Autistic adults show enhanced generosity to socially distant others / Paul A.G. FORBES in Autism, 28-4 (April 2024)  

Public ISBD [article]  inAutism > 28-4 (April 2024) . - p.999-1009 Titre : Autistic adults show enhanced generosity to socially distant others Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Paul A.G. FORBES, Auteur ; Irini CHALIANI, Auteur ; Leonhard SCHILBACH, Auteur ; Tobias KALENSCHER, Auteur Article en page(s) : p.999-1009 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : decision-making,framing effect,prosocial behaviour,psychological theories of autism,social discounting,social distance Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Sharing resources is fundamental for human cooperation and survival. People tend to share resources more with individuals they feel close to compared to those who are more socially distant. This decline in generosity at increasing social distance is called social discounting and is influenced by both social traits and abilities, such as empathy, and non-social psychological factors, such as decision-making biases. People who receive a diagnosis of autism show differences in social interaction as well as displaying differences in non-social domains, such as more restricted and repetitive behaviours. We investigated social discounting in autism and found that autistic adults were more generous than neurotypical participants, which was driven by greater generosity to socially distant others. Crucially, we also investigated framing effects during prosocial decision-making. Autistic participants were less susceptible to whether decisions were framed as causing monetary gains, compared to preventing monetary losses, for the potential recipient. Our results support the view of 'enhanced rationality' in autism as participants' prosocial decisions were less influenced by potential biasing information, such as the closeness of the recipient or how choices were framed. Therefore, the differences seen in autism, as well as posing certain challenges, can also have prosocial consequences. Lay abstract Autistic people show differences in their social behaviour. But how autism affects decisions to share resources, an important part of cooperation, was previously unclear. In our study, participants made decisions about how to share money with different people, including people they felt close to, such as a friend, and people they felt less close to, such as a stranger. We found that compared to a group of non-autistic participants, autistic adults shared more money overall and this was driven by greater generosity to strangers. The results suggest that autistic adults were more generous because they made fair decisions (an equal split of the money) more consistently regardless of how close they felt to the person they were sharing with. By showing that autistic adults display greater generosity, our results could help to change public perceptions of autism and potentially improve opportunities for autistic people. En ligne : https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/13623613231190674 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=525 [article] Autistic adults show enhanced generosity to socially distant others [texte imprimé] / Paul A.G. FORBES, Auteur ; Irini CHALIANI, Auteur ; Leonhard SCHILBACH, Auteur ; Tobias KALENSCHER, Auteur . - p.999-1009. Langues : Anglais (eng) in Autism > 28-4 (April 2024) . - p.999-1009 Mots-clés : decision-making,framing effect,prosocial behaviour,psychological theories of autism,social discounting,social distance Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Sharing resources is fundamental for human cooperation and survival. People tend to share resources more with individuals they feel close to compared to those who are more socially distant. This decline in generosity at increasing social distance is called social discounting and is influenced by both social traits and abilities, such as empathy, and non-social psychological factors, such as decision-making biases. People who receive a diagnosis of autism show differences in social interaction as well as displaying differences in non-social domains, such as more restricted and repetitive behaviours. We investigated social discounting in autism and found that autistic adults were more generous than neurotypical participants, which was driven by greater generosity to socially distant others. Crucially, we also investigated framing effects during prosocial decision-making. Autistic participants were less susceptible to whether decisions were framed as causing monetary gains, compared to preventing monetary losses, for the potential recipient. Our results support the view of 'enhanced rationality' in autism as participants' prosocial decisions were less influenced by potential biasing information, such as the closeness of the recipient or how choices were framed. Therefore, the differences seen in autism, as well as posing certain challenges, can also have prosocial consequences. Lay abstract Autistic people show differences in their social behaviour. But how autism affects decisions to share resources, an important part of cooperation, was previously unclear. In our study, participants made decisions about how to share money with different people, including people they felt close to, such as a friend, and people they felt less close to, such as a stranger. We found that compared to a group of non-autistic participants, autistic adults shared more money overall and this was driven by greater generosity to strangers. The results suggest that autistic adults were more generous because they made fair decisions (an equal split of the money) more consistently regardless of how close they felt to the person they were sharing with. By showing that autistic adults display greater generosity, our results could help to change public perceptions of autism and potentially improve opportunities for autistic people. En ligne : https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/13623613231190674 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=525

Brief Report: Autistic Adults Assign Less Weight to Affective Cues When Judging Others' Ambiguous Emotional States / Paul A.G. FORBES in Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 50-8 (August 2020)  

Public ISBD [article]  inJournal of Autism and Developmental Disorders > 50-8 (August 2020) . - p.3066-3070 Titre : Brief Report: Autistic Adults Assign Less Weight to Affective Cues When Judging Others' Ambiguous Emotional States Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Paul A.G. FORBES, Auteur ; Antonia HAMILTON, Auteur Article en page(s) : p.3066-3070 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Emotions  Faces  Theory of mind Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Understanding other people's emotional states involves integrating multiple sources of information, such as someone's smile (affective cue) with our knowledge that they have passed an exam (situational cue). We explored whether autistic adults display differences in how they integrate these cues by showing participants videos of students receiving their exams results. Our results suggest autistic adults generally perform as neurotypical participants when identifying and integrating affective and situational cues. It was only in certain unfamiliar and ambiguous social situations that autistic adults assigned less weight to affective cues compared to situational cues when judging other people's emotional states. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10803-020-04410-w Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=428 [article] Brief Report: Autistic Adults Assign Less Weight to Affective Cues When Judging Others' Ambiguous Emotional States [texte imprimé] / Paul A.G. FORBES, Auteur ; Antonia HAMILTON, Auteur . - p.3066-3070. Langues : Anglais (eng) in Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders > 50-8 (August 2020) . - p.3066-3070 Mots-clés : Emotions  Faces  Theory of mind Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Understanding other people's emotional states involves integrating multiple sources of information, such as someone's smile (affective cue) with our knowledge that they have passed an exam (situational cue). We explored whether autistic adults display differences in how they integrate these cues by showing participants videos of students receiving their exams results. Our results suggest autistic adults generally perform as neurotypical participants when identifying and integrating affective and situational cues. It was only in certain unfamiliar and ambiguous social situations that autistic adults assigned less weight to affective cues compared to situational cues when judging other people's emotional states. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10803-020-04410-w Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=428

Increased prosocial value orientation in autistic adults / Paul A.G. FORBES in Autism, 30-2 (February 2026)  

Public ISBD [article]  inAutism > 30-2 (February 2026) . - p.538-543 Titre : Increased prosocial value orientation in autistic adults Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Paul A.G. FORBES, Auteur ; Gillian HUGHES, Auteur ; Leonhard SCHILBACH, Auteur ; Sarah WHITE, Auteur ; Tobias KALENSCHER, Auteur Article en page(s) : p.538-543 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : fairness  generosity  prosocial behaviour  social cognition  social decision-making Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Social discounting describes the tendency to give fewer resources to those we feel less close to. Previous work suggests autistic individuals show a flatter decline in generosity towards socially distant others compared with non-autistic participants. We investigated whether this enhanced prosociality towards socially distant others in autism was driven by genuinely higher prosociality or instead a preference for repetitive responding. We measured prosocial preferences in 37 autistic and 38 non-autistic adults using the social value orientation questionnaire, where participants allocated money between themselves and people at six different social distances (e.g. friend vs stranger). We replicated previous findings by showing that autistic adults were more prosocial than non-autistic adults towards more socially distant others. Crucially, these effects were not driven by more repetitive responding in autism, nor by differences in attitudes to money. While autistic people often face challenges navigating their social worlds, our findings reinforce the view that autism is also associated with more prosociality. We argue that differences in fairness norms could drive more prosociality in autism, but this remains to be tested in future work.Lay abstract Sharing and giving to others are important for our social relationships. Previous studies show that when given opportunities to share money, autistic and non-autistic people give the same amount of money to people they feel close to, like their friends. However, compared with non-autistic people, autistic people give more money to people they feel less close to, like strangers. In this study, we replicated this finding. Compared with non-autistic participants, autistic participants were more generous to people they did not feel close to. We also found that this increased generosity in autism was not the result of autistic participants responding more repetitively in the task. Autistic and non-autistic participants also showed similar attitudes towards money. We propose that some autistic people could be more generous because they show differences in how they think about fairness. But future studies will need to look at this more closely. We hope that our results can help to change the way people think about social behaviour in autism. While autistic people often face challenges navigating their social worlds, autism can also be associated with more generosity. En ligne : https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/13623613251385029 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=579 [article] Increased prosocial value orientation in autistic adults [texte imprimé] / Paul A.G. FORBES, Auteur ; Gillian HUGHES, Auteur ; Leonhard SCHILBACH, Auteur ; Sarah WHITE, Auteur ; Tobias KALENSCHER, Auteur . - p.538-543. Langues : Anglais (eng) in Autism > 30-2 (February 2026) . - p.538-543 Mots-clés : fairness  generosity  prosocial behaviour  social cognition  social decision-making Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Social discounting describes the tendency to give fewer resources to those we feel less close to. Previous work suggests autistic individuals show a flatter decline in generosity towards socially distant others compared with non-autistic participants. We investigated whether this enhanced prosociality towards socially distant others in autism was driven by genuinely higher prosociality or instead a preference for repetitive responding. We measured prosocial preferences in 37 autistic and 38 non-autistic adults using the social value orientation questionnaire, where participants allocated money between themselves and people at six different social distances (e.g. friend vs stranger). We replicated previous findings by showing that autistic adults were more prosocial than non-autistic adults towards more socially distant others. Crucially, these effects were not driven by more repetitive responding in autism, nor by differences in attitudes to money. While autistic people often face challenges navigating their social worlds, our findings reinforce the view that autism is also associated with more prosociality. We argue that differences in fairness norms could drive more prosociality in autism, but this remains to be tested in future work.Lay abstract Sharing and giving to others are important for our social relationships. Previous studies show that when given opportunities to share money, autistic and non-autistic people give the same amount of money to people they feel close to, like their friends. However, compared with non-autistic people, autistic people give more money to people they feel less close to, like strangers. In this study, we replicated this finding. Compared with non-autistic participants, autistic participants were more generous to people they did not feel close to. We also found that this increased generosity in autism was not the result of autistic participants responding more repetitively in the task. Autistic and non-autistic participants also showed similar attitudes towards money. We propose that some autistic people could be more generous because they show differences in how they think about fairness. But future studies will need to look at this more closely. We hope that our results can help to change the way people think about social behaviour in autism. While autistic people often face challenges navigating their social worlds, autism can also be associated with more generosity. En ligne : https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/13623613251385029 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=579

Reduced Mimicry to Virtual Reality Avatars in Autism Spectrum Disorder / Paul A.G. FORBES in Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 46-12 (December 2016)  

Public ISBD [article]  inJournal of Autism and Developmental Disorders > 46-12 (December 2016) . - p.3788-3797 Titre : Reduced Mimicry to Virtual Reality Avatars in Autism Spectrum Disorder Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Paul A.G. FORBES, Auteur ; Xueni PAN, Auteur ; Antonia HAMILTON, Auteur Article en page(s) : p.3788-3797 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Mimicry  Virtual reality  Social cognition  Kinematics  Imitation Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Mimicry involves unconsciously copying the actions of others. Increasing evidence suggests that autistic people can copy the goal of an observed action but show differences in their mimicry. We investigated mimicry in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) within a two-dimensional virtual reality environment. Participants played an imitation game with a socially engaged avatar and socially disengaged avatar. Despite being told only to copy the goal of the observed action, autistic participants and matched neurotypical participants mimicked the kinematics of the avatars’ movements. However, autistic participants mimicked less. Social engagement did not modulate mimicry in either group. The results demonstrate the feasibility of using virtual reality to induce mimicry and suggest mimicry differences in ASD may also occur when interacting with avatars. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10803-016-2930-2 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=297 [article] Reduced Mimicry to Virtual Reality Avatars in Autism Spectrum Disorder [texte imprimé] / Paul A.G. FORBES, Auteur ; Xueni PAN, Auteur ; Antonia HAMILTON, Auteur . - p.3788-3797. Langues : Anglais (eng) in Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders > 46-12 (December 2016) . - p.3788-3797 Mots-clés : Mimicry  Virtual reality  Social cognition  Kinematics  Imitation Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Mimicry involves unconsciously copying the actions of others. Increasing evidence suggests that autistic people can copy the goal of an observed action but show differences in their mimicry. We investigated mimicry in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) within a two-dimensional virtual reality environment. Participants played an imitation game with a socially engaged avatar and socially disengaged avatar. Despite being told only to copy the goal of the observed action, autistic participants and matched neurotypical participants mimicked the kinematics of the avatars’ movements. However, autistic participants mimicked less. Social engagement did not modulate mimicry in either group. The results demonstrate the feasibility of using virtual reality to induce mimicry and suggest mimicry differences in ASD may also occur when interacting with avatars. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10803-016-2930-2 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=297

Typical use of inverse dynamics in perceiving motion in autistic adults: Exploring computational principles of perception and action / Shinya TAKAMUKU in Autism Research, 11-7 (July 2018)  

Public ISBD [article]  inAutism Research > 11-7 (July 2018) . - p.1062-1075 Titre : Typical use of inverse dynamics in perceiving motion in autistic adults: Exploring computational principles of perception and action Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Shinya TAKAMUKU, Auteur ; Paul A.G. FORBES, Auteur ; Antonia HAMILTON, Auteur ; Hiroaki GOMI, Auteur Article en page(s) : p.1062-1075 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : autism  delayed visual feedback  internal models  inverse dynamics  velocity perception Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : There is increasing evidence for motor difficulties in many people with autism spectrum condition (ASC). These difficulties could be linked to differences in the use of internal models which represent relations between motions and forces/efforts. The use of these internal models may be dependent on the cerebellum which has been shown to be abnormal in autism. Several studies have examined internal computations of forward dynamics (motion from force information) in autism, but few have tested the inverse dynamics computation, that is, the determination of force-related information from motion information. Here, we examined this ability in autistic adults by measuring two perceptual biases which depend on the inverse computation. First, we asked participants whether they experienced a feeling of resistance when moving a delayed cursor, which corresponds to the inertial force of the cursor implied by its motion-both typical and ASC participants reported similar feelings of resistance. Second, participants completed a psychophysical task in which they judged the velocity of a moving hand with or without a visual cue implying inertial force. Both typical and ASC participants perceived the hand moving with the inertial cue to be slower than the hand without it. In both cases, the magnitude of the effects did not differ between the two groups. Our results suggest that the neural systems engaged in the inverse dynamics computation are preserved in ASC, at least in the observed conditions. Autism Res 2018, 11: 1062-1075. (c) 2018 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc. LAY SUMMARY: We tested the ability to estimate force information from motion information, which arises from a specific "inverse dynamics" computation. Autistic adults and a matched control group reported feeling a resistive sensation when moving a delayed cursor and also judged a moving hand to be slower when it was pulling a load. These findings both suggest that the ability to estimate force information from motion information is intact in autism. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aur.1961 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=366 [article] Typical use of inverse dynamics in perceiving motion in autistic adults: Exploring computational principles of perception and action [texte imprimé] / Shinya TAKAMUKU, Auteur ; Paul A.G. FORBES, Auteur ; Antonia HAMILTON, Auteur ; Hiroaki GOMI, Auteur . - p.1062-1075. Langues : Anglais (eng) in Autism Research > 11-7 (July 2018) . - p.1062-1075 Mots-clés : autism  delayed visual feedback  internal models  inverse dynamics  velocity perception Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : There is increasing evidence for motor difficulties in many people with autism spectrum condition (ASC). These difficulties could be linked to differences in the use of internal models which represent relations between motions and forces/efforts. The use of these internal models may be dependent on the cerebellum which has been shown to be abnormal in autism. Several studies have examined internal computations of forward dynamics (motion from force information) in autism, but few have tested the inverse dynamics computation, that is, the determination of force-related information from motion information. Here, we examined this ability in autistic adults by measuring two perceptual biases which depend on the inverse computation. First, we asked participants whether they experienced a feeling of resistance when moving a delayed cursor, which corresponds to the inertial force of the cursor implied by its motion-both typical and ASC participants reported similar feelings of resistance. Second, participants completed a psychophysical task in which they judged the velocity of a moving hand with or without a visual cue implying inertial force. Both typical and ASC participants perceived the hand moving with the inertial cue to be slower than the hand without it. In both cases, the magnitude of the effects did not differ between the two groups. Our results suggest that the neural systems engaged in the inverse dynamics computation are preserved in ASC, at least in the observed conditions. Autism Res 2018, 11: 1062-1075. (c) 2018 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc. LAY SUMMARY: We tested the ability to estimate force information from motion information, which arises from a specific "inverse dynamics" computation. Autistic adults and a matched control group reported feeling a resistive sensation when moving a delayed cursor and also judged a moving hand to be slower when it was pulling a load. These findings both suggest that the ability to estimate force information from motion information is intact in autism. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aur.1961 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=366

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