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The Witness-Aimed First Account (WAFA): A new technique for interviewing autistic witnesses and victims / Katie MARAS in Autism, 24-6 (August 2020)
[article]
Titre : The Witness-Aimed First Account (WAFA): A new technique for interviewing autistic witnesses and victims Type de document : Texte imprimé et/ou numérique Auteurs : Katie MARAS, Auteur ; Coral J. DANDO, Auteur ; Heather STEPHENSON, Auteur ; Anna LAMBRECHTS, Auteur ; Sophie ANNS, Auteur ; Sebastian GAIGG, Auteur Article en page(s) : p.1449-1467 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Criminal Justice System autism event segmentation interviewing memory narratives police support victim witness Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Autistic people may be more likely to be interviewed by police as a victim/witness, yet they experience social communication difficulties alongside specific memory difficulties that can impact their ability to recall information from memory. Police interviewing techniques do not take account of these differences, and so are often ineffective. We developed a new technique for interviewing autistic witnesses, referred to a Witness-Aimed First Account, which was designed to better support differences in the way that autistic witnesses process information in memory. The Witness-Aimed First Account technique encourages witnesses to first segment the witnessed event into discrete, parameter-bound event topics, which are then displayed on post-it notes while the witness goes onto freely recall as much information as they can from within each parameter-bound topic in turn. Since witnessed events are rarely cohesive stories with a logical chain of events, we also explored autistic and non-autistic witnesses' recall when the events were witnessed in a random (nonsensical) order. Thirty-three autistic and 30 typically developing participants were interviewed about their memory for two videos depicting criminal events. Clip segments of one video were 'scrambled', disrupting the event's narrative structure; the other video was watched intact. Although both autistic and non-autistic witnesses recalled fewer details with less accuracy from the scrambled video, Witness-Aimed First Account interviews resulted in more detailed and accurate recall from both autistic and non-autistic witnesses, for both scrambled and unscrambled videos. The Witness-Aimed First Account technique may be a useful tool to improve witnesses' accounts within a legally appropriate, non-leading framework. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1362361320908986 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=428
in Autism > 24-6 (August 2020) . - p.1449-1467[article] The Witness-Aimed First Account (WAFA): A new technique for interviewing autistic witnesses and victims [Texte imprimé et/ou numérique] / Katie MARAS, Auteur ; Coral J. DANDO, Auteur ; Heather STEPHENSON, Auteur ; Anna LAMBRECHTS, Auteur ; Sophie ANNS, Auteur ; Sebastian GAIGG, Auteur . - p.1449-1467.
Langues : Anglais (eng)
in Autism > 24-6 (August 2020) . - p.1449-1467
Mots-clés : Criminal Justice System autism event segmentation interviewing memory narratives police support victim witness Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Autistic people may be more likely to be interviewed by police as a victim/witness, yet they experience social communication difficulties alongside specific memory difficulties that can impact their ability to recall information from memory. Police interviewing techniques do not take account of these differences, and so are often ineffective. We developed a new technique for interviewing autistic witnesses, referred to a Witness-Aimed First Account, which was designed to better support differences in the way that autistic witnesses process information in memory. The Witness-Aimed First Account technique encourages witnesses to first segment the witnessed event into discrete, parameter-bound event topics, which are then displayed on post-it notes while the witness goes onto freely recall as much information as they can from within each parameter-bound topic in turn. Since witnessed events are rarely cohesive stories with a logical chain of events, we also explored autistic and non-autistic witnesses' recall when the events were witnessed in a random (nonsensical) order. Thirty-three autistic and 30 typically developing participants were interviewed about their memory for two videos depicting criminal events. Clip segments of one video were 'scrambled', disrupting the event's narrative structure; the other video was watched intact. Although both autistic and non-autistic witnesses recalled fewer details with less accuracy from the scrambled video, Witness-Aimed First Account interviews resulted in more detailed and accurate recall from both autistic and non-autistic witnesses, for both scrambled and unscrambled videos. The Witness-Aimed First Account technique may be a useful tool to improve witnesses' accounts within a legally appropriate, non-leading framework. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1362361320908986 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=428 Brief report: Perceived credibility of autistic witnesses and the effect of diagnostic information on credibility ratings / Katie MARAS in Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 68 (December 2019)
[article]
Titre : Brief report: Perceived credibility of autistic witnesses and the effect of diagnostic information on credibility ratings Type de document : Texte imprimé et/ou numérique Auteurs : Katie MARAS, Auteur ; Laura CRANE, Auteur ; Ian WALKER, Auteur ; Amina MEMON, Auteur Article en page(s) : p.101442 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Autism spectrum disorder Witness Credibility Diagnosis disclosure Interviewing Jurors Perceptions Criminal justice Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Background People with autism spectrum disorder (henceforth, autism) exhibit a number of atypical behaviours that may be relied upon by jurors when making judgements about their credibility as witnesses. The current study aimed to: (1) examine whether autistic witnesses were perceived as less credible than typically developing (TD) witnesses, irrespective of the number of correct details they reported; and (2) determine whether mock jurors’ credibility ratings of autistic witnesses improved if they were aware of their autism diagnoses and were provided with information about autism. Method One-hundred-and-twenty-five mock jurors rated the credibility of video testimony of 17 autistic and 17 TD witness participants recalling an event. Half of the juror participants were informed that some of the witnesses were autistic and were provided with information about autism; the other half received no information about witnesses’ diagnoses. Results Contrary to predictions, autistic witnesses were seen to be as credible as TD witnesses when no information about their diagnosis was provided. However, when jurors were informed that a witness was autistic and were also provided with further information about autism, they were rated as slightly more credible than TD witnesses. Credibility ratings were only predicted by jurors’ prior knowledge/experience of autism when they were explicitly informed of witnesses’ autism diagnoses. Conclusions These results indicate that disclosing one’s autism diagnosis (alongside further information about autism) may result in a positive bias in terms of witnesses’ perceived credibility. Implications for jury instructions and future research directions are discussed. En ligne : https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2019.101442 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=408
in Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders > 68 (December 2019) . - p.101442[article] Brief report: Perceived credibility of autistic witnesses and the effect of diagnostic information on credibility ratings [Texte imprimé et/ou numérique] / Katie MARAS, Auteur ; Laura CRANE, Auteur ; Ian WALKER, Auteur ; Amina MEMON, Auteur . - p.101442.
Langues : Anglais (eng)
in Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders > 68 (December 2019) . - p.101442
Mots-clés : Autism spectrum disorder Witness Credibility Diagnosis disclosure Interviewing Jurors Perceptions Criminal justice Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Background People with autism spectrum disorder (henceforth, autism) exhibit a number of atypical behaviours that may be relied upon by jurors when making judgements about their credibility as witnesses. The current study aimed to: (1) examine whether autistic witnesses were perceived as less credible than typically developing (TD) witnesses, irrespective of the number of correct details they reported; and (2) determine whether mock jurors’ credibility ratings of autistic witnesses improved if they were aware of their autism diagnoses and were provided with information about autism. Method One-hundred-and-twenty-five mock jurors rated the credibility of video testimony of 17 autistic and 17 TD witness participants recalling an event. Half of the juror participants were informed that some of the witnesses were autistic and were provided with information about autism; the other half received no information about witnesses’ diagnoses. Results Contrary to predictions, autistic witnesses were seen to be as credible as TD witnesses when no information about their diagnosis was provided. However, when jurors were informed that a witness was autistic and were also provided with further information about autism, they were rated as slightly more credible than TD witnesses. Credibility ratings were only predicted by jurors’ prior knowledge/experience of autism when they were explicitly informed of witnesses’ autism diagnoses. Conclusions These results indicate that disclosing one’s autism diagnosis (alongside further information about autism) may result in a positive bias in terms of witnesses’ perceived credibility. Implications for jury instructions and future research directions are discussed. En ligne : https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2019.101442 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=408 Experiences of Autism Spectrum Disorder and Policing in England and Wales: Surveying Police and the Autism Community / Laura CRANE in Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 46-6 (June 2016)
[article]
Titre : Experiences of Autism Spectrum Disorder and Policing in England and Wales: Surveying Police and the Autism Community Type de document : Texte imprimé et/ou numérique Auteurs : Laura CRANE, Auteur ; Katie L. MARAS, Auteur ; Tamsyn HAWKEN, Auteur ; Sue MULCAHY, Auteur ; Amina MEMON, Auteur Article en page(s) : p.2028-2041 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Autism spectrum disorder Police Criminal justice system Interviewing Offending Victimisation Witness Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : An online survey gathered the experiences and views of 394 police officers (from England and Wales) regarding autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Just 42 % of officers were satisfied with how they had worked with individuals with ASD and reasons for this varied. Although officers acknowledged the need for adjustments, organisational/time constraints were cited as barriers. Whilst 37 % of officers had received training on ASD, a need for training tailored to policing roles (e.g., frontline officers, detectives) was identified. Police responses are discussed with respect to the experiences of the ASD community (31 adults with ASD, 49 parents), who were largely dissatisfied with their experience of the police and echoed the need for police training on ASD. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10803-016-2729-1 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=288
in Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders > 46-6 (June 2016) . - p.2028-2041[article] Experiences of Autism Spectrum Disorder and Policing in England and Wales: Surveying Police and the Autism Community [Texte imprimé et/ou numérique] / Laura CRANE, Auteur ; Katie L. MARAS, Auteur ; Tamsyn HAWKEN, Auteur ; Sue MULCAHY, Auteur ; Amina MEMON, Auteur . - p.2028-2041.
Langues : Anglais (eng)
in Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders > 46-6 (June 2016) . - p.2028-2041
Mots-clés : Autism spectrum disorder Police Criminal justice system Interviewing Offending Victimisation Witness Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : An online survey gathered the experiences and views of 394 police officers (from England and Wales) regarding autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Just 42 % of officers were satisfied with how they had worked with individuals with ASD and reasons for this varied. Although officers acknowledged the need for adjustments, organisational/time constraints were cited as barriers. Whilst 37 % of officers had received training on ASD, a need for training tailored to policing roles (e.g., frontline officers, detectives) was identified. Police responses are discussed with respect to the experiences of the ASD community (31 adults with ASD, 49 parents), who were largely dissatisfied with their experience of the police and echoed the need for police training on ASD. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10803-016-2729-1 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=288 Metacognitive Monitoring and Control of Eyewitness Memory Reports in Autism / Katie MARAS in Autism Research, 13-11 (November 2020)
[article]
Titre : Metacognitive Monitoring and Control of Eyewitness Memory Reports in Autism Type de document : Texte imprimé et/ou numérique Auteurs : Katie MARAS, Auteur ; Jade Eloise NORRIS, Auteur ; Neil BREWER, Auteur Article en page(s) : p.2017-2029 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : autism grain size interviewing memory metacognition monitoring support witness Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Providing eyewitness testimony involves monitoring one's memory to provide a detailed and accurate account: reporting details likely to be accurate and withholding potentially inaccurate details. Autistic individuals reportedly experience difficulties in both retrieving episodic memories and monitoring their accuracy, which has important implications for eyewitness testimony. Thirty autistic and 33 IQ-matched typically developing (TD) participants viewed a video of a mock bank robbery followed by three phases of questions (with judgments of confidence). In Phase 1, participants freely generated the granularity of their responses (i.e., fine- or coarse-grained). In Phase 2, participants answered the same questions but provided both a fine- and a coarse-grained answer. In Phase 3, participants were instructed to maximize accuracy over informativeness by selecting one of their Phase 2 answers as their final answer. They either received the questions socially (from the experimenter) or answered them online. There were no group differences in accuracy or metacognitive monitoring, with both autistic and TD witnesses demonstrating: (a) a strong preference for reporting fine-grained details at the expense of accuracy; (b) improved though still suboptimal grain size reporting when instructed to maximize accuracy over informativeness; (c) effective accuracy monitoring; and (d) higher overall accuracy when questions were delivered socially. There was, however, a subtle difference in metacognitive control, with autistic witnesses performing more poorly than TD witnesses when questions were delivered socially, but not when they were delivered online. These findings contrast with evidence suggesting that autism is marked by impairments in episodic memory and metacognitive monitoring and control. Autism Res 2020, 13: 2017-2029. © 2020 The Authors. Autism Research published by International Society for Autism Research published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. LAY SUMMARY: Autistic people have been reported to experience subtle difficulties in monitoring and regulating their information reporting, which has important implications for providing eyewitness testimony. We found that autistic witnesses' testimony comprised a similar level of detail and accuracy as non-autistic witnesses' accounts. However, autistic people found it difficult to optimize their testimony when the questions were delivered socially-but not when they answered the questions online. © 2020 The Authors. Autism Research published by International Society for Autism Research published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aur.2278 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=433
in Autism Research > 13-11 (November 2020) . - p.2017-2029[article] Metacognitive Monitoring and Control of Eyewitness Memory Reports in Autism [Texte imprimé et/ou numérique] / Katie MARAS, Auteur ; Jade Eloise NORRIS, Auteur ; Neil BREWER, Auteur . - p.2017-2029.
Langues : Anglais (eng)
in Autism Research > 13-11 (November 2020) . - p.2017-2029
Mots-clés : autism grain size interviewing memory metacognition monitoring support witness Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Providing eyewitness testimony involves monitoring one's memory to provide a detailed and accurate account: reporting details likely to be accurate and withholding potentially inaccurate details. Autistic individuals reportedly experience difficulties in both retrieving episodic memories and monitoring their accuracy, which has important implications for eyewitness testimony. Thirty autistic and 33 IQ-matched typically developing (TD) participants viewed a video of a mock bank robbery followed by three phases of questions (with judgments of confidence). In Phase 1, participants freely generated the granularity of their responses (i.e., fine- or coarse-grained). In Phase 2, participants answered the same questions but provided both a fine- and a coarse-grained answer. In Phase 3, participants were instructed to maximize accuracy over informativeness by selecting one of their Phase 2 answers as their final answer. They either received the questions socially (from the experimenter) or answered them online. There were no group differences in accuracy or metacognitive monitoring, with both autistic and TD witnesses demonstrating: (a) a strong preference for reporting fine-grained details at the expense of accuracy; (b) improved though still suboptimal grain size reporting when instructed to maximize accuracy over informativeness; (c) effective accuracy monitoring; and (d) higher overall accuracy when questions were delivered socially. There was, however, a subtle difference in metacognitive control, with autistic witnesses performing more poorly than TD witnesses when questions were delivered socially, but not when they were delivered online. These findings contrast with evidence suggesting that autism is marked by impairments in episodic memory and metacognitive monitoring and control. Autism Res 2020, 13: 2017-2029. © 2020 The Authors. Autism Research published by International Society for Autism Research published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. LAY SUMMARY: Autistic people have been reported to experience subtle difficulties in monitoring and regulating their information reporting, which has important implications for providing eyewitness testimony. We found that autistic witnesses' testimony comprised a similar level of detail and accuracy as non-autistic witnesses' accounts. However, autistic people found it difficult to optimize their testimony when the questions were delivered socially-but not when they answered the questions online. © 2020 The Authors. Autism Research published by International Society for Autism Research published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aur.2278 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=433