A comparison of the presentations of males and females with autism spectrum disorder and those narrowly below the diagnostic threshold / Joanna M. TSIRGIOTIS in Autism, 28-4 (April 2024)  

Public ISBD [article]  inAutism > 28-4 (April 2024) . - p.1029-1044 Titre : A comparison of the presentations of males and females with autism spectrum disorder and those narrowly below the diagnostic threshold Type de document : Texte imprimé et/ou numérique Auteurs : Joanna M. TSIRGIOTIS, Auteur ; Robyn L. YOUNG, Auteur ; Nathan WEBER, Auteur Article en page(s) : p.1029-1044 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : autism,female presentation,gender,sex Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Little is currently known about the autism spectrum disorder (ASD)-related difficulties of females narrowly below the ASD diagnostic threshold and whether the disorder conceptualisation should be broadened to capture their presentations. We extracted fine-grained information from the assessment reports of 222 children who were either diagnosed with ASD (n = 156) or not diagnosed despite many ASD traits (n = 78). Females were less likely than males to meet Criterion B3 (restricted interests), and this was especially the case for subclinical (non-ASD) females. Non-ASD females lacked sufficient atypicality for diagnosis in several key domains, particularly Criterion A1 (social-emotional reciprocity). Evidence of sex/gender1-specific restricted interests and stereotypical behaviours was found. Many behaviours differed in the extent to which they predicted the ASD diagnostic result for males and females, perhaps suggesting that sex/gender influences how ASD-related behaviours are perceived. We discuss these findings in the context of underdiagnosis of ASD in females and propose adjustments to assessment protocols. Lay Abstract Most research about autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in females has looked at autistic features in people who have already received diagnoses. Because our understanding of ASD has been shaped by the difficulties of males, females may experience different difficulties and may not meet the criteria for diagnosis because of a skewed concept of ASD. We extracted detailed information from the assessment reports of 222 children who were either diagnosed with ASD (156 children) or not diagnosed despite many ASD traits (78 children). Females were less likely to have restricted interests, especially females who did not receive an ASD diagnosis. Females who did not receive an ASD diagnosis tended to show more ability in social and emotional reciprocity than what would qualify them for a diagnosis. We also found sex-/gender-specific profiles of body use and speech mannerisms. Many behaviours were more closely linked with an ASD diagnosis for males and others for females, suggesting that behaviours may be interpreted differently depending on the child?s sex/gender. We discuss implications for assessing females for ASD in the context of this evidence. En ligne : https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/13623613231190682 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=526 [article] A comparison of the presentations of males and females with autism spectrum disorder and those narrowly below the diagnostic threshold [Texte imprimé et/ou numérique] / Joanna M. TSIRGIOTIS, Auteur ; Robyn L. YOUNG, Auteur ; Nathan WEBER, Auteur . - p.1029-1044. Langues : Anglais (eng) in Autism > 28-4 (April 2024) . - p.1029-1044 Mots-clés : autism,female presentation,gender,sex Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Little is currently known about the autism spectrum disorder (ASD)-related difficulties of females narrowly below the ASD diagnostic threshold and whether the disorder conceptualisation should be broadened to capture their presentations. We extracted fine-grained information from the assessment reports of 222 children who were either diagnosed with ASD (n = 156) or not diagnosed despite many ASD traits (n = 78). Females were less likely than males to meet Criterion B3 (restricted interests), and this was especially the case for subclinical (non-ASD) females. Non-ASD females lacked sufficient atypicality for diagnosis in several key domains, particularly Criterion A1 (social-emotional reciprocity). Evidence of sex/gender1-specific restricted interests and stereotypical behaviours was found. Many behaviours differed in the extent to which they predicted the ASD diagnostic result for males and females, perhaps suggesting that sex/gender influences how ASD-related behaviours are perceived. We discuss these findings in the context of underdiagnosis of ASD in females and propose adjustments to assessment protocols. Lay Abstract Most research about autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in females has looked at autistic features in people who have already received diagnoses. Because our understanding of ASD has been shaped by the difficulties of males, females may experience different difficulties and may not meet the criteria for diagnosis because of a skewed concept of ASD. We extracted detailed information from the assessment reports of 222 children who were either diagnosed with ASD (156 children) or not diagnosed despite many ASD traits (78 children). Females were less likely to have restricted interests, especially females who did not receive an ASD diagnosis. Females who did not receive an ASD diagnosis tended to show more ability in social and emotional reciprocity than what would qualify them for a diagnosis. We also found sex-/gender-specific profiles of body use and speech mannerisms. Many behaviours were more closely linked with an ASD diagnosis for males and others for females, suggesting that behaviours may be interpreted differently depending on the child?s sex/gender. We discuss implications for assessing females for ASD in the context of this evidence. En ligne : https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/13623613231190682 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=526

A Mixed-Methods Investigation of Diagnostician Sex/Gender-Bias and Challenges in Assessing Females for Autism Spectrum Disorder / Joanna M. TSIRGIOTIS in Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 52-10 (October 2022)  

Public ISBD [article]  inJournal of Autism and Developmental Disorders > 52-10 (October 2022) . - p.4474-4489 Titre : A Mixed-Methods Investigation of Diagnostician Sex/Gender-Bias and Challenges in Assessing Females for Autism Spectrum Disorder Type de document : Texte imprimé et/ou numérique Auteurs : Joanna M. TSIRGIOTIS, Auteur ; Robyn L. YOUNG, Auteur ; Nathan WEBER, Auteur Article en page(s) : p.4474-4489 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Autism  Clinician biases  Female presentation  Gender  Sex Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Despite the importance of clinical judgement in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) assessment, little is currently known about challenges faced by diagnosticians when the client is female, any sex/gender biases during the assessment process, and how these issues affect diagnostic outcomes. Forty-seven ASD diagnosticians completed a questionnaire containing two hypothetical case studies (a 'male' and 'female' ASD presentation), with sex/gender randomly assigned within each. Diagnosticians reported greater ASD symptom severity when female sex/gender pseudonyms were allocated to the case studies, but their confidence in ASD diagnosis was similar regardless of condition. Diagnosticians identified a large number of challenges associated with assessing females for ASD. Many of these related to sex/gender differences in ASD presentation and limitations of diagnostic instruments. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10803-021-05300-5 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=486 [article] A Mixed-Methods Investigation of Diagnostician Sex/Gender-Bias and Challenges in Assessing Females for Autism Spectrum Disorder [Texte imprimé et/ou numérique] / Joanna M. TSIRGIOTIS, Auteur ; Robyn L. YOUNG, Auteur ; Nathan WEBER, Auteur . - p.4474-4489. Langues : Anglais (eng) in Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders > 52-10 (October 2022) . - p.4474-4489 Mots-clés : Autism  Clinician biases  Female presentation  Gender  Sex Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Despite the importance of clinical judgement in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) assessment, little is currently known about challenges faced by diagnosticians when the client is female, any sex/gender biases during the assessment process, and how these issues affect diagnostic outcomes. Forty-seven ASD diagnosticians completed a questionnaire containing two hypothetical case studies (a 'male' and 'female' ASD presentation), with sex/gender randomly assigned within each. Diagnosticians reported greater ASD symptom severity when female sex/gender pseudonyms were allocated to the case studies, but their confidence in ASD diagnosis was similar regardless of condition. Diagnosticians identified a large number of challenges associated with assessing females for ASD. Many of these related to sex/gender differences in ASD presentation and limitations of diagnostic instruments. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10803-021-05300-5 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=486

Sex differences in pre-diagnosis concerns for children later diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder / Rachel M. HILLER in Autism, 20-1 (January 2016)  

Public ISBD [article]  inAutism > 20-1 (January 2016) . - p.75-84 Titre : Sex differences in pre-diagnosis concerns for children later diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder Type de document : Texte imprimé et/ou numérique Auteurs : Rachel M. HILLER, Auteur ; Robyn L. YOUNG, Auteur ; Nathan WEBER, Auteur Article en page(s) : p.75-84 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : autism spectrum disorders  girls  diagnosis  sex differences  pre-school Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : In the absence of intellectual impairment, girls are diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder significantly less and later than boys. This study explored potential reasons for why autism spectrum disorder may be more difficult to identify in girls, based on carer concerns during the pre-diagnosis period. Carers of 92 boys and 60 girls diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder from school age completed an online survey addressing concerns regarding the child’s development during the pre-school years (pre-diagnosis). Significant sex differences were evident in key early concerns, as well as the strategies used to navigate pre-school social situations, and the types of restricted interests. Findings suggest, from carer perspective, that girls who went on to be diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder presented differently when compared to boys, providing insight into why the diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder may be more difficult to make with cognitively able girls. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1362361314568899 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=277 [article] Sex differences in pre-diagnosis concerns for children later diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder [Texte imprimé et/ou numérique] / Rachel M. HILLER, Auteur ; Robyn L. YOUNG, Auteur ; Nathan WEBER, Auteur . - p.75-84. Langues : Anglais (eng) in Autism > 20-1 (January 2016) . - p.75-84 Mots-clés : autism spectrum disorders  girls  diagnosis  sex differences  pre-school Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : In the absence of intellectual impairment, girls are diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder significantly less and later than boys. This study explored potential reasons for why autism spectrum disorder may be more difficult to identify in girls, based on carer concerns during the pre-diagnosis period. Carers of 92 boys and 60 girls diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder from school age completed an online survey addressing concerns regarding the child’s development during the pre-school years (pre-diagnosis). Significant sex differences were evident in key early concerns, as well as the strategies used to navigate pre-school social situations, and the types of restricted interests. Findings suggest, from carer perspective, that girls who went on to be diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder presented differently when compared to boys, providing insight into why the diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder may be more difficult to make with cognitively able girls. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1362361314568899 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=277

Sex/Gender Differences in CARS2 and GARS-3 Item Scores: Evidence of Phenotypic Differences Between Males and Females with ASD / Joanna M. TSIRGIOTIS in Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 52-9 (September 2022)  

Public ISBD [article]  inJournal of Autism and Developmental Disorders > 52-9 (September 2022) . - p.3958-3976 Titre : Sex/Gender Differences in CARS2 and GARS-3 Item Scores: Evidence of Phenotypic Differences Between Males and Females with ASD Type de document : Texte imprimé et/ou numérique Auteurs : Joanna M. TSIRGIOTIS, Auteur ; Robyn L. YOUNG, Auteur ; Nathan WEBER, Auteur Article en page(s) : p.3958-3976 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Autism Spectrum Disorder/diagnosis  Autistic Disorder  Child  Female  Humans  Male  Sex Characteristics  Sex Factors  Autism  Female presentation  Gender  Phenotype  Sex Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Growing evidence suggests that autistic females are more likely to be diagnostically overlooked than males, perhaps due to differences in ASD presentations (van Wijngaarden-Cremers in JAMA 44:627-635, 2014). To investigate specific behaviours in which differences lie, we analysed profiles of 777 children using the Childhood Autism Rating Scale (Scholper in JAMA 29:489-493, 2010) or Gilliam Autism Rating Scale (Gilliam, 2014). Males demonstrated greater difficulty in six CARS2-ST items and seven behaviours on the GARS-3, mostly reflecting restricted and repetitive behaviours. Across all instruments, the only area in which females showed greater difficulty was fear or nervousness (CARS2-ST). No meaningful differences emerged from the CARS2-HF analysis. Where males showed greater difficulty, females were more likely to present with developmentally typical behaviour. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10803-021-05286-0 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=485 [article] Sex/Gender Differences in CARS2 and GARS-3 Item Scores: Evidence of Phenotypic Differences Between Males and Females with ASD [Texte imprimé et/ou numérique] / Joanna M. TSIRGIOTIS, Auteur ; Robyn L. YOUNG, Auteur ; Nathan WEBER, Auteur . - p.3958-3976. Langues : Anglais (eng) in Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders > 52-9 (September 2022) . - p.3958-3976 Mots-clés : Autism Spectrum Disorder/diagnosis  Autistic Disorder  Child  Female  Humans  Male  Sex Characteristics  Sex Factors  Autism  Female presentation  Gender  Phenotype  Sex Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Growing evidence suggests that autistic females are more likely to be diagnostically overlooked than males, perhaps due to differences in ASD presentations (van Wijngaarden-Cremers in JAMA 44:627-635, 2014). To investigate specific behaviours in which differences lie, we analysed profiles of 777 children using the Childhood Autism Rating Scale (Scholper in JAMA 29:489-493, 2010) or Gilliam Autism Rating Scale (Gilliam, 2014). Males demonstrated greater difficulty in six CARS2-ST items and seven behaviours on the GARS-3, mostly reflecting restricted and repetitive behaviours. Across all instruments, the only area in which females showed greater difficulty was fear or nervousness (CARS2-ST). No meaningful differences emerged from the CARS2-HF analysis. Where males showed greater difficulty, females were more likely to present with developmentally typical behaviour. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10803-021-05286-0 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=485

The Impact of Affective Theory of Mind on Autistic Individual's Perception of Remorse / Qi Sheng TAN in Autism Research, 18-3 (March 2025)  

Public ISBD [article]  inAutism Research > 18-3 (March 2025) . - p.604-613 Titre : The Impact of Affective Theory of Mind on Autistic Individual's Perception of Remorse Type de document : Texte imprimé et/ou numérique Auteurs : Qi Sheng TAN, Auteur ; Nathan WEBER, Auteur ; Alliyza LIM, Auteur ; Robyn L. YOUNG, Auteur Article en page(s) : p.604-613 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : autism  expressed emotion  facial emotion perception  facial expression  theory of mind Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : ABSTRACT Previous research indicates that difficulties with expressing remorse may contribute to the longer sentences autistic individuals receive within the criminal justice system. These differences in remorse expression may stem from their reduced ability to perceive emotions in others. This study investigated the association between an individual's level of autistic traits and their remorse perception ability. We also examined the influence of Affective Theory of Mind (ToM), the ability to understand others' emotional experiences, in remorse perception. We thought that the more autistic traits with which a person presented, the poorer their ability to perceive remorse would be, with overall ToM and affective ToM serving as mediating factors. Forty-five autistic and 47 non-autistic individuals assessed a series of facial expressions to determine the perceived level of remorse in each face. Results revealed that neither the combination of autistic traits nor any individual trait was significantly correlated with remorse perception ability. Additionally, autistic traits did not indirectly impact the perception of remorse through either overall ToM or affective ToM. These findings imply that individuals with high autistic traits, regardless of their perspective-taking abilities, exhibit similar capacities for perceiving remorseful expressions to those with less autistic traits?at least when the stimuli are static. Future research should investigate the differences between autistic and non-autistic individuals in perceiving remorse through different modalities of emotional expression, including behavioral and verbal cues. En ligne : https://doi.org/10.1002/aur.70003 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=550 [article] The Impact of Affective Theory of Mind on Autistic Individual's Perception of Remorse [Texte imprimé et/ou numérique] / Qi Sheng TAN, Auteur ; Nathan WEBER, Auteur ; Alliyza LIM, Auteur ; Robyn L. YOUNG, Auteur . - p.604-613. Langues : Anglais (eng) in Autism Research > 18-3 (March 2025) . - p.604-613 Mots-clés : autism  expressed emotion  facial emotion perception  facial expression  theory of mind Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : ABSTRACT Previous research indicates that difficulties with expressing remorse may contribute to the longer sentences autistic individuals receive within the criminal justice system. These differences in remorse expression may stem from their reduced ability to perceive emotions in others. This study investigated the association between an individual's level of autistic traits and their remorse perception ability. We also examined the influence of Affective Theory of Mind (ToM), the ability to understand others' emotional experiences, in remorse perception. We thought that the more autistic traits with which a person presented, the poorer their ability to perceive remorse would be, with overall ToM and affective ToM serving as mediating factors. Forty-five autistic and 47 non-autistic individuals assessed a series of facial expressions to determine the perceived level of remorse in each face. Results revealed that neither the combination of autistic traits nor any individual trait was significantly correlated with remorse perception ability. Additionally, autistic traits did not indirectly impact the perception of remorse through either overall ToM or affective ToM. These findings imply that individuals with high autistic traits, regardless of their perspective-taking abilities, exhibit similar capacities for perceiving remorseful expressions to those with less autistic traits?at least when the stimuli are static. Future research should investigate the differences between autistic and non-autistic individuals in perceiving remorse through different modalities of emotional expression, including behavioral and verbal cues. En ligne : https://doi.org/10.1002/aur.70003 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=550

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