Antidepressant Prescribing Trends for Adults With and Without Autism in the United Kingdom From 1997 to 2023: A Population-Based Cohort Study Using Clinical Practice Research Datalink Aurum / Aws SADIK in Autism Research, 19-10 (October 2026)  

Public ISBD [article]  inAutism Research > 19-10 (October 2026) . - p.e70360 Titre : Antidepressant Prescribing Trends for Adults With and Without Autism in the United Kingdom From 1997 to 2023: A Population-Based Cohort Study Using Clinical Practice Research Datalink Aurum Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Aws SADIK, Auteur ; Golam M. KHANDAKER, Auteur ; Antonio F. PARDIÑAS, Auteur ; Michael LUNDBERG, Auteur ; Brian K. LEE, Auteur ; Cecilia MAGNUSSON, Auteur ; Dheeraj RAI, Auteur ; Paul MADLEY-DOWD, Auteur Année de publication : 2026 Article en page(s) : p.e70360 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : antidepressive agents  anxiety  depression  pharmacoepidemiology  primary health care Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : ABSTRACT Antidepressant prescribing and autism diagnoses have increased in recent years. We aimed to describe and compare trends in antidepressant prescribing, indications, doses and durations in autistic and non-autistic males and females in the United Kingdom (UK) from 1997 to 2023. Using population-representative UK primary care records, we defined three autistic groups?autistic adults with intellectual disability (ID), autistic adults without ID and all autistic adults?and four non-autistic groups. In each calendar year we calculated: annual, lifetime and new antidepressant prescribing; indications for serotonin-selective reuptake inhibitor initiation; average doses prescribed for citalopram, fluoxetine, and sertraline; and the proportion of courses that lasted over 1, 2, and 3?years. We also repeated analyses with sex-stratification. In all, 34,173,295 non-autistic adults and 172,242 autistic adults were included (47,011 with ID and 125,231 without ID). 30% of autistic adults and 14.7% of non-autistic adults were prescribed an antidepressant in 2023. Prescriptions, doses and course durations increased over time for all groups. Prescriptions were highest in autistic adults without ID and females, whereas course durations were highest in autistic adults with ID. Recording of depression and anxiety as indications was lower for those with ID. Antidepressant prescribing has increased more for autistic adults than non-autistic adults since 1997, with more new starters, higher doses and longer course durations. This potentially increases the risk of adverse medication effects for autistic adults and emphasizes the need for stronger evidence around the effectiveness and tolerability of mental health interventions and the reasons for systematic differences in prescribing. En ligne : https://doi.org/10.1002/aur.70360 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=594 [article] Antidepressant Prescribing Trends for Adults With and Without Autism in the United Kingdom From 1997 to 2023: A Population-Based Cohort Study Using Clinical Practice Research Datalink Aurum [texte imprimé] / Aws SADIK, Auteur ; Golam M. KHANDAKER, Auteur ; Antonio F. PARDIÑAS, Auteur ; Michael LUNDBERG, Auteur ; Brian K. LEE, Auteur ; Cecilia MAGNUSSON, Auteur ; Dheeraj RAI, Auteur ; Paul MADLEY-DOWD, Auteur . - 2026 . - p.e70360. Langues : Anglais (eng) in Autism Research > 19-10 (October 2026) . - p.e70360 Mots-clés : antidepressive agents  anxiety  depression  pharmacoepidemiology  primary health care Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : ABSTRACT Antidepressant prescribing and autism diagnoses have increased in recent years. We aimed to describe and compare trends in antidepressant prescribing, indications, doses and durations in autistic and non-autistic males and females in the United Kingdom (UK) from 1997 to 2023. Using population-representative UK primary care records, we defined three autistic groups?autistic adults with intellectual disability (ID), autistic adults without ID and all autistic adults?and four non-autistic groups. In each calendar year we calculated: annual, lifetime and new antidepressant prescribing; indications for serotonin-selective reuptake inhibitor initiation; average doses prescribed for citalopram, fluoxetine, and sertraline; and the proportion of courses that lasted over 1, 2, and 3?years. We also repeated analyses with sex-stratification. In all, 34,173,295 non-autistic adults and 172,242 autistic adults were included (47,011 with ID and 125,231 without ID). 30% of autistic adults and 14.7% of non-autistic adults were prescribed an antidepressant in 2023. Prescriptions, doses and course durations increased over time for all groups. Prescriptions were highest in autistic adults without ID and females, whereas course durations were highest in autistic adults with ID. Recording of depression and anxiety as indications was lower for those with ID. Antidepressant prescribing has increased more for autistic adults than non-autistic adults since 1997, with more new starters, higher doses and longer course durations. This potentially increases the risk of adverse medication effects for autistic adults and emphasizes the need for stronger evidence around the effectiveness and tolerability of mental health interventions and the reasons for systematic differences in prescribing. En ligne : https://doi.org/10.1002/aur.70360 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=594

Familial confounding of the association between maternal smoking in pregnancy and autism spectrum disorder in offspring / Amy E. KALKBRENNER in Autism Research, 13-1 (January 2020)  

Public ISBD [article]  inAutism Research > 13-1 (January 2020) . - p.134-144 Titre : Familial confounding of the association between maternal smoking in pregnancy and autism spectrum disorder in offspring Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Amy E. KALKBRENNER, Auteur ; Sandra M. MEIER, Auteur ; Paul MADLEY-DOWD, Auteur ; Christine LADD-ACOSTA, Auteur ; M. Daniele FALLIN, Auteur ; Erik T. PARNER, Auteur ; Diana SCHENDEL, Auteur Article en page(s) : p.134-144 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : attention deficit hyperactivity disorder  autism  autism spectrum disorder  confounding  family-based designs  intellectual disability  maternal smoking  neurodevelopment  tobacco Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Evidence supports no link between maternal smoking in pregnancy and autism spectrum disorder (autism) overall. To address remaining questions about the unexplained heterogeneity between study results and the possibility of risk for specific autism sub-phenotypes, we conducted a whole-population cohort study in Denmark. We followed births 1991-2011 (1,294,906 persons, including 993,301 siblings in 728,271 families), from 1 year of age until an autism diagnosis (13,547), death, emigration, or December 31, 2012. Autism, with and without attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and with and without intellectual disability (ID) were based on ICD-8 and ICD-10 codes from Danish national health registers, including 3,319 autism + ADHD, 10,228 autism - no ADHD, 2,205 autism + ID, and 11,342 autism - no ID. We estimated hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) between any maternal smoking (from birth records) and autism (or sub-phenotypes) using survival models with robust standard errors, stratifying by birth year and adjusting for child sex, parity, and parental age, education, income, and psychiatric history. To additionally address confounding using family designs, we constructed a maternal cluster model (adjusting for the smoking proportion within the family), and a stratified sibling model. Associations with maternal smoking and autism were elevated in conventional adjusted analyses (HR of 1.17 [1.13-1.22]) but attenuated in the maternal cluster (0.98 [0.88-1.09]) and sibling (0.86 [0.64-1.15]) models. Similarly, risks of autism sub-phenotypes with maternal smoking were attenuated in the family-based models. Together these results support that smoking in pregnancy is not linked with autism or select autism comorbid sub-phenotypes after accounting for familial confounding. Autism Res 2020, 13: 134-144. (c) 2019 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc. LAY SUMMARY: Smoking during pregnancy has many harmful impacts, which may include harming the baby's developing brain. However, in a study of thousands of families in Denmark, it does not appear that smoking in pregnancy leads to autism or autism in combination with intellectual problems or attention deficits, once you account for the way smoking patterns and developmental disabilities run in families. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aur.2196 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=415 [article] Familial confounding of the association between maternal smoking in pregnancy and autism spectrum disorder in offspring [texte imprimé] / Amy E. KALKBRENNER, Auteur ; Sandra M. MEIER, Auteur ; Paul MADLEY-DOWD, Auteur ; Christine LADD-ACOSTA, Auteur ; M. Daniele FALLIN, Auteur ; Erik T. PARNER, Auteur ; Diana SCHENDEL, Auteur . - p.134-144. Langues : Anglais (eng) in Autism Research > 13-1 (January 2020) . - p.134-144 Mots-clés : attention deficit hyperactivity disorder  autism  autism spectrum disorder  confounding  family-based designs  intellectual disability  maternal smoking  neurodevelopment  tobacco Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Evidence supports no link between maternal smoking in pregnancy and autism spectrum disorder (autism) overall. To address remaining questions about the unexplained heterogeneity between study results and the possibility of risk for specific autism sub-phenotypes, we conducted a whole-population cohort study in Denmark. We followed births 1991-2011 (1,294,906 persons, including 993,301 siblings in 728,271 families), from 1 year of age until an autism diagnosis (13,547), death, emigration, or December 31, 2012. Autism, with and without attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and with and without intellectual disability (ID) were based on ICD-8 and ICD-10 codes from Danish national health registers, including 3,319 autism + ADHD, 10,228 autism - no ADHD, 2,205 autism + ID, and 11,342 autism - no ID. We estimated hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) between any maternal smoking (from birth records) and autism (or sub-phenotypes) using survival models with robust standard errors, stratifying by birth year and adjusting for child sex, parity, and parental age, education, income, and psychiatric history. To additionally address confounding using family designs, we constructed a maternal cluster model (adjusting for the smoking proportion within the family), and a stratified sibling model. Associations with maternal smoking and autism were elevated in conventional adjusted analyses (HR of 1.17 [1.13-1.22]) but attenuated in the maternal cluster (0.98 [0.88-1.09]) and sibling (0.86 [0.64-1.15]) models. Similarly, risks of autism sub-phenotypes with maternal smoking were attenuated in the family-based models. Together these results support that smoking in pregnancy is not linked with autism or select autism comorbid sub-phenotypes after accounting for familial confounding. Autism Res 2020, 13: 134-144. (c) 2019 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc. LAY SUMMARY: Smoking during pregnancy has many harmful impacts, which may include harming the baby's developing brain. However, in a study of thousands of families in Denmark, it does not appear that smoking in pregnancy leads to autism or autism in combination with intellectual problems or attention deficits, once you account for the way smoking patterns and developmental disabilities run in families. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aur.2196 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=415

Maternal vitamin D during pregnancy and offspring autism and autism-associated traits: a prospective cohort study / Paul MADLEY-DOWD in Molecular Autism, 13 (2022)  

Public ISBD [article]  inMolecular Autism > 13 (2022) . - 44 p. Titre : Maternal vitamin D during pregnancy and offspring autism and autism-associated traits: a prospective cohort study Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Paul MADLEY-DOWD, Auteur ; Christina DARDANI, Auteur ; Robyn E. WOOTTON, Auteur ; Kyle DACK, Auteur ; Tom PALMER, Auteur ; Rupert THURSTON, Auteur ; Alexandra HAVDAHL, Auteur ; Jean GOLDING, Auteur ; Deborah LAWLOR, Auteur ; Dheeraj RAI, Auteur Article en page(s) : 44 p. Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Child  Pregnancy  Female  Humans  Autistic Disorder/epidemiology/etiology  Longitudinal Studies  Cohort Studies  Prospective Studies  Vitamin D  Alspac  Autism  Mendelian randomization Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : BACKGROUND: There has been a growing interest in the association between maternal levels of vitamin D during pregnancy and offspring autism. However, whether any associations reflect causal effects is still inconclusive. METHODS: We used data from a UK-based pregnancy cohort study (Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children) comprising 7689 births between 1991 and 1992 with maternal blood vitamin D levels recorded during pregnancy and at least one recorded outcome measure, including autism diagnosis and autism-associated traits. The association between each outcome with seasonal and gestational age-adjusted maternal serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D during pregnancy was estimated using confounder-adjusted regression models. Multiple imputation was used to account for missing data, and restricted cubic splines were used to investigate nonlinear associations. Mendelian randomization was used to strengthen causal inference. RESULTS: No strong evidence of an association between maternal serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D during pregnancy and any offspring autism-associated outcome was found using multivariable regression analysis (autism diagnosis: adjusted OR=0.98, 95% CI=0.90-1.06), including with multiple imputation (autism diagnosis: adjusted OR=0.99, 95% CI=0.93-1.06), and no evidence of a causal effect was suggested by Mendelian randomization (autism diagnosis: causal OR=1.08, 95% CI=0.46-2.55). Some evidence of increased odds of autism-associated traits at lower levels of maternal serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D was found using spline analysis. LIMITATIONS: Our study was potentially limited by low power, particularly for diagnosed autism cases as an outcome. The cohort may not have captured the extreme lows of the distribution of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D, and our analyses may have been biased by residual confounding and missing data. CONCLUSIONS: The present study found no strong evidence of a causal link between maternal vitamin D levels in pregnancy and offspring diagnosis or traits of autism. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13229-022-00523-4 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=491 [article] Maternal vitamin D during pregnancy and offspring autism and autism-associated traits: a prospective cohort study [texte imprimé] / Paul MADLEY-DOWD, Auteur ; Christina DARDANI, Auteur ; Robyn E. WOOTTON, Auteur ; Kyle DACK, Auteur ; Tom PALMER, Auteur ; Rupert THURSTON, Auteur ; Alexandra HAVDAHL, Auteur ; Jean GOLDING, Auteur ; Deborah LAWLOR, Auteur ; Dheeraj RAI, Auteur . - 44 p. Langues : Anglais (eng) in Molecular Autism > 13 (2022) . - 44 p. Mots-clés : Child  Pregnancy  Female  Humans  Autistic Disorder/epidemiology/etiology  Longitudinal Studies  Cohort Studies  Prospective Studies  Vitamin D  Alspac  Autism  Mendelian randomization Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : BACKGROUND: There has been a growing interest in the association between maternal levels of vitamin D during pregnancy and offspring autism. However, whether any associations reflect causal effects is still inconclusive. METHODS: We used data from a UK-based pregnancy cohort study (Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children) comprising 7689 births between 1991 and 1992 with maternal blood vitamin D levels recorded during pregnancy and at least one recorded outcome measure, including autism diagnosis and autism-associated traits. The association between each outcome with seasonal and gestational age-adjusted maternal serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D during pregnancy was estimated using confounder-adjusted regression models. Multiple imputation was used to account for missing data, and restricted cubic splines were used to investigate nonlinear associations. Mendelian randomization was used to strengthen causal inference. RESULTS: No strong evidence of an association between maternal serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D during pregnancy and any offspring autism-associated outcome was found using multivariable regression analysis (autism diagnosis: adjusted OR=0.98, 95% CI=0.90-1.06), including with multiple imputation (autism diagnosis: adjusted OR=0.99, 95% CI=0.93-1.06), and no evidence of a causal effect was suggested by Mendelian randomization (autism diagnosis: causal OR=1.08, 95% CI=0.46-2.55). Some evidence of increased odds of autism-associated traits at lower levels of maternal serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D was found using spline analysis. LIMITATIONS: Our study was potentially limited by low power, particularly for diagnosed autism cases as an outcome. The cohort may not have captured the extreme lows of the distribution of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D, and our analyses may have been biased by residual confounding and missing data. CONCLUSIONS: The present study found no strong evidence of a causal link between maternal vitamin D levels in pregnancy and offspring diagnosis or traits of autism. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13229-022-00523-4 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=491

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