Disclosing an autism diagnosis improves ratings of candidate performance in employment interviews / Jade Eloise NORRIS in Autism, 28-4 (April 2024)  

Public ISBD [article]  inAutism > 28-4 (April 2024) . - p.1045-1050 Titre : Disclosing an autism diagnosis improves ratings of candidate performance in employment interviews Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Jade Eloise NORRIS, Auteur ; Rachel PROSSER, Auteur ; Anna REMINGTON, Auteur ; Laura CRANE, Auteur ; Katie L. MARAS, Auteur Article en page(s) : p.1045-1050 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : adults,autism spectrum disorders,cognition (attention, learning, memory),communication and language,policy,professional development,quality of life,vocational/labour force participation Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Employment interviews can be challenging for autistic people. In addition to standard interview procedures often being inaccessible, features associated with autism (including atypical emotional expression, eye-contact, and gestures) may lead to negative first impressions. Research using vignettes and 'thin slices' of communication indicate that perceptions of an autistic individual can be improved when their autism diagnosis is disclosed. Here, we examined the impact of diagnostic disclosure on judgements of autistic adults undergoing an entire mock employment interview. A total of 119 participants (known as 'raters') watched a video of an autistic candidate?s mock employment interview, after which they provided overall impressions of the candidate on factors such as confidence, motivation, and knowledgeability. Raters were either (1) unaware of the interviewee?s diagnosis, (2) aware of their diagnosis, or (3) aware of their diagnosis and provided with information about autism. Results indicate that diagnostic disclosure improved perceptions of autistic candidates across all dimensions compared to when raters were unaware of their diagnosis. The provision of additional information about the diagnosis did not further improve ratings. The findings have important implications for employers and autistic people, who should consider the potential impact of diagnostic disclosure prior to interviewing for a role. Lay Abstract Employment interviews are challenging for many autistic people, for example, due to difficulties with interpreting questions. Autistic people also have differences in non-verbal communication, such as emotional expression, eye-contact, and gestures, with research showing that these factors negatively affect first impressions. Some studies have shown that perceptions of autistic people are more positive when the person observing them, such as an interviewer, is already aware of their diagnosis. However, previous research has not studied how disclosing one?s autism diagnosis affects perceptions of a candidate undergoing a full employment interview. Participants in this study acted as raters, who watched a video of an autistic person undergoing a mock employment interview with a researcher, and then rated their overall impressions of them on factors important to real-world hiring decisions, such as confidence, motivation, and knowledgeability. Prior to watching the interview, raters were either (1) not aware of the interviewee?s diagnosis, (2) made aware of their diagnosis, or (3) made aware of their diagnosis and provided with additional information about autism, such as differences in behaviours and communication. The results show that disclosing an autism diagnosis improved ratings compared to not disclosing the diagnosis. Providing additional information about autism alongside the diagnostic label did not improve ratings further. The findings are important for employers and autistic people; employers should consider improving procedures by which autistic people can disclose their diagnosis prior to interview should they wish, and autistic people may wish to consider the potential benefits of disclosing their diagnosis. En ligne : https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/13623613231203739 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=526 [article] Disclosing an autism diagnosis improves ratings of candidate performance in employment interviews [texte imprimé] / Jade Eloise NORRIS, Auteur ; Rachel PROSSER, Auteur ; Anna REMINGTON, Auteur ; Laura CRANE, Auteur ; Katie L. MARAS, Auteur . - p.1045-1050. Langues : Anglais (eng) in Autism > 28-4 (April 2024) . - p.1045-1050 Mots-clés : adults,autism spectrum disorders,cognition (attention, learning, memory),communication and language,policy,professional development,quality of life,vocational/labour force participation Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Employment interviews can be challenging for autistic people. In addition to standard interview procedures often being inaccessible, features associated with autism (including atypical emotional expression, eye-contact, and gestures) may lead to negative first impressions. Research using vignettes and 'thin slices' of communication indicate that perceptions of an autistic individual can be improved when their autism diagnosis is disclosed. Here, we examined the impact of diagnostic disclosure on judgements of autistic adults undergoing an entire mock employment interview. A total of 119 participants (known as 'raters') watched a video of an autistic candidate?s mock employment interview, after which they provided overall impressions of the candidate on factors such as confidence, motivation, and knowledgeability. Raters were either (1) unaware of the interviewee?s diagnosis, (2) aware of their diagnosis, or (3) aware of their diagnosis and provided with information about autism. Results indicate that diagnostic disclosure improved perceptions of autistic candidates across all dimensions compared to when raters were unaware of their diagnosis. The provision of additional information about the diagnosis did not further improve ratings. The findings have important implications for employers and autistic people, who should consider the potential impact of diagnostic disclosure prior to interviewing for a role. Lay Abstract Employment interviews are challenging for many autistic people, for example, due to difficulties with interpreting questions. Autistic people also have differences in non-verbal communication, such as emotional expression, eye-contact, and gestures, with research showing that these factors negatively affect first impressions. Some studies have shown that perceptions of autistic people are more positive when the person observing them, such as an interviewer, is already aware of their diagnosis. However, previous research has not studied how disclosing one?s autism diagnosis affects perceptions of a candidate undergoing a full employment interview. Participants in this study acted as raters, who watched a video of an autistic person undergoing a mock employment interview with a researcher, and then rated their overall impressions of them on factors important to real-world hiring decisions, such as confidence, motivation, and knowledgeability. Prior to watching the interview, raters were either (1) not aware of the interviewee?s diagnosis, (2) made aware of their diagnosis, or (3) made aware of their diagnosis and provided with additional information about autism, such as differences in behaviours and communication. The results show that disclosing an autism diagnosis improved ratings compared to not disclosing the diagnosis. Providing additional information about autism alongside the diagnostic label did not improve ratings further. The findings are important for employers and autistic people; employers should consider improving procedures by which autistic people can disclose their diagnosis prior to interview should they wish, and autistic people may wish to consider the potential benefits of disclosing their diagnosis. En ligne : https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/13623613231203739 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=526

Parents' views and experiences of talking about autism with their children / Laura CRANE in Autism, 23-8 (November 2019)  

Public ISBD [article]  inAutism > 23-8 (November 2019) . - p.1969-1981 Titre : Parents' views and experiences of talking about autism with their children Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Laura CRANE, Auteur ; Lauren JONES, Auteur ; Rachel PROSSER, Auteur ; Morvarid TAGHRIZI, Auteur ; Elizabeth PELLICANO, Auteur Article en page(s) : p.1969-1981 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : acceptance  autism  awareness  diagnosis  disclosure  parents Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : The way an autism diagnosis is disclosed to parents has been found to play a crucial role in their acceptance of, and the way they cope with, their child's diagnosis. Yet, research into parents' subsequent experiences of disclosing a diagnosis to their children, and talking to their families about autism more generally, is limited. Using an online survey, the current study examined 558 parents' experiences of talking about autism with their autistic and non-autistic children. Results demonstrated that most parents (n = 379, 67.9%) had told their autistic children about their diagnosis. Despite few parents (n = 163, 20.4%) receiving advice or support regarding the disclosure of the diagnosis, those that had disclosed felt satisfied with the process (n = 319, 84.2%) and felt confident in talking about autism with their children (n = 339, 92.4%). Those who had not told their autistic children about the diagnosis largely planned to discuss this with their child in the future (n = 100, 73.5%), felt confident in doing so (n = 95, 70.9%) and were satisfied with their decision (n = 95, 70.4%). Analysis of open-ended data, using thematic analysis, highlighted the importance of openness and the need to tailor explanations to individual children's needs, while acknowledging that disclosure could often be challenging for parents. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1362361319836257 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=407 [article] Parents' views and experiences of talking about autism with their children [texte imprimé] / Laura CRANE, Auteur ; Lauren JONES, Auteur ; Rachel PROSSER, Auteur ; Morvarid TAGHRIZI, Auteur ; Elizabeth PELLICANO, Auteur . - p.1969-1981. Langues : Anglais (eng) in Autism > 23-8 (November 2019) . - p.1969-1981 Mots-clés : acceptance  autism  awareness  diagnosis  disclosure  parents Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : The way an autism diagnosis is disclosed to parents has been found to play a crucial role in their acceptance of, and the way they cope with, their child's diagnosis. Yet, research into parents' subsequent experiences of disclosing a diagnosis to their children, and talking to their families about autism more generally, is limited. Using an online survey, the current study examined 558 parents' experiences of talking about autism with their autistic and non-autistic children. Results demonstrated that most parents (n = 379, 67.9%) had told their autistic children about their diagnosis. Despite few parents (n = 163, 20.4%) receiving advice or support regarding the disclosure of the diagnosis, those that had disclosed felt satisfied with the process (n = 319, 84.2%) and felt confident in talking about autism with their children (n = 339, 92.4%). Those who had not told their autistic children about the diagnosis largely planned to discuss this with their child in the future (n = 100, 73.5%), felt confident in doing so (n = 95, 70.9%) and were satisfied with their decision (n = 95, 70.4%). Analysis of open-ended data, using thematic analysis, highlighted the importance of openness and the need to tailor explanations to individual children's needs, while acknowledging that disclosure could often be challenging for parents. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1362361319836257 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=407

Perceptions of autistic and non-autistic adults in employment interviews: The role of impression management / Jade Eloise NORRIS in Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 112 (April 2024)  

Public ISBD [article]  inResearch in Autism Spectrum Disorders > 112 (April 2024) . - p.102333 Titre : Perceptions of autistic and non-autistic adults in employment interviews: The role of impression management Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Jade Eloise NORRIS, Auteur ; Jemma NICHOLSON, Auteur ; Rachel PROSSER, Auteur ; Jessica FARRELL, Auteur ; Anna REMINGTON, Auteur ; Laura CRANE, Auteur ; Laura HULL, Auteur ; Katie L. MARAS, Auteur Article en page(s) : p.102333 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Autism  Employment  Interviews  Impression management  Non-verbal  Behavioral Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Background Social communication and interaction differences can make employment interviews particularly challenging for autistic people, who may be less able to modulate their Impression Management (IM). This makes autism a relevant test case of the extent to which behavioral IM influences perceptions of job candidates. Method Two studies are reported. In Study 1, lay-raters watched a video of autistic and non-autistic mock candidates' interviews, and assessed their verbal, non-verbal, and para-verbal behaviors, and likelihood of social approach/avoidance. In Study 2, the presence of behavioral cues was manipulated by using either the interview videos (behavioral cues present) or transcripts (cues absent). Employers rated their overall impression of the candidates (e.g., perceived confidence, conscientiousness, competence, communication skills, etc). Results In study 1, autistic candidates were perceived as having a more monotonous tone of voice, being less composed and focused, and displaying less natural eye contact and gestures than their non-autistic counterparts, and received lower ratings for likelihood of social approach. For non-autistic interviewees, relationships were also found between ratings for verbal, para-verbal, and non-verbal behaviors, and social awkwardness and attractiveness. In study 2, non-autistic (but not autistic) interviewees received higher ratings of their confidence and communication skills when assessed by video than by transcript, but this advantage was not found for the autistic candidates. Conclusions Results indicate that observers may use different information when evaluating autistic compared with non-autistic interviewees, possibly due to qualitative differences in behavior. Implications of different behavioral presentations in autistic candidates are discussed, including the potential benefits of using transcripts or more structured interviews to enable recruiters to focus on interviewee answers, whilst being less influenced by non-verbal and para-verbal behaviors. En ligne : https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2024.102333 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=523 [article] Perceptions of autistic and non-autistic adults in employment interviews: The role of impression management [texte imprimé] / Jade Eloise NORRIS, Auteur ; Jemma NICHOLSON, Auteur ; Rachel PROSSER, Auteur ; Jessica FARRELL, Auteur ; Anna REMINGTON, Auteur ; Laura CRANE, Auteur ; Laura HULL, Auteur ; Katie L. MARAS, Auteur . - p.102333. Langues : Anglais (eng) in Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders > 112 (April 2024) . - p.102333 Mots-clés : Autism  Employment  Interviews  Impression management  Non-verbal  Behavioral Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Background Social communication and interaction differences can make employment interviews particularly challenging for autistic people, who may be less able to modulate their Impression Management (IM). This makes autism a relevant test case of the extent to which behavioral IM influences perceptions of job candidates. Method Two studies are reported. In Study 1, lay-raters watched a video of autistic and non-autistic mock candidates' interviews, and assessed their verbal, non-verbal, and para-verbal behaviors, and likelihood of social approach/avoidance. In Study 2, the presence of behavioral cues was manipulated by using either the interview videos (behavioral cues present) or transcripts (cues absent). Employers rated their overall impression of the candidates (e.g., perceived confidence, conscientiousness, competence, communication skills, etc). Results In study 1, autistic candidates were perceived as having a more monotonous tone of voice, being less composed and focused, and displaying less natural eye contact and gestures than their non-autistic counterparts, and received lower ratings for likelihood of social approach. For non-autistic interviewees, relationships were also found between ratings for verbal, para-verbal, and non-verbal behaviors, and social awkwardness and attractiveness. In study 2, non-autistic (but not autistic) interviewees received higher ratings of their confidence and communication skills when assessed by video than by transcript, but this advantage was not found for the autistic candidates. Conclusions Results indicate that observers may use different information when evaluating autistic compared with non-autistic interviewees, possibly due to qualitative differences in behavior. Implications of different behavioral presentations in autistic candidates are discussed, including the potential benefits of using transcripts or more structured interviews to enable recruiters to focus on interviewee answers, whilst being less influenced by non-verbal and para-verbal behaviors. En ligne : https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2024.102333 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=523

Post-traumatic stress disorder in autistic and non-autistic adults: The impact of appraisals on reactions to traumatic events / Rachel PROSSER in Autism, 30-3 (March 2026)  

Public ISBD [article]  inAutism > 30-3 (March 2026) . - p.605-625 Titre : Post-traumatic stress disorder in autistic and non-autistic adults: The impact of appraisals on reactions to traumatic events Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Rachel PROSSER, Auteur ; Freya RUMBALL, Auteur ; Dorothy KING, Auteur ; Craig STEEL, Auteur Article en page(s) : p.605-625 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : appraisals  ASD  autism  mental health  post-traumatic stress disorder Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Research suggests autistic people experience greater post-traumatic stress disorder symptom severity than non-autistic people following traumatic events. Post-trauma appraisals are fundamental in cognitive models of post-traumatic stress disorder, but have not been explored in autistic people. We aimed to explore whether we could replicate effects of heightened trauma exposure and post-traumatic stress disorder symptom severity in autistic adults, and examine how post-traumatic appraisals affect the association between autism and post-traumatic stress disorder symptom severity. Two hundred forty-two autistic (n = 148) and non-autistic adults (n = 94) completed a survey measuring trauma exposure, post-traumatic stress disorder symptom severity and post-trauma appraisals. Exposure to types of traumatic events did not differ significantly between the groups, but the autistic group endorsed more events that ‘happened to me’ directly. Post-traumatic stress disorder symptom severity and endorsement of negative post-traumatic appraisals were significantly higher in the autistic group, specifically alienation, shame and fear appraisals. These appraisals mediated the association between autism and post-traumatic stress disorder symptom severity. Therefore, as in the general population, greater endorsement of negative post-traumatic appraisals may be a risk factor for post-traumatic stress disorder symptom development in autistic adults, particularly appraisals of shame, fear and alienation. Longitudinal designs are required to confirm the direction of these effects and to elucidate factors underlying these negative appraisals in autistic people.Lay Summary Many people experience intrusive memories and anxiety after a traumatic event. However, for some, these symptoms last longer and they might be diagnosed with post-traumatic stress disorder. Research suggests that autistic people might be more likely to develop post-traumatic stress disorder and experience more severe symptoms compared to non-autistic people after traumatic events. One factor that is important in post-traumatic stress disorder development is how people think about the trauma. These might be thoughts like ‘It was my fault’, ‘I’m not safe’, ‘I’m disconnected from other people’. There has not been research into how autistic people think about traumatic events compared to non-autistic people, and this could be important for making post-traumatic stress disorder treatments more effective for them, as many of these focus on thoughts. In this study, we asked 148 autistic people and 94 non-autistic people in the United Kingdom to complete an online survey about their trauma history, post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms and thoughts about a traumatic event. We found that autistic people experienced more types of traumatic events directly (it happened to them), but they did not experience more types of traumatic events overall. Interestingly, both groups reported events like bullying or the death of a loved one as traumatic, but these events would not meet the official diagnostic criteria for post-traumatic stress disorder. As expected, autistic people reported worse post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms than non-autistic people and were more likely to meet the cut-off for post-traumatic stress disorder diagnosis. Autistic people also reported more negative thoughts about the trauma, especially feeling unsafe, disconnected, ashamed or that the trauma was their fault. Having more thoughts like this was associated with being autistic and experiencing more severe post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms. Our findings suggest that therapies focusing on these negative thoughts could be helpful for autistic people with post-traumatic stress disorder. Future research should explore why autistic people have more of these thoughts after traumatic events and should use longitudinal or experimental designs to explore how these factors influence one another over time. Efforts to prevent negative experiences, challenge negative attitudes in society t wards autism and support positive autistic identity and well-being will be helpful for changing this in the future. It is also important that mental health services offer support for post-traumatic stress disorder even when events do not meet the current diagnostic criteria, as this might prevent autistic and non-autistic people who need support with post-traumatic stress disorder getting help. En ligne : https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/13623613251403405 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=582 [article] Post-traumatic stress disorder in autistic and non-autistic adults: The impact of appraisals on reactions to traumatic events [texte imprimé] / Rachel PROSSER, Auteur ; Freya RUMBALL, Auteur ; Dorothy KING, Auteur ; Craig STEEL, Auteur . - p.605-625. Langues : Anglais (eng) in Autism > 30-3 (March 2026) . - p.605-625 Mots-clés : appraisals  ASD  autism  mental health  post-traumatic stress disorder Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Research suggests autistic people experience greater post-traumatic stress disorder symptom severity than non-autistic people following traumatic events. Post-trauma appraisals are fundamental in cognitive models of post-traumatic stress disorder, but have not been explored in autistic people. We aimed to explore whether we could replicate effects of heightened trauma exposure and post-traumatic stress disorder symptom severity in autistic adults, and examine how post-traumatic appraisals affect the association between autism and post-traumatic stress disorder symptom severity. Two hundred forty-two autistic (n = 148) and non-autistic adults (n = 94) completed a survey measuring trauma exposure, post-traumatic stress disorder symptom severity and post-trauma appraisals. Exposure to types of traumatic events did not differ significantly between the groups, but the autistic group endorsed more events that ‘happened to me’ directly. Post-traumatic stress disorder symptom severity and endorsement of negative post-traumatic appraisals were significantly higher in the autistic group, specifically alienation, shame and fear appraisals. These appraisals mediated the association between autism and post-traumatic stress disorder symptom severity. Therefore, as in the general population, greater endorsement of negative post-traumatic appraisals may be a risk factor for post-traumatic stress disorder symptom development in autistic adults, particularly appraisals of shame, fear and alienation. Longitudinal designs are required to confirm the direction of these effects and to elucidate factors underlying these negative appraisals in autistic people.Lay Summary Many people experience intrusive memories and anxiety after a traumatic event. However, for some, these symptoms last longer and they might be diagnosed with post-traumatic stress disorder. Research suggests that autistic people might be more likely to develop post-traumatic stress disorder and experience more severe symptoms compared to non-autistic people after traumatic events. One factor that is important in post-traumatic stress disorder development is how people think about the trauma. These might be thoughts like ‘It was my fault’, ‘I’m not safe’, ‘I’m disconnected from other people’. There has not been research into how autistic people think about traumatic events compared to non-autistic people, and this could be important for making post-traumatic stress disorder treatments more effective for them, as many of these focus on thoughts. In this study, we asked 148 autistic people and 94 non-autistic people in the United Kingdom to complete an online survey about their trauma history, post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms and thoughts about a traumatic event. We found that autistic people experienced more types of traumatic events directly (it happened to them), but they did not experience more types of traumatic events overall. Interestingly, both groups reported events like bullying or the death of a loved one as traumatic, but these events would not meet the official diagnostic criteria for post-traumatic stress disorder. As expected, autistic people reported worse post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms than non-autistic people and were more likely to meet the cut-off for post-traumatic stress disorder diagnosis. Autistic people also reported more negative thoughts about the trauma, especially feeling unsafe, disconnected, ashamed or that the trauma was their fault. Having more thoughts like this was associated with being autistic and experiencing more severe post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms. Our findings suggest that therapies focusing on these negative thoughts could be helpful for autistic people with post-traumatic stress disorder. Future research should explore why autistic people have more of these thoughts after traumatic events and should use longitudinal or experimental designs to explore how these factors influence one another over time. Efforts to prevent negative experiences, challenge negative attitudes in society t wards autism and support positive autistic identity and well-being will be helpful for changing this in the future. It is also important that mental health services offer support for post-traumatic stress disorder even when events do not meet the current diagnostic criteria, as this might prevent autistic and non-autistic people who need support with post-traumatic stress disorder getting help. En ligne : https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/13623613251403405 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=582

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