Childhood attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder as an extreme of a continuous trait: a quantitative genetic study of 8,500 twin pairs / Henrik LARSSON in Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 53-1 (January 2012)  

Public ISBD [article]  inJournal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry > 53-1 (January 2012) . - p.73-80 Titre : Childhood attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder as an extreme of a continuous trait: a quantitative genetic study of 8,500 twin pairs Type de document : Texte imprimé et/ou numérique Auteurs : Henrik LARSSON, Auteur ; Henrik ANCKARSATER, Auteur ; Maria RASTAM, Auteur ; Zheng CHANG, Auteur ; Paul LICHTENSTEIN, Auteur Année de publication : 2012 Article en page(s) : p.73-80 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : ADHD  DSM  etiology  twins Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Background:  Although the clinical utility of categorically defined attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is well established, there is also strong evidence supporting the notion of ADHD as an extreme of a continuous trait. Nevertheless, the question of whether the etiology is the same for different levels of DSM–IV ADHD symptoms remains to be investigated. The aim of this study was to assess genetic links between the extreme and the subthreshold range of ADHD symptoms. Method:  Parents of all Swedish 9- and 12-year-old twins born between 1992 and 2000 were interviewed for DSM–IV ADHD symptoms and associated conditions. Two validated cutoff values were used for screening and assigning research diagnoses. Response rate was 80%. Twin methods were applied to investigate the extent to which ADHD is etiologically distinct from subthreshold variations in ADHD symptoms. Results:  Extremes analyses indicated a strong genetic link between the extreme and the subthreshold variation, with almost identical group heritability estimates around .60 for the diagnostic (prevalence 1.78%) and screening (prevalence 9.75%) criteria of ADHD. Conclusion:  A strong genetic link between the extreme and the subthreshold variation of DSM–IV based assessments of ADHD symptoms was found. The data suggest that ADHD is best viewed as the quantitative extreme of genetic and environmental factors operating dimensionally throughout the distribution of ADHD symptoms, indicating that the same etiologic factors are involved in the full range of symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2011.02467.x Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=148 [article] Childhood attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder as an extreme of a continuous trait: a quantitative genetic study of 8,500 twin pairs [Texte imprimé et/ou numérique] / Henrik LARSSON, Auteur ; Henrik ANCKARSATER, Auteur ; Maria RASTAM, Auteur ; Zheng CHANG, Auteur ; Paul LICHTENSTEIN, Auteur . - 2012 . - p.73-80. Langues : Anglais (eng) in Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry > 53-1 (January 2012) . - p.73-80 Mots-clés : ADHD  DSM  etiology  twins Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Background:  Although the clinical utility of categorically defined attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is well established, there is also strong evidence supporting the notion of ADHD as an extreme of a continuous trait. Nevertheless, the question of whether the etiology is the same for different levels of DSM–IV ADHD symptoms remains to be investigated. The aim of this study was to assess genetic links between the extreme and the subthreshold range of ADHD symptoms. Method:  Parents of all Swedish 9- and 12-year-old twins born between 1992 and 2000 were interviewed for DSM–IV ADHD symptoms and associated conditions. Two validated cutoff values were used for screening and assigning research diagnoses. Response rate was 80%. Twin methods were applied to investigate the extent to which ADHD is etiologically distinct from subthreshold variations in ADHD symptoms. Results:  Extremes analyses indicated a strong genetic link between the extreme and the subthreshold variation, with almost identical group heritability estimates around .60 for the diagnostic (prevalence 1.78%) and screening (prevalence 9.75%) criteria of ADHD. Conclusion:  A strong genetic link between the extreme and the subthreshold variation of DSM–IV based assessments of ADHD symptoms was found. The data suggest that ADHD is best viewed as the quantitative extreme of genetic and environmental factors operating dimensionally throughout the distribution of ADHD symptoms, indicating that the same etiologic factors are involved in the full range of symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2011.02467.x Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=148

Melatonin use and the risk of self-harm and unintentional injuries in youths with and without psychiatric disorders / Marica LEONE in Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 64-7 (July 2023)  

Public ISBD [article]  inJournal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry > 64-7 (July 2023) . - p.1027-1036 Titre : Melatonin use and the risk of self-harm and unintentional injuries in youths with and without psychiatric disorders Type de document : Texte imprimé et/ou numérique Auteurs : Marica LEONE, Auteur ; Ralf KUJA-HALKOLA, Auteur ; Tyra LAGERBERG, Auteur ; Johan BJUREBERG, Auteur ; Agnieszka BUTWICKA, Auteur ; Zheng CHANG, Auteur ; Henrik LARSSON, Auteur ; Brian M. D'ONOFRIO, Auteur ; Amy LEVAL, Auteur ; Sarah E. BERGEN, Auteur Article en page(s) : p.1027-1036 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Melatonin  sleep  injury  self-harm  depression  anxiety Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Background Sleep disorders in youth have been associated with increased risks of injury, including suicidal behavior. This study investigated whether melatonin, which is the most common medication for sleep disturbances in youth in Sweden, is associated with a decreased risk of injury. Methods This population-based cohort study included 25,575 youths who initiated melatonin treatment between ages 6 and 18. Poisson regression was used to estimate rate of injuries in the year prior to and following melatonin treatment initiation. A within-individual design was used to estimate relative risks by comparing injury risk in the last unmedicated month with injury risks in the 12months after medication initiation. Analyses were stratified by sex, injury type, psychiatric comorbidities and age at melatonin-treatment initiation. Results While body injuries, falls and transport accident rates were comparable in the year before and after melatonin-treatment initiation, the risk of self-harm was highest in the months immediately prior to medication, and decreased thereafter. This was particularly prominent among adolescents with depression and/or anxiety, with females displaying greater absolute risks than males. Compared to the last unmedicated month, the 12months post medication initiation had decreased relative risks for self-harm, with an IRR [95% CI] in the month following melatonin-treatment initiation of 0.46 [0.270.76] among adolescent females with psychiatric disorders, after excluding antidepressant users. Conclusions Decreased risk of intentional self-harm was observed following melatonin-treatment initiation among females with depression and anxiety, suggesting that sleep interventions could be considered in an effort to reduce risk of self-harm in this population. En ligne : https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.13785 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=508 [article] Melatonin use and the risk of self-harm and unintentional injuries in youths with and without psychiatric disorders [Texte imprimé et/ou numérique] / Marica LEONE, Auteur ; Ralf KUJA-HALKOLA, Auteur ; Tyra LAGERBERG, Auteur ; Johan BJUREBERG, Auteur ; Agnieszka BUTWICKA, Auteur ; Zheng CHANG, Auteur ; Henrik LARSSON, Auteur ; Brian M. D'ONOFRIO, Auteur ; Amy LEVAL, Auteur ; Sarah E. BERGEN, Auteur . - p.1027-1036. Langues : Anglais (eng) in Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry > 64-7 (July 2023) . - p.1027-1036 Mots-clés : Melatonin  sleep  injury  self-harm  depression  anxiety Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Background Sleep disorders in youth have been associated with increased risks of injury, including suicidal behavior. This study investigated whether melatonin, which is the most common medication for sleep disturbances in youth in Sweden, is associated with a decreased risk of injury. Methods This population-based cohort study included 25,575 youths who initiated melatonin treatment between ages 6 and 18. Poisson regression was used to estimate rate of injuries in the year prior to and following melatonin treatment initiation. A within-individual design was used to estimate relative risks by comparing injury risk in the last unmedicated month with injury risks in the 12months after medication initiation. Analyses were stratified by sex, injury type, psychiatric comorbidities and age at melatonin-treatment initiation. Results While body injuries, falls and transport accident rates were comparable in the year before and after melatonin-treatment initiation, the risk of self-harm was highest in the months immediately prior to medication, and decreased thereafter. This was particularly prominent among adolescents with depression and/or anxiety, with females displaying greater absolute risks than males. Compared to the last unmedicated month, the 12months post medication initiation had decreased relative risks for self-harm, with an IRR [95% CI] in the month following melatonin-treatment initiation of 0.46 [0.270.76] among adolescent females with psychiatric disorders, after excluding antidepressant users. Conclusions Decreased risk of intentional self-harm was observed following melatonin-treatment initiation among females with depression and anxiety, suggesting that sleep interventions could be considered in an effort to reduce risk of self-harm in this population. En ligne : https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.13785 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=508

Stimulant ADHD medication and risk for substance abuse / Zheng CHANG in Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 55-8 (August 2014)  

Public ISBD [article]  inJournal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry > 55-8 (August 2014) . - p.878-885 Titre : Stimulant ADHD medication and risk for substance abuse Type de document : Texte imprimé et/ou numérique Auteurs : Zheng CHANG, Auteur ; Paul LICHTENSTEIN, Auteur ; Linda HALLDNER, Auteur ; Brian M. D'ONOFRIO, Auteur ; Eva SERLACHIUS, Auteur ; Seena FAZEL, Auteur ; Niklas LANGSTROM, Auteur ; Henrik LARSSON, Auteur Article en page(s) : p.878-885 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : ADHD  pharmacology  substance abuse Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Background There are persistent concerns of long-term effects of stimulant ADHD medication on the development of substance abuse. Methods Using Swedish national registers, we studied all individuals born between 1960 and 1998 and diagnosed with ADHD (26,249 men and 12,504 women). We investigated the association between stimulant ADHD medication in 2006 and substance abuse during 2009. Substance abuse was indexed by substance-related death, crime, or hospital visits. Results ADHD medication was not associated with increased rate of substance abuse. Actually, the rate during 2009 was 31% lower among those prescribed ADHD medication in 2006, even after controlling for medication in 2009 and other covariates (hazard ratio: 0.69; 95% confidence interval: 0.57–0.84). Also, the longer the duration of medication, the lower the rate of substance abuse. Similar risk reductions were suggested among children and when investigating the association between stimulant ADHD medication and concomitant short-term abuse. Conclusions We found no indication of increased risks of substance abuse among individuals prescribed stimulant ADHD medication; if anything, the data suggested a long-term protective effect on substance abuse. Although stimulant ADHD medication does not seem to increase the risk for substance abuse, clinicians should remain alert to the potential problem of stimulant misuse and diversion in ADHD patients. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12164 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=237 [article] Stimulant ADHD medication and risk for substance abuse [Texte imprimé et/ou numérique] / Zheng CHANG, Auteur ; Paul LICHTENSTEIN, Auteur ; Linda HALLDNER, Auteur ; Brian M. D'ONOFRIO, Auteur ; Eva SERLACHIUS, Auteur ; Seena FAZEL, Auteur ; Niklas LANGSTROM, Auteur ; Henrik LARSSON, Auteur . - p.878-885. Langues : Anglais (eng) in Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry > 55-8 (August 2014) . - p.878-885 Mots-clés : ADHD  pharmacology  substance abuse Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Background There are persistent concerns of long-term effects of stimulant ADHD medication on the development of substance abuse. Methods Using Swedish national registers, we studied all individuals born between 1960 and 1998 and diagnosed with ADHD (26,249 men and 12,504 women). We investigated the association between stimulant ADHD medication in 2006 and substance abuse during 2009. Substance abuse was indexed by substance-related death, crime, or hospital visits. Results ADHD medication was not associated with increased rate of substance abuse. Actually, the rate during 2009 was 31% lower among those prescribed ADHD medication in 2006, even after controlling for medication in 2009 and other covariates (hazard ratio: 0.69; 95% confidence interval: 0.57–0.84). Also, the longer the duration of medication, the lower the rate of substance abuse. Similar risk reductions were suggested among children and when investigating the association between stimulant ADHD medication and concomitant short-term abuse. Conclusions We found no indication of increased risks of substance abuse among individuals prescribed stimulant ADHD medication; if anything, the data suggested a long-term protective effect on substance abuse. Although stimulant ADHD medication does not seem to increase the risk for substance abuse, clinicians should remain alert to the potential problem of stimulant misuse and diversion in ADHD patients. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12164 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=237

Trajectories of healthcare utilization and costs of psychiatric and somatic multimorbidity in adults with childhood ADHD: a prospective register-based study / Ebba DU RIETZ in Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 61-9 (September 2020)  

Public ISBD [article]  inJournal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry > 61-9 (September 2020) . - p.959-968 Titre : Trajectories of healthcare utilization and costs of psychiatric and somatic multimorbidity in adults with childhood ADHD: a prospective register-based study Type de document : Texte imprimé et/ou numérique Auteurs : Ebba DU RIETZ, Auteur ; Andreas JANGMO, Auteur ; Ralf KUJA-HALKOLA, Auteur ; Zheng CHANG, Auteur ; Brian M. D'ONOFRIO, Auteur ; Ewa AHNEMARK, Auteur ; Tamara WERNER-KIECHLE, Auteur ; Henrik LARSSON, Auteur Article en page(s) : p.959-968 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Adhd  comorbidity  cost  epidemiology  healthcare Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : BACKGROUND: A better understanding of the trajectories and economic burden of psychiatric and somatic disorders (multimorbidity) in ADHD from childhood to adulthood is important for guiding more targeted areas for treatment of ADHD and prevention of multimorbidity, and for forecasting demands on the medical infrastructure. This study aimed to investigate patterns of healthcare utilization and costs of multimorbidity across young adulthood in individuals with a childhood ADHD diagnosis, and additionally in individuals who continue to have ADHD-related contact with health services (persisters) and those who do not (remitters). METHODS: We prospectively followed a cohort (N = 445,790) born 1987-1990 from the ages of 18 to 26 years. Data on healthcare utilization were obtained from the Swedish National Patient Register (inpatient and outpatient care) and the Prescribed Drug Register (medication prescriptions). RESULTS: Mean annual costs per capita from multimorbidity was €890 ($1,223) in individuals with a childhood ADHD diagnosis (persisters/remitters: €1,060[$1,456]/€609[$837]) and €304 ($418) in individuals without. Costs were largely driven by inpatient hospital admissions, mainly from drug abuse and injuries. Healthcare utilization and costs of psychiatric and somatic disorders at 18 years was significantly higher in individuals with childhood ADHD compared to those without. These group differences remained stable or increased across young adulthood for most outcomes and were generally larger in women than in men. ADHD remitters continued to show significantly greater healthcare utilization and costs compared to individuals without childhood ADHD, although their profiles were not as severe as ADHD persisters. CONCLUSIONS: Childhood ADHD has long-term associations with both psychiatric and somatic disorders. Findings demonstrate the individual and societal burden of ADHD in adulthood and highlight the importance of continued support from childhood-adolescent to adult health services and early prevention of multimorbidity. Findings also point to specific targets for intervention that may be effective, such as drug abuse and injuries. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.13206 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=430 [article] Trajectories of healthcare utilization and costs of psychiatric and somatic multimorbidity in adults with childhood ADHD: a prospective register-based study [Texte imprimé et/ou numérique] / Ebba DU RIETZ, Auteur ; Andreas JANGMO, Auteur ; Ralf KUJA-HALKOLA, Auteur ; Zheng CHANG, Auteur ; Brian M. D'ONOFRIO, Auteur ; Ewa AHNEMARK, Auteur ; Tamara WERNER-KIECHLE, Auteur ; Henrik LARSSON, Auteur . - p.959-968. Langues : Anglais (eng) in Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry > 61-9 (September 2020) . - p.959-968 Mots-clés : Adhd  comorbidity  cost  epidemiology  healthcare Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : BACKGROUND: A better understanding of the trajectories and economic burden of psychiatric and somatic disorders (multimorbidity) in ADHD from childhood to adulthood is important for guiding more targeted areas for treatment of ADHD and prevention of multimorbidity, and for forecasting demands on the medical infrastructure. This study aimed to investigate patterns of healthcare utilization and costs of multimorbidity across young adulthood in individuals with a childhood ADHD diagnosis, and additionally in individuals who continue to have ADHD-related contact with health services (persisters) and those who do not (remitters). METHODS: We prospectively followed a cohort (N = 445,790) born 1987-1990 from the ages of 18 to 26 years. Data on healthcare utilization were obtained from the Swedish National Patient Register (inpatient and outpatient care) and the Prescribed Drug Register (medication prescriptions). RESULTS: Mean annual costs per capita from multimorbidity was €890 ($1,223) in individuals with a childhood ADHD diagnosis (persisters/remitters: €1,060[$1,456]/€609[$837]) and €304 ($418) in individuals without. Costs were largely driven by inpatient hospital admissions, mainly from drug abuse and injuries. Healthcare utilization and costs of psychiatric and somatic disorders at 18 years was significantly higher in individuals with childhood ADHD compared to those without. These group differences remained stable or increased across young adulthood for most outcomes and were generally larger in women than in men. ADHD remitters continued to show significantly greater healthcare utilization and costs compared to individuals without childhood ADHD, although their profiles were not as severe as ADHD persisters. CONCLUSIONS: Childhood ADHD has long-term associations with both psychiatric and somatic disorders. Findings demonstrate the individual and societal burden of ADHD in adulthood and highlight the importance of continued support from childhood-adolescent to adult health services and early prevention of multimorbidity. Findings also point to specific targets for intervention that may be effective, such as drug abuse and injuries. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.13206 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=430

Use of medication for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and risk of unintentional injuries in children and adolescents with co-occurring neurodevelopmental disorders / Laura GHIRARDI in Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 61-2 (February 2020)  

Public ISBD [article]  inJournal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry > 61-2 (February 2020) . - p.140-147 Titre : Use of medication for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and risk of unintentional injuries in children and adolescents with co-occurring neurodevelopmental disorders Type de document : Texte imprimé et/ou numérique Auteurs : Laura GHIRARDI, Auteur ; Qi CHEN, Auteur ; Zheng CHANG, Auteur ; Ralf KUJA-HALKOLA, Auteur ; Charlotte SKOGLUND, Auteur ; Patrick D. QUINN, Auteur ; Brian M. D'ONOFRIO, Auteur ; Henrik LARSSON, Auteur Article en page(s) : p.140-147 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : ADHD medication  injuries  neurodevelopmental disorders Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : BACKGROUND: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is often associated with other neurodevelopmental disorders (NDs) and with risky behaviors and adverse health outcomes, including injuries. Treatment with ADHD medication has been associated with reduced risk of injuries. However, it is unknown whether the association is present in individuals with co-occurring NDs. The aim of the present study was to estimate the association between ADHD medication use and unintentional injuries in Sweden in children and adolescents with ADHD, including those with co-occurring NDs. METHODS: Using a linkage of several national registers via the unique personal identification number, we identified individuals with a diagnosis of ADHD and of other NDs, including autism spectrum disorder, intellectual disability, communication disorders, learning disorders and motor disorders. The primary outcome was unintentional injuries. Secondary outcome was traumatic brain injury (TBI). Individuals were followed from January 1st 2006 or their 5th birthday or the date of the first unintentional injury, whichever came last, to December 31st 2013 or their 18th birthday or death, whichever came first. We compared the rate of injuries during periods on-treatment with the rate of injuries during periods off-treatment within the same individual using stratified Cox regression to calculate hazard ratio (HR) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS: For children and adolescents with ADHD (N = 9,421) the rate of any unintentional injuries (HR = 0.85; 95% CI = 0.78-0.92) and TBIs (HR = 0.27; 95% CIs = 0.20-0.38) during medicated periods was lower than during non-medicated periods. Similar results were found among individuals with co-occurring NDs (N = 2,986), for unintentional injuries (HR = 0.88; 95% CI = 0.77-1.01) and for TBIs (HR = 0.27; 95% CI = 0.16-0.44). CONCLUSIONS: Beneficial effects of ADHD medication may extend beyond reduction of ADHD core symptoms to prevention of unintentional injuries in children and adolescents, including individuals with co-occurring NDs. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.13136 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=415 [article] Use of medication for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and risk of unintentional injuries in children and adolescents with co-occurring neurodevelopmental disorders [Texte imprimé et/ou numérique] / Laura GHIRARDI, Auteur ; Qi CHEN, Auteur ; Zheng CHANG, Auteur ; Ralf KUJA-HALKOLA, Auteur ; Charlotte SKOGLUND, Auteur ; Patrick D. QUINN, Auteur ; Brian M. D'ONOFRIO, Auteur ; Henrik LARSSON, Auteur . - p.140-147. Langues : Anglais (eng) in Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry > 61-2 (February 2020) . - p.140-147 Mots-clés : ADHD medication  injuries  neurodevelopmental disorders Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : BACKGROUND: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is often associated with other neurodevelopmental disorders (NDs) and with risky behaviors and adverse health outcomes, including injuries. Treatment with ADHD medication has been associated with reduced risk of injuries. However, it is unknown whether the association is present in individuals with co-occurring NDs. The aim of the present study was to estimate the association between ADHD medication use and unintentional injuries in Sweden in children and adolescents with ADHD, including those with co-occurring NDs. METHODS: Using a linkage of several national registers via the unique personal identification number, we identified individuals with a diagnosis of ADHD and of other NDs, including autism spectrum disorder, intellectual disability, communication disorders, learning disorders and motor disorders. The primary outcome was unintentional injuries. Secondary outcome was traumatic brain injury (TBI). Individuals were followed from January 1st 2006 or their 5th birthday or the date of the first unintentional injury, whichever came last, to December 31st 2013 or their 18th birthday or death, whichever came first. We compared the rate of injuries during periods on-treatment with the rate of injuries during periods off-treatment within the same individual using stratified Cox regression to calculate hazard ratio (HR) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS: For children and adolescents with ADHD (N = 9,421) the rate of any unintentional injuries (HR = 0.85; 95% CI = 0.78-0.92) and TBIs (HR = 0.27; 95% CIs = 0.20-0.38) during medicated periods was lower than during non-medicated periods. Similar results were found among individuals with co-occurring NDs (N = 2,986), for unintentional injuries (HR = 0.88; 95% CI = 0.77-1.01) and for TBIs (HR = 0.27; 95% CI = 0.16-0.44). CONCLUSIONS: Beneficial effects of ADHD medication may extend beyond reduction of ADHD core symptoms to prevention of unintentional injuries in children and adolescents, including individuals with co-occurring NDs. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.13136 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=415

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