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Autism and the criminal justice system: An analysis of 93 cases / Rachel SLAVNY-CROSS in Autism Research, 15-5 (May 2022)
[article]
Titre : Autism and the criminal justice system: An analysis of 93 cases Type de document : Texte imprimé et/ou numérique Auteurs : Rachel SLAVNY-CROSS, Auteur ; Carrie ALLISON, Auteur ; Sarah GRIFFITHS, Auteur ; Simon BARON-COHEN, Auteur Article en page(s) : p.904-914 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Adult Autism Spectrum Disorder/psychology Autistic Disorder Criminal Law Humans Police Surveys and Questionnaires autism criminal justice mitigation offending reasonable adjustments Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : We investigate whether autistic people's vulnerability is taken into account at each stage of the criminal justice system (CJS). Defense lawyers from 12 nations were included in the study although the sample was predominantly from the UK. Lawyers completed an online survey regarding one case in which they had defended an autistic client between January 2015 and January 2020; and on one case in which they had defended a nonautistic client charged with a similar offense, to provide a comparison group. Ninety-three lawyers (85% in the UK) reported on one autistic case, and 53 also reported on one nonautistic case. 75% of autistic clients were not given reasonable adjustments during the process. Only 43% were offered an appropriate adult during police investigations, even though they had an existing diagnosis of autism. 59% of prosecution barristers and 46% of judges said or did something during the trial that made the lawyers concerned that they did not have an adequate understanding of autism. Lawyers were 7.58 times more likely to be concerned about their autistic client's effective participation in court and were 3.83 times more likely to be concerned that their autistic clients would engage in self-harm, compared with their nonautistic clients. There is a failure to identify and address autistic peoples' disability within the CJS. There is a need for mandatory autism training for police officers and the judiciary, with a focus on identifying autism and understanding the needs of autistic people so that reasonable adjustments are offered in all cases. LAY SUMMARY: This study sought to investigate if the needs of autistic people are being overlooked by the police and other professionals within the CJS. Results show that autistic people are not always given the support they need during police questioning or in court. The experience of being involved with the police may also have a more negative impact on autistic peoples' mental health than that of nonautistic people. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aur.2690 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=473
in Autism Research > 15-5 (May 2022) . - p.904-914[article] Autism and the criminal justice system: An analysis of 93 cases [Texte imprimé et/ou numérique] / Rachel SLAVNY-CROSS, Auteur ; Carrie ALLISON, Auteur ; Sarah GRIFFITHS, Auteur ; Simon BARON-COHEN, Auteur . - p.904-914.
Langues : Anglais (eng)
in Autism Research > 15-5 (May 2022) . - p.904-914
Mots-clés : Adult Autism Spectrum Disorder/psychology Autistic Disorder Criminal Law Humans Police Surveys and Questionnaires autism criminal justice mitigation offending reasonable adjustments Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : We investigate whether autistic people's vulnerability is taken into account at each stage of the criminal justice system (CJS). Defense lawyers from 12 nations were included in the study although the sample was predominantly from the UK. Lawyers completed an online survey regarding one case in which they had defended an autistic client between January 2015 and January 2020; and on one case in which they had defended a nonautistic client charged with a similar offense, to provide a comparison group. Ninety-three lawyers (85% in the UK) reported on one autistic case, and 53 also reported on one nonautistic case. 75% of autistic clients were not given reasonable adjustments during the process. Only 43% were offered an appropriate adult during police investigations, even though they had an existing diagnosis of autism. 59% of prosecution barristers and 46% of judges said or did something during the trial that made the lawyers concerned that they did not have an adequate understanding of autism. Lawyers were 7.58 times more likely to be concerned about their autistic client's effective participation in court and were 3.83 times more likely to be concerned that their autistic clients would engage in self-harm, compared with their nonautistic clients. There is a failure to identify and address autistic peoples' disability within the CJS. There is a need for mandatory autism training for police officers and the judiciary, with a focus on identifying autism and understanding the needs of autistic people so that reasonable adjustments are offered in all cases. LAY SUMMARY: This study sought to investigate if the needs of autistic people are being overlooked by the police and other professionals within the CJS. Results show that autistic people are not always given the support they need during police questioning or in court. The experience of being involved with the police may also have a more negative impact on autistic peoples' mental health than that of nonautistic people. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aur.2690 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=473 Development and evaluation of a novel caregiver-report tool to assess barriers to physical healthcare for people on the autism spectrum / C. WALSH in Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 79 (November 2020)
[article]
Titre : Development and evaluation of a novel caregiver-report tool to assess barriers to physical healthcare for people on the autism spectrum Type de document : Texte imprimé et/ou numérique Auteurs : C. WALSH, Auteur ; S. LYDON, Auteur ; A. HEHIR, Auteur ; P. O’CONNOR, Auteur Article en page(s) : 101680 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Autism spectrum disorder Healthcare access Reasonable adjustments Healthcare equity Healthcare disparities Health Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Introduction People on the autism spectrum often experience poorer health than the general population despite higher engagement with the health services. This suggests a disparity in the accessibility of appropriate healthcare for autistic individuals. To improve access, barriers the autism community experience in healthcare first need to be identified. This paper aimed to: 1) develop and evaluate a caregiver-report tool; 2) identify barriers to physical healthcare for autistic individuals; and 3) identify potential contributing factors. Methods A previously established taxonomy of barriers to healthcare for autistic individuals informed the development of the tool; this was then distributed to caregivers of autistic adults and children. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) assessed validity and reliability of the tool. Multiple Regressions were performed to identify predictors of barriers. Results In total, caregivers of 194 autistic children or adults participated in the study. The EFA produced four factors: 1) patient-level barriers; 2) healthcare provider-level (HCP) barriers; 3) healthcare system-level barriers; and 4) barriers related to managing healthcare. The greatest barriers included difficulties with identifying/reporting symptoms (endorsed by 62.4% of participants); difficulties handling the waiting area (60.3% of participants); and a lack of HCP knowledge regarding autism (52.1% of participants). Autism severity, general adjustment problems, anxiety, age and having unmet needs predicted the frequency and/or severity of barriers. Conclusions A tool that allows assessment of patient-, HCP-, and system-level barriers to healthcare was developed and evaluated. Patient-level barriers appear to occur frequently and pose substantial challenges. This tool will help identify areas most in need of intervention and support intervention evaluation. En ligne : https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2020.101680 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=434
in Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders > 79 (November 2020) . - 101680[article] Development and evaluation of a novel caregiver-report tool to assess barriers to physical healthcare for people on the autism spectrum [Texte imprimé et/ou numérique] / C. WALSH, Auteur ; S. LYDON, Auteur ; A. HEHIR, Auteur ; P. O’CONNOR, Auteur . - 101680.
Langues : Anglais (eng)
in Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders > 79 (November 2020) . - 101680
Mots-clés : Autism spectrum disorder Healthcare access Reasonable adjustments Healthcare equity Healthcare disparities Health Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Introduction People on the autism spectrum often experience poorer health than the general population despite higher engagement with the health services. This suggests a disparity in the accessibility of appropriate healthcare for autistic individuals. To improve access, barriers the autism community experience in healthcare first need to be identified. This paper aimed to: 1) develop and evaluate a caregiver-report tool; 2) identify barriers to physical healthcare for autistic individuals; and 3) identify potential contributing factors. Methods A previously established taxonomy of barriers to healthcare for autistic individuals informed the development of the tool; this was then distributed to caregivers of autistic adults and children. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) assessed validity and reliability of the tool. Multiple Regressions were performed to identify predictors of barriers. Results In total, caregivers of 194 autistic children or adults participated in the study. The EFA produced four factors: 1) patient-level barriers; 2) healthcare provider-level (HCP) barriers; 3) healthcare system-level barriers; and 4) barriers related to managing healthcare. The greatest barriers included difficulties with identifying/reporting symptoms (endorsed by 62.4% of participants); difficulties handling the waiting area (60.3% of participants); and a lack of HCP knowledge regarding autism (52.1% of participants). Autism severity, general adjustment problems, anxiety, age and having unmet needs predicted the frequency and/or severity of barriers. Conclusions A tool that allows assessment of patient-, HCP-, and system-level barriers to healthcare was developed and evaluated. Patient-level barriers appear to occur frequently and pose substantial challenges. This tool will help identify areas most in need of intervention and support intervention evaluation. En ligne : https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2020.101680 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=434