maternal smoking during the complete gestational period. The frequency of different disorders was compared using the ?2 statistic. Results In the group where mothers smoked during pregnancy, both parents were significantly more likely to have antisocial personality disorder, and problems with alcohol and drug abuse. Mothers had a significantly higher frequency of major depressive disorder (MDD), while fathers showed a trend for both MDD and bipolar disorder. Conclusions Based on the pattern of psychopathology in parents of children exposed to MSDP, as well as earlier reports of the severe clinical, behavioral, and cognitive phenotype in these children, combined with the large body of epidemiological evidence, we propose that these children present a distinct subtype of ADHD with comorbid conduct disorder. Furthermore, we propose that MSDP may be a proxy measure to help delineate this subtype.
En ligne :	http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12286
Permalink :	http://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=2598

[article] Parental psychopathology in families of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and exposed to maternal smoking during pregnancy [texte imprimé] / Sarojini M. SENGUPTA, Auteur ; Marie-Eve FORTIER, Auteur ; Geeta A. THAKUR, Auteur ; Venkat BHAT, Auteur ; Natalie GRIZENKO, Auteur ; Ridha JOOBER, Auteur . - p.122-129.
Langues : Anglais (eng)
in Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry > 56-2 (February 2015) . - p.122-129

Mots-clés :	Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder  behavior problems  comorbidity  family history  smoking
Index. décimale :	PER Périodiques
Résumé :	Background Both genetic and environmental factors have been implicated in the etiology of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). We had previously suggested that exposure to maternal smoking during pregnancy (MSDP) may be a valid basis for delineating a distinct subtype of ADHD, where children exposed to MSDP present with a more severe clinical picture. Here, we examine the psychopathology of parents in this group, to better understand the etiology of ADHD. Methods Using the Family Interview for Genetic Studies in a sample of 514 families of children with ADHD, we collected data pertaining to lifetime parental psychopathology. Families were stratified based on maternal smoking during the complete gestational period. The frequency of different disorders was compared using the ?2 statistic. Results In the group where mothers smoked during pregnancy, both parents were significantly more likely to have antisocial personality disorder, and problems with alcohol and drug abuse. Mothers had a significantly higher frequency of major depressive disorder (MDD), while fathers showed a trend for both MDD and bipolar disorder. Conclusions Based on the pattern of psychopathology in parents of children exposed to MSDP, as well as earlier reports of the severe clinical, behavioral, and cognitive phenotype in these children, combined with the large body of epidemiological evidence, we propose that these children present a distinct subtype of ADHD with comorbid conduct disorder. Furthermore, we propose that MSDP may be a proxy measure to help delineate this subtype.
En ligne :	http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12286
Permalink :	http://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=2598

[article] 
in Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry > 56-2 (February 2015) . - p.130-137

Titre :	Parental knowledge is an environmental influence on adolescent externalizing
Type de document :	texte imprimé
Auteurs :	Kristine MARCEAU, Auteur ; Jurgita NARUSYTE, Auteur ; Paul LICHTENSTEIN, Auteur ; Jody M. GANIBAN, Auteur ; Erica L. SPOTTS, Auteur ; David REISS, Auteur ; Jenae M. NEIDERHISER, Auteur
Article en page(s) :	p.130-137
Langues :	Anglais (eng)
Mots-clés :	Gene–environment correlation  adolescent externalizing  parental monitoring  parental knowledge  extended children of twins
Index. décimale :	PER Périodiques
Résumé :	Background There is evidence both that parental monitoring is an environmental influence serving to diminish adolescent externalizing problems and that this association may be driven by adolescents' characteristics via genetic and/or environmental mechanisms, such that adolescents with fewer problems tell their parents more, and therefore appear to be better monitored. Without information on how parents' and children's genes and environments influence correlated parent and child behaviors, it is impossible to clarify the mechanisms underlying this association. Method The present study used the Extended Children of Twins model to distinguish types of gene–environment correlation and direct environmental effects underlying associations between parental knowledge and adolescent (age 11–22 years) externalizing behavior with a Swedish sample of 909 twin parents and their adolescent offspring and a US-based sample of 405 White adolescent siblings and their parents. Results Results suggest that more parental knowledge is associated with less adolescent externalizing via a direct environmental influence independent of any genetic influences. There was no evidence of a child-driven explanation of the association between parental knowledge and adolescent externalizing problems. Conclusions In this sample of adolescents, parental knowledge exerted an environmental influence on adolescent externalizing after accounting for genetic influences of parents and adolescents. Because the association between parenting and child development originates in the parent, treatment for adolescent externalizing must not only include parents but should also focus on altering their parental style. Thus, findings suggest that teaching parents better knowledge-related monitoring strategies is likely to help reduce externalizing problems in adolescents.
En ligne :	http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12288
Permalink :	http://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=2598

[article] Parental knowledge is an environmental influence on adolescent externalizing [texte imprimé] / Kristine MARCEAU, Auteur ; Jurgita NARUSYTE, Auteur ; Paul LICHTENSTEIN, Auteur ; Jody M. GANIBAN, Auteur ; Erica L. SPOTTS, Auteur ; David REISS, Auteur ; Jenae M. NEIDERHISER, Auteur . - p.130-137.
Langues : Anglais (eng)
in Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry > 56-2 (February 2015) . - p.130-137

Mots-clés :	Gene–environment correlation  adolescent externalizing  parental monitoring  parental knowledge  extended children of twins
Index. décimale :	PER Périodiques
Résumé :	Background There is evidence both that parental monitoring is an environmental influence serving to diminish adolescent externalizing problems and that this association may be driven by adolescents' characteristics via genetic and/or environmental mechanisms, such that adolescents with fewer problems tell their parents more, and therefore appear to be better monitored. Without information on how parents' and children's genes and environments influence correlated parent and child behaviors, it is impossible to clarify the mechanisms underlying this association. Method The present study used the Extended Children of Twins model to distinguish types of gene–environment correlation and direct environmental effects underlying associations between parental knowledge and adolescent (age 11–22 years) externalizing behavior with a Swedish sample of 909 twin parents and their adolescent offspring and a US-based sample of 405 White adolescent siblings and their parents. Results Results suggest that more parental knowledge is associated with less adolescent externalizing via a direct environmental influence independent of any genetic influences. There was no evidence of a child-driven explanation of the association between parental knowledge and adolescent externalizing problems. Conclusions In this sample of adolescents, parental knowledge exerted an environmental influence on adolescent externalizing after accounting for genetic influences of parents and adolescents. Because the association between parenting and child development originates in the parent, treatment for adolescent externalizing must not only include parents but should also focus on altering their parental style. Thus, findings suggest that teaching parents better knowledge-related monitoring strategies is likely to help reduce externalizing problems in adolescents.
En ligne :	http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12288
Permalink :	http://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=2598

[article] 
in Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry > 56-2 (February 2015) . - p.138-146

Titre :	Interactive effects of early and recent exposure to stressful contexts on cortisol reactivity in middle childhood
Type de document :	texte imprimé
Auteurs :	Sara R. JAFFEE, Auteur ; Tara MCFARQUHAR, Auteur ; Suzanne STEVENS, Auteur ; Isabelle OUELLET-MORIN, Auteur ; Edward MELHUISH, Auteur ; Jay BELSKY, Auteur
Article en page(s) :	p.138-146
Langues :	Anglais (eng)
Mots-clés :	Cortisol reactivity  stress  parenting  internalizing  externalizing
Index. décimale :	PER Périodiques
Résumé :	Background Given mixed findings as to whether stressful experiences and relationships are associated with increases or decreases in children's cortisol reactivity, we tested whether a child's developmental history of risk exposure explained variation in cortisol reactivity to an experimentally induced task. We also tested whether the relationship between cortisol reactivity and children's internalizing and externalizing problems varied as a function of their developmental history of stressful experiences and relationships. Method Participants included 400 children (M = 9.99 years, SD = 0.74 years) from the Children's Experiences and Development Study. Early risk exposure was measured by children's experiences of harsh, nonresponsive parenting at 3 years. Recent risk exposure was measured by children's exposure to traumatic events in the past year. Children's cortisol reactivity was measured in response to a social provocation task and parents and teachers described children's internalizing and externalizing problems. Results The effect of recent exposure to traumatic events was partially dependent upon a child's early experiences of harsh, nonresponsive parenting: the more traumatic events children had recently experienced, the greater their cortisol reactivity if they had experienced lower (but not higher) levels of harsh, nonresponsive parenting at age 3. The lowest levels of cortisol reactivity were observed among children who had experienced the most traumatic events in the past year and higher (vs. lower) levels of harsh, nonresponsive parenting in early childhood. Among youth who experienced harsh, nonresponsive parent–child relationships in early childhood and later traumatic events, lower levels of cortisol reactivity were associated with higher levels of internalizing and externalizing problems. Conclusions Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis reactivity to psychological stressors and the relationship between HPA axis reactivity and children's internalizing and externalizing problems vary as a function of a child's developmental history of exposure to stressful relationships and experiences.
En ligne :	http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12287
Permalink :	http://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=2598

[article] Interactive effects of early and recent exposure to stressful contexts on cortisol reactivity in middle childhood [texte imprimé] / Sara R. JAFFEE, Auteur ; Tara MCFARQUHAR, Auteur ; Suzanne STEVENS, Auteur ; Isabelle OUELLET-MORIN, Auteur ; Edward MELHUISH, Auteur ; Jay BELSKY, Auteur . - p.138-146.
Langues : Anglais (eng)
in Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry > 56-2 (February 2015) . - p.138-146

Mots-clés :	Cortisol reactivity  stress  parenting  internalizing  externalizing
Index. décimale :	PER Périodiques
Résumé :	Background Given mixed findings as to whether stressful experiences and relationships are associated with increases or decreases in children's cortisol reactivity, we tested whether a child's developmental history of risk exposure explained variation in cortisol reactivity to an experimentally induced task. We also tested whether the relationship between cortisol reactivity and children's internalizing and externalizing problems varied as a function of their developmental history of stressful experiences and relationships. Method Participants included 400 children (M = 9.99 years, SD = 0.74 years) from the Children's Experiences and Development Study. Early risk exposure was measured by children's experiences of harsh, nonresponsive parenting at 3 years. Recent risk exposure was measured by children's exposure to traumatic events in the past year. Children's cortisol reactivity was measured in response to a social provocation task and parents and teachers described children's internalizing and externalizing problems. Results The effect of recent exposure to traumatic events was partially dependent upon a child's early experiences of harsh, nonresponsive parenting: the more traumatic events children had recently experienced, the greater their cortisol reactivity if they had experienced lower (but not higher) levels of harsh, nonresponsive parenting at age 3. The lowest levels of cortisol reactivity were observed among children who had experienced the most traumatic events in the past year and higher (vs. lower) levels of harsh, nonresponsive parenting in early childhood. Among youth who experienced harsh, nonresponsive parent–child relationships in early childhood and later traumatic events, lower levels of cortisol reactivity were associated with higher levels of internalizing and externalizing problems. Conclusions Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis reactivity to psychological stressors and the relationship between HPA axis reactivity and children's internalizing and externalizing problems vary as a function of a child's developmental history of exposure to stressful relationships and experiences.
En ligne :	http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12287
Permalink :	http://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=2598

[article] 
in Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry > 56-2 (February 2015) . - p.147-154

Titre :	Greater fear reactivity and psychophysiological hyperactivity among infants with later conduct problems and callous-unemotional traits
Type de document :	texte imprimé
Auteurs :	William R. MILLS-KOONCE, Auteur ; Nicholas J. WAGNER, Auteur ; Michael T. WILLOUGHBY, Auteur ; Cynthia STIFTER, Auteur ; Clancy BLAIR, Auteur ; Douglas A. GRANGER, Auteur ; Investigators The Family Life Project Key, Auteur
Article en page(s) :	p.147-154
Langues :	Anglais (eng)
Mots-clés :	Fearlessness  psychobiology  autonomic  cortisol  conduct problems  callous-unemotional traits
Index. décimale :	PER Périodiques
Résumé :	Background Approximately one third of children who meet criteria for conduct problems (CP) are also characterized by elevated callous-unemotional (CU) traits. This subgroup is at elevated risk for more pervasive and extreme levels of later antisocial behavior and has been characterized by a fearlessness temperament and blunted stress psychophysiology at older ages. The objective of this study was to examine group differences in fear reactivity and stress psychophysiology in infancy among children classified as having CP with CU (CP + CU), CP without CU (CP only), or no CP in later childhood. Methods A birth cohort study (n = 1,292) was followed longitudinally from birth through first grade. Behavioral fear, baseline heart period (HP) and respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA), and pretask, 20-min posttask, and 40-min posttask salivary cortisol were assessed at 6 and 15 months of age around a fear challenge task. CP and CU were assessed by maternal report at first grade and children were classified into CP and CU groups if they scored in the upper 10th percentile of these ratings. Results No group differences were observed in children at 6 months of age. However, at 15 months of age children with later CP + CU displayed greater high-intensity fear behavior, higher pretask and overall cortisol levels, and lower levels of HP and RSA compared to children with CP only and children with no CP. Conclusions The discrepancy between the biobehavioral correlates of conduct problems with callous-unemotional traits in infancy and those reported from studies of older children and adults suggests that the etiology of this behavioral phenotype may be more complex than a simple genetic maturation model.
En ligne :	http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12289
Permalink :	http://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=2598

[article] Greater fear reactivity and psychophysiological hyperactivity among infants with later conduct problems and callous-unemotional traits [texte imprimé] / William R. MILLS-KOONCE, Auteur ; Nicholas J. WAGNER, Auteur ; Michael T. WILLOUGHBY, Auteur ; Cynthia STIFTER, Auteur ; Clancy BLAIR, Auteur ; Douglas A. GRANGER, Auteur ; Investigators The Family Life Project Key, Auteur . - p.147-154.
Langues : Anglais (eng)
in Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry > 56-2 (February 2015) . - p.147-154

Mots-clés :	Fearlessness  psychobiology  autonomic  cortisol  conduct problems  callous-unemotional traits
Index. décimale :	PER Périodiques
Résumé :	Background Approximately one third of children who meet criteria for conduct problems (CP) are also characterized by elevated callous-unemotional (CU) traits. This subgroup is at elevated risk for more pervasive and extreme levels of later antisocial behavior and has been characterized by a fearlessness temperament and blunted stress psychophysiology at older ages. The objective of this study was to examine group differences in fear reactivity and stress psychophysiology in infancy among children classified as having CP with CU (CP + CU), CP without CU (CP only), or no CP in later childhood. Methods A birth cohort study (n = 1,292) was followed longitudinally from birth through first grade. Behavioral fear, baseline heart period (HP) and respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA), and pretask, 20-min posttask, and 40-min posttask salivary cortisol were assessed at 6 and 15 months of age around a fear challenge task. CP and CU were assessed by maternal report at first grade and children were classified into CP and CU groups if they scored in the upper 10th percentile of these ratings. Results No group differences were observed in children at 6 months of age. However, at 15 months of age children with later CP + CU displayed greater high-intensity fear behavior, higher pretask and overall cortisol levels, and lower levels of HP and RSA compared to children with CP only and children with no CP. Conclusions The discrepancy between the biobehavioral correlates of conduct problems with callous-unemotional traits in infancy and those reported from studies of older children and adults suggests that the etiology of this behavioral phenotype may be more complex than a simple genetic maturation model.
En ligne :	http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12289
Permalink :	http://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=2598

[article] 
in Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry > 56-2 (February 2015) . - p.155-161

Titre :	Hypospadias and increased risk for neurodevelopmental disorders
Type de document :	texte imprimé
Auteurs :	Agnieszka BUTWICKA, Auteur ; Paul LICHTENSTEIN, Auteur ; Mikael LANDÉN, Auteur ; Anna S. NORDENVALL, Auteur ; Anna NORDENSTRÖM, Auteur ; Agneta NORDENSKJÖLD, Auteur ; Louise FRISÉN, Auteur
Article en page(s) :	p.155-161
Langues :	Anglais (eng)
Mots-clés :	Hormones  ADHD  autism spectrum disorder  ICD  intellectual disability
Index. décimale :	PER Périodiques
Résumé :	Background Hypospadias (aberrant opening of the urethra on the underside of the penis) occurs in 1 per 300 newborn boys. It has been previously unknown whether this common malformation is associated with increased psychiatric morbidity later in life. Studies of individuals with hypospadias also provide an opportunity to examine whether difference in androgen signaling is related to neurodevelopmental disorders. To elucidate the mechanisms behind a possible association, we also studied psychiatric outcomes among brothers of the hypospadias patients. Methods Registry study within a national cohort of all 9,262 males with hypospadias and their 4,936 healthy brothers born in Sweden between 1973 and 2009. Patients with hypospadias and their brothers were matched with controls by year of birth and county. The following outcomes were evaluated (1) any psychiatric (2) psychotic, (3) mood, (4) anxiety, (5) eating, and (6) personality disorders, (7) substance misuse, (8) attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), (9) autism spectrum disorders (ASD), (10) intellectual disability, and (11) other behavioral/emotional disorders with onset in childhood. Results Patients with hypospadias were more likely to be diagnosed with intellectual disability (OR 3.2; 95% CI 2.8–3.8), ASD (1.4; 1.2–1.7), ADHD (1.5; 1.3–1.9), and behavioral/emotional disorders (1.4; 1.2–1.6) compared with the controls. Brothers of patients with hypospadias had an increased risk of ASD (1.6; 1.3–2.1) and other behavioral/emotional disorders with onset in childhood (1.2; 0.9–1.5) in comparison to siblings of healthy individuals. A slightly higher, although not statistically significant, risk was found for intellectual disability (1.3; 1.0–1.9). No relation between other psychiatric diagnosis and hypospadias was found. Conclusions This is the first study to identify an increased risk for neurodevelopmental disorders in patients with hypospadias, as well as an increased risk for ASD in their brothers, suggesting a common familial (genetic and/or environmental) liability.
En ligne :	http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12290
Permalink :	http://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=2598

[article] Hypospadias and increased risk for neurodevelopmental disorders [texte imprimé] / Agnieszka BUTWICKA, Auteur ; Paul LICHTENSTEIN, Auteur ; Mikael LANDÉN, Auteur ; Anna S. NORDENVALL, Auteur ; Anna NORDENSTRÖM, Auteur ; Agneta NORDENSKJÖLD, Auteur ; Louise FRISÉN, Auteur . - p.155-161.
Langues : Anglais (eng)
in Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry > 56-2 (February 2015) . - p.155-161

Mots-clés :	Hormones  ADHD  autism spectrum disorder  ICD  intellectual disability
Index. décimale :	PER Périodiques
Résumé :	Background Hypospadias (aberrant opening of the urethra on the underside of the penis) occurs in 1 per 300 newborn boys. It has been previously unknown whether this common malformation is associated with increased psychiatric morbidity later in life. Studies of individuals with hypospadias also provide an opportunity to examine whether difference in androgen signaling is related to neurodevelopmental disorders. To elucidate the mechanisms behind a possible association, we also studied psychiatric outcomes among brothers of the hypospadias patients. Methods Registry study within a national cohort of all 9,262 males with hypospadias and their 4,936 healthy brothers born in Sweden between 1973 and 2009. Patients with hypospadias and their brothers were matched with controls by year of birth and county. The following outcomes were evaluated (1) any psychiatric (2) psychotic, (3) mood, (4) anxiety, (5) eating, and (6) personality disorders, (7) substance misuse, (8) attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), (9) autism spectrum disorders (ASD), (10) intellectual disability, and (11) other behavioral/emotional disorders with onset in childhood. Results Patients with hypospadias were more likely to be diagnosed with intellectual disability (OR 3.2; 95% CI 2.8–3.8), ASD (1.4; 1.2–1.7), ADHD (1.5; 1.3–1.9), and behavioral/emotional disorders (1.4; 1.2–1.6) compared with the controls. Brothers of patients with hypospadias had an increased risk of ASD (1.6; 1.3–2.1) and other behavioral/emotional disorders with onset in childhood (1.2; 0.9–1.5) in comparison to siblings of healthy individuals. A slightly higher, although not statistically significant, risk was found for intellectual disability (1.3; 1.0–1.9). No relation between other psychiatric diagnosis and hypospadias was found. Conclusions This is the first study to identify an increased risk for neurodevelopmental disorders in patients with hypospadias, as well as an increased risk for ASD in their brothers, suggesting a common familial (genetic and/or environmental) liability.
En ligne :	http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12290
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[article] 
in Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry > 56-2 (February 2015) . - p.162-170

Titre :	Treatment mechanism in the MRC preschool autism communication trial: implications for study design and parent-focussed therapy for children
Type de document :	texte imprimé
Auteurs :	Andrew PICKLES, Auteur ; Victoria HARRIS, Auteur ; Jonathan GREEN, Auteur ; Catherine ALDRED, Auteur ; Helen McCONACHIE, Auteur ; Vicky SLONIMS, Auteur ; Ann LE COUTEUR, Auteur ; Kristelle HUDRY, Auteur ; Tony CHARMAN, Auteur ; THE PACT CONSORTIUM,, Auteur
Article en page(s) :	p.162-170
Langues :	Anglais (eng)
Mots-clés :	Autism  measurement error  mediation  parent–child interaction  parent-focussed therapy
Index. décimale :	PER Périodiques
Résumé :	Background The PACT randomised-controlled trial evaluated a parent-mediated communication-focused treatment for children with autism, intended to reduce symptom severity as measured by a modified Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule-Generic (ADOS-G) algorithm score. The therapy targeted parental behaviour, with no direct interaction between therapist and child. While nonsignificant group differences were found on ADOS-G score, significant group differences were found for both parent and child intermediate outcomes. This study aimed to better understand the mechanism by which the PACT treatment influenced changes in child behaviour though the targeted parent behaviour. Methods Mediation analysis was used to assess the direct and indirect effects of treatment via parent behaviour on child behaviour and via child behaviour on ADOS-G score. Alternative mediation was explored to study whether the treatment effect acted as hypothesised or via another plausible pathway. Mediation models typically assume no unobserved confounding between mediator and outcome and no measurement error in the mediator. We show how to better exploit the information often available within a trial to begin to address these issues, examining scope for instrumental variable and measurement error models. Results Estimates of mediation changed substantially when account was taken of the confounder effects of the baseline value of the mediator and of measurement error. Our best estimates that accounted for both suggested that the treatment effect on the ADOS-G score was very substantially mediated by parent synchrony and child initiations. Conclusions The results highlighted the value of repeated measurement of mediators during trials. The theoretical model underlying the PACT treatment was supported. However, the substantial fall-off in treatment effect highlighted both the need for additional data and for additional target behaviours for therapy.
En ligne :	http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12291
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[article] Treatment mechanism in the MRC preschool autism communication trial: implications for study design and parent-focussed therapy for children [texte imprimé] / Andrew PICKLES, Auteur ; Victoria HARRIS, Auteur ; Jonathan GREEN, Auteur ; Catherine ALDRED, Auteur ; Helen McCONACHIE, Auteur ; Vicky SLONIMS, Auteur ; Ann LE COUTEUR, Auteur ; Kristelle HUDRY, Auteur ; Tony CHARMAN, Auteur ; THE PACT CONSORTIUM,, Auteur . - p.162-170.
Langues : Anglais (eng)
in Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry > 56-2 (February 2015) . - p.162-170

Mots-clés :	Autism  measurement error  mediation  parent–child interaction  parent-focussed therapy
Index. décimale :	PER Périodiques
Résumé :	Background The PACT randomised-controlled trial evaluated a parent-mediated communication-focused treatment for children with autism, intended to reduce symptom severity as measured by a modified Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule-Generic (ADOS-G) algorithm score. The therapy targeted parental behaviour, with no direct interaction between therapist and child. While nonsignificant group differences were found on ADOS-G score, significant group differences were found for both parent and child intermediate outcomes. This study aimed to better understand the mechanism by which the PACT treatment influenced changes in child behaviour though the targeted parent behaviour. Methods Mediation analysis was used to assess the direct and indirect effects of treatment via parent behaviour on child behaviour and via child behaviour on ADOS-G score. Alternative mediation was explored to study whether the treatment effect acted as hypothesised or via another plausible pathway. Mediation models typically assume no unobserved confounding between mediator and outcome and no measurement error in the mediator. We show how to better exploit the information often available within a trial to begin to address these issues, examining scope for instrumental variable and measurement error models. Results Estimates of mediation changed substantially when account was taken of the confounder effects of the baseline value of the mediator and of measurement error. Our best estimates that accounted for both suggested that the treatment effect on the ADOS-G score was very substantially mediated by parent synchrony and child initiations. Conclusions The results highlighted the value of repeated measurement of mediators during trials. The theoretical model underlying the PACT treatment was supported. However, the substantial fall-off in treatment effect highlighted both the need for additional data and for additional target behaviours for therapy.
En ligne :	http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12291
Permalink :	http://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=2599

[article] 
in Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry > 56-2 (February 2015) . - p.171-182

Titre :	Cognitive benefits of last night's sleep: daily variations in children's sleep behavior are related to working memory fluctuations
Type de document :	texte imprimé
Auteurs :	Tanja KÖNEN, Auteur ; Judith DIRK, Auteur ; Florian SCHMIEDEK, Auteur
Article en page(s) :	p.171-182
Langues :	Anglais (eng)
Mots-clés :	Working memory  sleep  school children  structural equation modeling  longitudinal studies
Index. décimale :	PER Périodiques
Résumé :	Background Recent studies have suggested substantial fluctuations of cognitive performance in adults both across and within days, but very little is known about such fluctuations in children. Children's sleep behavior might have an important influence on their daily cognitive resources, but so far this has not been investigated in terms of naturally occurring within-person variations in children's everyday lives. Methods In an ambulatory assessment study, 110 elementary school children (8–11 years old) completed sleep items and working memory tasks on smartphones several times per day in school and at home for 4 weeks. Parents provided general information about the children and their sleep habits. Results We identified substantial fluctuations in the children's daily cognitive performance, self-reported nightly sleep quality, time in bed, and daytime tiredness. All three facets were predictive of performance fluctuations in children's school and daily life. Sleep quality and time in bed were predictive of performance in the morning, and afternoon performance was related to current tiredness. The children with a lower average performance level showed a higher within-person coupling between morning performance and sleep quality. Conclusions Our findings contribute important insights regarding a potential source of performance fluctuations in children. The effect of varying cognitive resources should be investigated further because it might impact children's daily social, emotional, and learning-related functioning. Theories about children's cognitive and educational development should consider fluctuations on micro-longitudinal scales (e.g., day-to-day) to identify possible mechanisms behind long-term changes.
En ligne :	http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12296
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[article] Cognitive benefits of last night's sleep: daily variations in children's sleep behavior are related to working memory fluctuations [texte imprimé] / Tanja KÖNEN, Auteur ; Judith DIRK, Auteur ; Florian SCHMIEDEK, Auteur . - p.171-182.
Langues : Anglais (eng)
in Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry > 56-2 (February 2015) . - p.171-182

Mots-clés :	Working memory  sleep  school children  structural equation modeling  longitudinal studies
Index. décimale :	PER Périodiques
Résumé :	Background Recent studies have suggested substantial fluctuations of cognitive performance in adults both across and within days, but very little is known about such fluctuations in children. Children's sleep behavior might have an important influence on their daily cognitive resources, but so far this has not been investigated in terms of naturally occurring within-person variations in children's everyday lives. Methods In an ambulatory assessment study, 110 elementary school children (8–11 years old) completed sleep items and working memory tasks on smartphones several times per day in school and at home for 4 weeks. Parents provided general information about the children and their sleep habits. Results We identified substantial fluctuations in the children's daily cognitive performance, self-reported nightly sleep quality, time in bed, and daytime tiredness. All three facets were predictive of performance fluctuations in children's school and daily life. Sleep quality and time in bed were predictive of performance in the morning, and afternoon performance was related to current tiredness. The children with a lower average performance level showed a higher within-person coupling between morning performance and sleep quality. Conclusions Our findings contribute important insights regarding a potential source of performance fluctuations in children. The effect of varying cognitive resources should be investigated further because it might impact children's daily social, emotional, and learning-related functioning. Theories about children's cognitive and educational development should consider fluctuations on micro-longitudinal scales (e.g., day-to-day) to identify possible mechanisms behind long-term changes.
En ligne :	http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12296
Permalink :	http://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=2599

[article] 
in Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry > 56-2 (February 2015) . - p.183-192

Titre :	Mothers' early depressive symptoms predict children's low social competence in first grade: mediation by children's social cognition
Type de document :	texte imprimé
Auteurs :	Yiji WANG, Auteur ; Theodore DIX, Auteur
Article en page(s) :	p.183-192
Langues :	Anglais (eng)
Mots-clés :	Mothers' depressive symptoms  social cognition  social competence
Index. décimale :	PER Périodiques
Résumé :	Background This study examined whether social-cognitive processes in children mediate relations between mothers' depressive symptoms across the first 3 years and children's first-grade social competence. Three maladaptive cognitions were examined: self-perceived social inadequacy, hostile attribution, and aggressive response generation. Method One thousand three hundred and sixty-four mothers reported depressive symptoms across early development, first-grade children reported target social cognitions, and children's first-grade social competence was observed and reported by multiple informants. Results Findings demonstrated that (a) mothers' average depressive symptoms from 6 to 36 months predicted children's maladaptive social cognition in first grade, (b) low mother–child responsiveness mediated this relation, and (c) maladaptive social cognition mediated relations between mothers' early depressive symptoms and low first-grade social competence independent of later depressive symptoms. Conclusion When mothers' depressive symptoms occur early in development, they may set in motion low-responsive dyadic patterns that promote children's maladaptive social cognition and, as a result, low social competence.
En ligne :	http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12297
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[article] Mothers' early depressive symptoms predict children's low social competence in first grade: mediation by children's social cognition [texte imprimé] / Yiji WANG, Auteur ; Theodore DIX, Auteur . - p.183-192.
Langues : Anglais (eng)
in Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry > 56-2 (February 2015) . - p.183-192

Mots-clés :	Mothers' depressive symptoms  social cognition  social competence
Index. décimale :	PER Périodiques
Résumé :	Background This study examined whether social-cognitive processes in children mediate relations between mothers' depressive symptoms across the first 3 years and children's first-grade social competence. Three maladaptive cognitions were examined: self-perceived social inadequacy, hostile attribution, and aggressive response generation. Method One thousand three hundred and sixty-four mothers reported depressive symptoms across early development, first-grade children reported target social cognitions, and children's first-grade social competence was observed and reported by multiple informants. Results Findings demonstrated that (a) mothers' average depressive symptoms from 6 to 36 months predicted children's maladaptive social cognition in first grade, (b) low mother–child responsiveness mediated this relation, and (c) maladaptive social cognition mediated relations between mothers' early depressive symptoms and low first-grade social competence independent of later depressive symptoms. Conclusion When mothers' depressive symptoms occur early in development, they may set in motion low-responsive dyadic patterns that promote children's maladaptive social cognition and, as a result, low social competence.
En ligne :	http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12297
Permalink :	http://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=2599

[article] 
in Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry > 56-2 (February 2015) . - p.193-202

Titre :	Oculomotor executive function abnormalities with increased tic severity in Tourette syndrome
Type de document :	texte imprimé
Auteurs :	Cameron B. JETER, Auteur ; Saumil S. PATEL, Auteur ; Jeffrey S. MORRIS, Auteur ; Alice Z. CHUANG, Auteur ; Ian J. BUTLER, Auteur ; Anne B. SERENO, Auteur
Article en page(s) :	p.193-202
Langues :	Anglais (eng)
Mots-clés :	Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder  cognitive control  executive function  n-back  obsessive-compulsive disorder  saccades
Index. décimale :	PER Périodiques
Résumé :	Background Reports conflict as to whether Tourette syndrome (TS) confers deficits in executive function. This study's aim was to evaluate executive function in youths with TS using oculomotor tasks while controlling for confounds of tic severity, age, medication, and severity of comorbid disorders. Method Four saccade tasks requiring the executive functions of response generation, response inhibition, and working memory (prosaccade, antisaccade, 0-back, and 1-back) were administered. Twenty youths with TS and low tic severity (TS-low), nineteen with TS and moderate tic severity (TS-moderate), and 29 typically developing control subjects (Controls) completed the oculomotor tasks. Results There were small differences across groups in the prosaccade task. Controlling for any small sensorimotor differences, TS-moderate subjects had significantly higher error rates than Controls and TS-low subjects in the 0-back and 1-back tasks. In the 1-back task, these patients also took longer to respond than Controls or TS-low subjects. Conclusions In a highly controlled design, the findings demonstrate for the first time that increased tic severity in TS is associated with impaired response inhibition and impaired working memory and that these executive function deficits cannot be accounted for by differences in age, medication or comorbid symptom severity.
En ligne :	http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12298
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[article] Oculomotor executive function abnormalities with increased tic severity in Tourette syndrome [texte imprimé] / Cameron B. JETER, Auteur ; Saumil S. PATEL, Auteur ; Jeffrey S. MORRIS, Auteur ; Alice Z. CHUANG, Auteur ; Ian J. BUTLER, Auteur ; Anne B. SERENO, Auteur . - p.193-202.
Langues : Anglais (eng)
in Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry > 56-2 (February 2015) . - p.193-202

Mots-clés :	Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder  cognitive control  executive function  n-back  obsessive-compulsive disorder  saccades
Index. décimale :	PER Périodiques
Résumé :	Background Reports conflict as to whether Tourette syndrome (TS) confers deficits in executive function. This study's aim was to evaluate executive function in youths with TS using oculomotor tasks while controlling for confounds of tic severity, age, medication, and severity of comorbid disorders. Method Four saccade tasks requiring the executive functions of response generation, response inhibition, and working memory (prosaccade, antisaccade, 0-back, and 1-back) were administered. Twenty youths with TS and low tic severity (TS-low), nineteen with TS and moderate tic severity (TS-moderate), and 29 typically developing control subjects (Controls) completed the oculomotor tasks. Results There were small differences across groups in the prosaccade task. Controlling for any small sensorimotor differences, TS-moderate subjects had significantly higher error rates than Controls and TS-low subjects in the 0-back and 1-back tasks. In the 1-back task, these patients also took longer to respond than Controls or TS-low subjects. Conclusions In a highly controlled design, the findings demonstrate for the first time that increased tic severity in TS is associated with impaired response inhibition and impaired working memory and that these executive function deficits cannot be accounted for by differences in age, medication or comorbid symptom severity.
En ligne :	http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12298
Permalink :	http://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=2599