Can you spot a liar? Deception, mindreading, and the case of autism spectrum disorder / David M. WILLIAMS in Autism Research, 11-8 (August 2018)  

Public ISBD [article]  inAutism Research > 11-8 (August 2018) . - p.1129-1137 Titre : Can you spot a liar? Deception, mindreading, and the case of autism spectrum disorder Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : David M. WILLIAMS, Auteur ; Toby NICHOLSON, Auteur ; Catherine GRAINGER, Auteur ; Sophie E. LIND, Auteur ; Peter CARRUTHERS, Auteur Article en page(s) : p.1129-1137 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : autism spectrum disorder  deception  lie detection  metacognition  mindreading  social cognition  theory of mind Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Detection of deception is of fundamental importance for everyday social life and might require "mindreading" (the ability to represent others' mental states). People with diminished mindreading, such as those with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), might be at risk of manipulation because of lie detection difficulties. In Experiment 1, performance among 216 neurotypical adults on a realistic lie detection paradigm was significantly negatively associated with number of ASD traits, but not with mindreading ability. Bayesian analyses complemented null hypothesis significance testing and suggested the data supported the alternative hypothesis in this key respect. Cross validation of results was achieved by randomly splitting the full sample into two subsamples of 108 and rerunning analyses. The association between lie detection and ASD traits held in both subsamples, showing the reliability of findings. In Experiment 2, lie detection was significantly impaired in 27 adults with a diagnosis of ASD relative to 27 matched comparison participants. Results suggest that people with ASD (or ASD traits) may be particularly vulnerable to manipulation and may benefit from lie detection training. Autism Res 2018, 11: 1129-1137. (c) 2018 The Authors Autism Research published by International Society for Autism Research and Wiley Periodicals, Inc. LAY SUMMARY: Detection of deception is of fundamental importance for everyday social life. People with diminished understanding of other minds, such as those with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), might be at risk of manipulation because of lie detection difficulties. We found that lie detection ability was related to how many ASD traits neurotypical people manifested and also was significantly diminished among adults with a full diagnosis of ASD. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aur.1962 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=369 [article] Can you spot a liar? Deception, mindreading, and the case of autism spectrum disorder [texte imprimé] / David M. WILLIAMS, Auteur ; Toby NICHOLSON, Auteur ; Catherine GRAINGER, Auteur ; Sophie E. LIND, Auteur ; Peter CARRUTHERS, Auteur . - p.1129-1137. Langues : Anglais (eng) in Autism Research > 11-8 (August 2018) . - p.1129-1137 Mots-clés : autism spectrum disorder  deception  lie detection  metacognition  mindreading  social cognition  theory of mind Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Detection of deception is of fundamental importance for everyday social life and might require "mindreading" (the ability to represent others' mental states). People with diminished mindreading, such as those with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), might be at risk of manipulation because of lie detection difficulties. In Experiment 1, performance among 216 neurotypical adults on a realistic lie detection paradigm was significantly negatively associated with number of ASD traits, but not with mindreading ability. Bayesian analyses complemented null hypothesis significance testing and suggested the data supported the alternative hypothesis in this key respect. Cross validation of results was achieved by randomly splitting the full sample into two subsamples of 108 and rerunning analyses. The association between lie detection and ASD traits held in both subsamples, showing the reliability of findings. In Experiment 2, lie detection was significantly impaired in 27 adults with a diagnosis of ASD relative to 27 matched comparison participants. Results suggest that people with ASD (or ASD traits) may be particularly vulnerable to manipulation and may benefit from lie detection training. Autism Res 2018, 11: 1129-1137. (c) 2018 The Authors Autism Research published by International Society for Autism Research and Wiley Periodicals, Inc. LAY SUMMARY: Detection of deception is of fundamental importance for everyday social life. People with diminished understanding of other minds, such as those with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), might be at risk of manipulation because of lie detection difficulties. We found that lie detection ability was related to how many ASD traits neurotypical people manifested and also was significantly diminished among adults with a full diagnosis of ASD. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aur.1962 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=369

Interoception is Impaired in Children, But Not Adults, with Autism Spectrum Disorder / Toby NICHOLSON in Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 49-9 (September 2019)  

Public ISBD [article]  inJournal of Autism and Developmental Disorders > 49-9 (September 2019) . - p.3625-3637 Titre : Interoception is Impaired in Children, But Not Adults, with Autism Spectrum Disorder Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Toby NICHOLSON, Auteur ; David WILLIAMS, Auteur ; Katie CARPENTER, Auteur ; Aimilia KALLITSOUNAKI, Auteur Année de publication : 2019 Article en page(s) : p.3625-3637 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Autism spectrum disorder  Developmental disorders  Interoception  Interoceptive accuracy Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Interoception (the ability to sense what's going on inside one's body) is considered integral to many higher-order cognitive processes. Some have speculated that impaired interoception may underpin some features of ASD. Yet, in Experiment 1, we found no evidence of a between-group difference in either cardiac or respiratory interoceptive accuracy among 21 adults with ASD and 21 matched controls. Bayesian analyses suggested the data strongly supported the null hypothesis. In Experiment 2, we measured cardiac interoceptive accuracy in 21 children with ASD and 21 matched controls. Here interoceptve accuracy was significantly diminished in the ASD group and was associated with a moderate-to-large effect size. Results suggest early interoception difficulties are resolved or compensated for by adulthood in people with ASD. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10803-019-04079-w Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=405 [article] Interoception is Impaired in Children, But Not Adults, with Autism Spectrum Disorder [texte imprimé] / Toby NICHOLSON, Auteur ; David WILLIAMS, Auteur ; Katie CARPENTER, Auteur ; Aimilia KALLITSOUNAKI, Auteur . - 2019 . - p.3625-3637. Langues : Anglais (eng) in Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders > 49-9 (September 2019) . - p.3625-3637 Mots-clés : Autism spectrum disorder  Developmental disorders  Interoception  Interoceptive accuracy Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Interoception (the ability to sense what's going on inside one's body) is considered integral to many higher-order cognitive processes. Some have speculated that impaired interoception may underpin some features of ASD. Yet, in Experiment 1, we found no evidence of a between-group difference in either cardiac or respiratory interoceptive accuracy among 21 adults with ASD and 21 matched controls. Bayesian analyses suggested the data strongly supported the null hypothesis. In Experiment 2, we measured cardiac interoceptive accuracy in 21 children with ASD and 21 matched controls. Here interoceptve accuracy was significantly diminished in the ASD group and was associated with a moderate-to-large effect size. Results suggest early interoception difficulties are resolved or compensated for by adulthood in people with ASD. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10803-019-04079-w Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=405

Putting Your Money Where Your Mouth is: Examining Metacognition in ASD Using Post-decision Wagering / Kimberly L.H. CARPENTER in Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 49-10 (October 2019)  

Public ISBD [article]  inJournal of Autism and Developmental Disorders > 49-10 (October 2019) . - p.4268-4279 Titre : Putting Your Money Where Your Mouth is: Examining Metacognition in ASD Using Post-decision Wagering Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Kimberly L.H. CARPENTER, Auteur ; David M. WILLIAMS, Auteur ; Toby NICHOLSON, Auteur Article en page(s) : p.4268-4279 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Autism  Metacognition  Mindreading  Post-decision wagering Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : It has been argued that metacognition and mindreading rely on the same cognitive processes (Carruthers in The opacity of mind: an integrative theory of self-knowledge, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2011). It is widely accepted that mindreading is diminished among individuals diagnosed with autism (Brunsdon and Happe in Autism 18(1):17-30, 2014), however, little is known about metacognition. This study examined metacognition in relation to mindreading and autism using post-decision wagering. Results from a student sample showed negative associations between autism traits and metacognitive accuracy, and metacognitive reaction times and mindreading. These findings were replicated in a general population sample, providing evidence of a reliable association between metacognition, mindreading and autism traits. However, adults diagnosed with autism showed equivalent levels of metacognitive accuracy to age- and IQ-matched comparison participants, albeit only with an overall increase in meta-level processing time. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10803-019-04118-6 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=407 [article] Putting Your Money Where Your Mouth is: Examining Metacognition in ASD Using Post-decision Wagering [texte imprimé] / Kimberly L.H. CARPENTER, Auteur ; David M. WILLIAMS, Auteur ; Toby NICHOLSON, Auteur . - p.4268-4279. Langues : Anglais (eng) in Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders > 49-10 (October 2019) . - p.4268-4279 Mots-clés : Autism  Metacognition  Mindreading  Post-decision wagering Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : It has been argued that metacognition and mindreading rely on the same cognitive processes (Carruthers in The opacity of mind: an integrative theory of self-knowledge, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2011). It is widely accepted that mindreading is diminished among individuals diagnosed with autism (Brunsdon and Happe in Autism 18(1):17-30, 2014), however, little is known about metacognition. This study examined metacognition in relation to mindreading and autism using post-decision wagering. Results from a student sample showed negative associations between autism traits and metacognitive accuracy, and metacognitive reaction times and mindreading. These findings were replicated in a general population sample, providing evidence of a reliable association between metacognition, mindreading and autism traits. However, adults diagnosed with autism showed equivalent levels of metacognitive accuracy to age- and IQ-matched comparison participants, albeit only with an overall increase in meta-level processing time. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10803-019-04118-6 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=407

The Self‐Reference Effect on Perception: Undiminished in Adults with Autism and No Relation to Autism Traits / David M. WILLIAMS in Autism Research, 11-2 (February 2018)  

Public ISBD [article]  inAutism Research > 11-2 (February 2018) . - p.331-341 Titre : The Self‐Reference Effect on Perception: Undiminished in Adults with Autism and No Relation to Autism Traits Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : David M. WILLIAMS, Auteur ; Toby NICHOLSON, Auteur ; Catherine GRAINGER, Auteur Année de publication : 2018 Article en page(s) : p.331-341 Langues : Anglais (eng) Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Memory for (and perception of) information about the self is superior to memory for (and perception of) other kinds of information. This self‐reference effect (SRE) in memory appears diminished in ASD and related to the number of ASD traits manifested by neurotypical individuals (fewer traits = larger SRE). Here, we report the first experiments exploring the relation between ASD and the SRE in perception. Using a “Shapes” Task (Sui et al., Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 38, 1105, 2012), participants learned to associate three different shapes (triangle, circle, square) with three different labels representing self, a familiar other, or an unfamiliar other (e.g., “you”, “mother”, “stranger”). Participants then completed trials during which they were presented with one shape and one label for 100 ms, and made judgments about whether the shape and label was a match. In Experiment 1, neurotypical participants (n = 124) showed the expected SRE, detecting self‐related matches more reliably and quickly than matches involving familiar or unfamiliar other. Most important, number of ASD traits was unrelated to the size of the SRE for either accuracy or RT. Bayesian association analyses strongly supported the null hypothesis. In Experiment 2, there were no differences between 22 adults with ASD and 21 matched comparison adults in performance on the Shapes Task. Despite showing large and significant theory of mind impairments, participants with ASD showed the typical SRE and there were no associations with ASD traits in either group. In every case, Bayesian analyses favored the null hypothesis. These findings challenge theories about self‐representation in ASD, as discussed in the article. Autism Res 2018, 11: 331–341. © 2017 The Authors Autism Research published by International Society for Autism Research and Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Lay Summary Neurotypical people tend to find it easier to perceive and remember information that relates to themselves than information that relates to others. Research suggests that people with ASD show a diminished (or absent) self‐bias in memory and that severity of ASD predicts the extent of this diminution (more severe ASD = smaller self‐bias in memory). However, the current research suggests strongly that people with ASD do show a self‐bias in their perception. This research informs our understanding of psychological functioning in ASD and challenges theories regarding self‐awareness in this disorder. En ligne : https://doi.org/10.1002/aur.1891 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=334 [article] The Self‐Reference Effect on Perception: Undiminished in Adults with Autism and No Relation to Autism Traits [texte imprimé] / David M. WILLIAMS, Auteur ; Toby NICHOLSON, Auteur ; Catherine GRAINGER, Auteur . - 2018 . - p.331-341. Langues : Anglais (eng) in Autism Research > 11-2 (February 2018) . - p.331-341 Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Memory for (and perception of) information about the self is superior to memory for (and perception of) other kinds of information. This self‐reference effect (SRE) in memory appears diminished in ASD and related to the number of ASD traits manifested by neurotypical individuals (fewer traits = larger SRE). Here, we report the first experiments exploring the relation between ASD and the SRE in perception. Using a “Shapes” Task (Sui et al., Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 38, 1105, 2012), participants learned to associate three different shapes (triangle, circle, square) with three different labels representing self, a familiar other, or an unfamiliar other (e.g., “you”, “mother”, “stranger”). Participants then completed trials during which they were presented with one shape and one label for 100 ms, and made judgments about whether the shape and label was a match. In Experiment 1, neurotypical participants (n = 124) showed the expected SRE, detecting self‐related matches more reliably and quickly than matches involving familiar or unfamiliar other. Most important, number of ASD traits was unrelated to the size of the SRE for either accuracy or RT. Bayesian association analyses strongly supported the null hypothesis. In Experiment 2, there were no differences between 22 adults with ASD and 21 matched comparison adults in performance on the Shapes Task. Despite showing large and significant theory of mind impairments, participants with ASD showed the typical SRE and there were no associations with ASD traits in either group. In every case, Bayesian analyses favored the null hypothesis. These findings challenge theories about self‐representation in ASD, as discussed in the article. Autism Res 2018, 11: 331–341. © 2017 The Authors Autism Research published by International Society for Autism Research and Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Lay Summary Neurotypical people tend to find it easier to perceive and remember information that relates to themselves than information that relates to others. Research suggests that people with ASD show a diminished (or absent) self‐bias in memory and that severity of ASD predicts the extent of this diminution (more severe ASD = smaller self‐bias in memory). However, the current research suggests strongly that people with ASD do show a self‐bias in their perception. This research informs our understanding of psychological functioning in ASD and challenges theories regarding self‐awareness in this disorder. En ligne : https://doi.org/10.1002/aur.1891 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=334

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