Are There Subgroups within the Autistic Spectrum? A Cluster Analysis of a Group of Children with Autistic Spectrum Disorders / Margot PRIOR in Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 39-6 (September 1998)

Public ISBD [article]  inJournal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry > 39-6 (September 1998) . - p.893-902 Titre : Are There Subgroups within the Autistic Spectrum? A Cluster Analysis of a Group of Children with Autistic Spectrum Disorders Type de document : Texte imprimé et/ou numérique Auteurs : Margot PRIOR, Auteur ; Susan R. LEEKAM, Auteur ; Ben ONG, Auteur ; Richard EISENMAJER, Auteur ; Lorna WING, Auteur ; Judith GOULD, Auteur ; David DOWE, Auteur Année de publication : 1998 Article en page(s) : p.893-902 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Asperger syndrome  autism  Pervasive Developmental Disorder  symptomatology  cluster analysis Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Comprehensive data on the developmental history and current behaviours of a large sample of high-functioning individuals with diagnoses of autism, Asperger's syndrome, or other related disorder were collected via parent interviews. This provided the basis for a taxonomic analysis to search for subgroups. Most participants also completed theory of mind tasks. Three clusters or subgroups were obtained; these differed on theory of mind performance and on verbal abilities. Although subgroups were identified which bore some relationship to clinical differentiation of autistic, Asperger syndrome, and Pervasive Developmental Disorder Not Otherwise Specified (PDD-NOS) cases, the nature of the differences between them appeared strongly related to ability variables. Examination of the kinds of behaviours that differentiated the groups suggested that a spectrum of autistic disorders on which children differ primarily in term of degrees of social and cognitive impairments could explain the findings. Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=123 [article] Are There Subgroups within the Autistic Spectrum? A Cluster Analysis of a Group of Children with Autistic Spectrum Disorders [Texte imprimé et/ou numérique] / Margot PRIOR, Auteur ; Susan R. LEEKAM, Auteur ; Ben ONG, Auteur ; Richard EISENMAJER, Auteur ; Lorna WING, Auteur ; Judith GOULD, Auteur ; David DOWE, Auteur . - 1998 . - p.893-902. Langues : Anglais (eng) in Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry > 39-6 (September 1998) . - p.893-902 Mots-clés : Asperger syndrome  autism  Pervasive Developmental Disorder  symptomatology  cluster analysis Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Comprehensive data on the developmental history and current behaviours of a large sample of high-functioning individuals with diagnoses of autism, Asperger's syndrome, or other related disorder were collected via parent interviews. This provided the basis for a taxonomic analysis to search for subgroups. Most participants also completed theory of mind tasks. Three clusters or subgroups were obtained; these differed on theory of mind performance and on verbal abilities. Although subgroups were identified which bore some relationship to clinical differentiation of autistic, Asperger syndrome, and Pervasive Developmental Disorder Not Otherwise Specified (PDD-NOS) cases, the nature of the differences between them appeared strongly related to ability variables. Examination of the kinds of behaviours that differentiated the groups suggested that a spectrum of autistic disorders on which children differ primarily in term of degrees of social and cognitive impairments could explain the findings. Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=123

Comparison of ICD-10 and Gillberg’s Criteria for Asperger Syndrome / Susan R. LEEKAM in Autism, 4-1 (March 2000)  

Public ISBD [article]  inAutism > 4-1 (March 2000) . - p.11-28 Titre : Comparison of ICD-10 and Gillberg’s Criteria for Asperger Syndrome Type de document : Texte imprimé et/ou numérique Auteurs : Susan R. LEEKAM, Auteur ; Sarah LIBBY, Auteur ; Lorna WING, Auteur ; Judith GOULD, Auteur ; Christopher GILLBERG, Auteur Article en page(s) : p.11-28 Langues : Anglais (eng) Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : In this study, algorithms designed for the Diagnostic Interview for Social and Communication Disorders (DISCO) were used to compare the ICD-10 criteria for Asperger syndrome with those suggested by Gillberg. Two hundred children and adults were studied, all of whom met the ICD-10 criteria for childhood autism or atypical autism. Only three (1 percent) met criteria for ICD-10 Asperger syndrome. In contrast, 91 (45 percent) met criteria for Asperger syndrome defined by Gillberg, which more closely resemble Asperger’s own descriptions. Results showed that the discrepancy in diagnosis was due to the ICD-10 requirement for ‘normal’ development of cognitive skills, language, curiosity and self-help skills. When comparisons were based on Gillberg’s criteria only, results showed the participants diagnosed as having Asperger syndrome differed significantly from the rest on all but two of Gillberg’s criteria. However, all of these criteria could be found in some of those not diagnosed as having Asperger syndrome. The results emphasize the differences between the two diagnostic systems. They also question the value of defining a separate subgroup and suggest that a dimensional view of the autistic spectrum is more appropriate than a categorical approach. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1362361300004001002 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=208 [article] Comparison of ICD-10 and Gillberg’s Criteria for Asperger Syndrome [Texte imprimé et/ou numérique] / Susan R. LEEKAM, Auteur ; Sarah LIBBY, Auteur ; Lorna WING, Auteur ; Judith GOULD, Auteur ; Christopher GILLBERG, Auteur . - p.11-28. Langues : Anglais (eng) in Autism > 4-1 (March 2000) . - p.11-28 Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : In this study, algorithms designed for the Diagnostic Interview for Social and Communication Disorders (DISCO) were used to compare the ICD-10 criteria for Asperger syndrome with those suggested by Gillberg. Two hundred children and adults were studied, all of whom met the ICD-10 criteria for childhood autism or atypical autism. Only three (1 percent) met criteria for ICD-10 Asperger syndrome. In contrast, 91 (45 percent) met criteria for Asperger syndrome defined by Gillberg, which more closely resemble Asperger’s own descriptions. Results showed that the discrepancy in diagnosis was due to the ICD-10 requirement for ‘normal’ development of cognitive skills, language, curiosity and self-help skills. When comparisons were based on Gillberg’s criteria only, results showed the participants diagnosed as having Asperger syndrome differed significantly from the rest on all but two of Gillberg’s criteria. However, all of these criteria could be found in some of those not diagnosed as having Asperger syndrome. The results emphasize the differences between the two diagnostic systems. They also question the value of defining a separate subgroup and suggest that a dimensional view of the autistic spectrum is more appropriate than a categorical approach. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1362361300004001002 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=208

Describing the Sensory Abnormalities of Children and Adults with Autism / Susan R. LEEKAM in Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 37-5 (May 2007)  

Public ISBD [article]  inJournal of Autism and Developmental Disorders > 37-5 (May 2007) . - p.894-910 Titre : Describing the Sensory Abnormalities of Children and Adults with Autism Type de document : Texte imprimé et/ou numérique Auteurs : Susan R. LEEKAM, Auteur ; Carmen NIETO, Auteur ; Sarah J. LIBBY, Auteur ; Lorna WING, Auteur ; Judith GOULD, Auteur Année de publication : 2007 Article en page(s) : p.894-910 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Sensory-abnormalities Diagnostic-Interview-for-Social-and-Communication-Disorders-(DISCO) Autism Language-impairment Learning-disability Typical-development Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Patterns of sensory abnormalities in children and adults with autism were examined using the Diagnostic Interview for Social and Communication Disorders (DISCO). This interview elicits detailed information about responsiveness to a wide range of sensory stimuli. Study 1 showed that over 90% of children with autism had sensory abnormalities and had sensory symptoms in multiple sensory domains. Group differences between children with autism and clinical comparison children were found in the total number of symptoms and in specific domains of smell/taste and vision. Study 2 confirmed that sensory abnormalities are pervasive and multimodal and persistent across age and ability in children and adults with autism. Age and IQ level affects some sensory symptoms however. Clinical and research implications are discussed. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10803-006-0218-7 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=140 [article] Describing the Sensory Abnormalities of Children and Adults with Autism [Texte imprimé et/ou numérique] / Susan R. LEEKAM, Auteur ; Carmen NIETO, Auteur ; Sarah J. LIBBY, Auteur ; Lorna WING, Auteur ; Judith GOULD, Auteur . - 2007 . - p.894-910. Langues : Anglais (eng) in Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders > 37-5 (May 2007) . - p.894-910 Mots-clés : Sensory-abnormalities Diagnostic-Interview-for-Social-and-Communication-Disorders-(DISCO) Autism Language-impairment Learning-disability Typical-development Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Patterns of sensory abnormalities in children and adults with autism were examined using the Diagnostic Interview for Social and Communication Disorders (DISCO). This interview elicits detailed information about responsiveness to a wide range of sensory stimuli. Study 1 showed that over 90% of children with autism had sensory abnormalities and had sensory symptoms in multiple sensory domains. Group differences between children with autism and clinical comparison children were found in the total number of symptoms and in specific domains of smell/taste and vision. Study 2 confirmed that sensory abnormalities are pervasive and multimodal and persistent across age and ability in children and adults with autism. Age and IQ level affects some sensory symptoms however. Clinical and research implications are discussed. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10803-006-0218-7 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=140

Development of the ‘Extreme Demand Avoidance Questionnaire’ (EDA-Q): preliminary observations on a trait measure for Pathological Demand Avoidance / Elizabeth O'NIONS in Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 55-7 (July 2014)  

Public ISBD [article]  inJournal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry > 55-7 (July 2014) . - p.758-768 Titre : Development of the ‘Extreme Demand Avoidance Questionnaire’ (EDA-Q): preliminary observations on a trait measure for Pathological Demand Avoidance Type de document : Texte imprimé et/ou numérique Auteurs : Elizabeth O'NIONS, Auteur ; Phil CHRISTIE, Auteur ; Judith GOULD, Auteur ; Essi VIDING, Auteur ; Francesca HAPPE, Auteur Article en page(s) : p.758-768 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Autism spectrum disorder  ASD  pathological demand avoidance  PDA  pervasive developmental disorder  conduct problems  oppositional defiant disorder  ODD  disruptive behaviour Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Background Pathological Demand Avoidance (PDA) is a term increasingly used in the United Kingdom to describe children who obsessively resist everyday demands, going to extreme lengths to avoid these. There is debate about its relationship with both autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and oppositional defiant disorder (ODD). Unlike ASD, children with PDA are said to use socially manipulative avoidance strategies; and unlike ODD, they resort to extreme, embarrassing or age-inappropriate behaviour. To date, there has been little research into PDA, and it remains contentious. Currently, there are no questionnaire instruments available to aid consistency in description. This study reports the development and preliminary validation of the ‘Extreme Demand Avoidance Questionnaire’ (EDA-Q), designed to quantify PDA traits based on parent-reported information. Methods The validation study involved data from 326 parents of children aged 5-17 allocated to six groups based on information reported by parents about received diagnoses and behavioural difficulties: (a) typically developing children (N = 102), (b) children with ASD without disruptive behaviour (N = 36), (c) children with ASD with disruptive behaviour (N = 48), (d) children for whom PDA was suspected by parents (irrespective of other diagnoses) (N = 67), (e) children who had, according to parents, been identified as having PDA by a health professional, irrespective of other diagnoses (N = 50), and (6) disruptive behaviour or behavioural problems without suspected/identified ASD or PDA (N = 23). Results Although the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) did not differentiate PDA from those with ASD plus disruptive behaviour; score on the EDA-Q was significantly higher in PDA than all comparison groups. ROC analysis indicated good sensitivity (.80) and specificity (.85). Across all case groups, females scored higher than males on the EDA-Q. Separate cut-off scores were identified for older and younger age-groups. Conclusions Our findings highlight the potential utility of the EDA-Q to assist the identification of this unusual profile for future research. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12149 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=235 [article] Development of the ‘Extreme Demand Avoidance Questionnaire’ (EDA-Q): preliminary observations on a trait measure for Pathological Demand Avoidance [Texte imprimé et/ou numérique] / Elizabeth O'NIONS, Auteur ; Phil CHRISTIE, Auteur ; Judith GOULD, Auteur ; Essi VIDING, Auteur ; Francesca HAPPE, Auteur . - p.758-768. Langues : Anglais (eng) in Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry > 55-7 (July 2014) . - p.758-768 Mots-clés : Autism spectrum disorder  ASD  pathological demand avoidance  PDA  pervasive developmental disorder  conduct problems  oppositional defiant disorder  ODD  disruptive behaviour Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Background Pathological Demand Avoidance (PDA) is a term increasingly used in the United Kingdom to describe children who obsessively resist everyday demands, going to extreme lengths to avoid these. There is debate about its relationship with both autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and oppositional defiant disorder (ODD). Unlike ASD, children with PDA are said to use socially manipulative avoidance strategies; and unlike ODD, they resort to extreme, embarrassing or age-inappropriate behaviour. To date, there has been little research into PDA, and it remains contentious. Currently, there are no questionnaire instruments available to aid consistency in description. This study reports the development and preliminary validation of the ‘Extreme Demand Avoidance Questionnaire’ (EDA-Q), designed to quantify PDA traits based on parent-reported information. Methods The validation study involved data from 326 parents of children aged 5-17 allocated to six groups based on information reported by parents about received diagnoses and behavioural difficulties: (a) typically developing children (N = 102), (b) children with ASD without disruptive behaviour (N = 36), (c) children with ASD with disruptive behaviour (N = 48), (d) children for whom PDA was suspected by parents (irrespective of other diagnoses) (N = 67), (e) children who had, according to parents, been identified as having PDA by a health professional, irrespective of other diagnoses (N = 50), and (6) disruptive behaviour or behavioural problems without suspected/identified ASD or PDA (N = 23). Results Although the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) did not differentiate PDA from those with ASD plus disruptive behaviour; score on the EDA-Q was significantly higher in PDA than all comparison groups. ROC analysis indicated good sensitivity (.80) and specificity (.85). Across all case groups, females scored higher than males on the EDA-Q. Separate cut-off scores were identified for older and younger age-groups. Conclusions Our findings highlight the potential utility of the EDA-Q to assist the identification of this unusual profile for future research. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12149 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=235

Diagnosing Autism Spectrum Disorder: who will get a DSM-5 diagnosis? / Rachel G. KENT in Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 54-11 (November 2013)  

Public ISBD [article]  inJournal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry > 54-11 (November 2013) . - p.1242-1250 Titre : Diagnosing Autism Spectrum Disorder: who will get a DSM-5 diagnosis? Type de document : Texte imprimé et/ou numérique Auteurs : Rachel G. KENT, Auteur ; Sarah J. CARRINGTON, Auteur ; Ann LE COUTEUR, Auteur ; Judith GOULD, Auteur ; Lorna WING, Auteur ; Jarymke MALJAARS, Auteur ; Ilse NOENS, Auteur ; Ina VAN BERCKELAER-ONNES, Auteur ; Susan R. LEEKAM, Auteur Article en page(s) : p.1242-1250 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : DSM-5  diagnosis  ASD  DISCO Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Background Introduction of proposed criteria for DSM-5 Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) has raised concerns that some individuals currently meeting diagnostic criteria for Pervasive Developmental Disorder (PDD; DSM-IV-TR/ICD-10) will not qualify for a diagnosis under the proposed changes. To date, reports of sensitivity and specificity of the new criteria have been inconsistent across studies. No study has yet considered how changes at the ‘sub domain’ level might affect overall sensitivity and specificity, and few have included individuals of different ages and ability levels. Methods A set of DSM-5 ASD algorithms were developed using items from the Diagnostic Interview for Social and Communication Disorders (DISCO). The number of items required for each DSM-5 subdomain was defined either according to criteria specified by DSM-5 (Initial Algorithm), a statistical approach (Youden J Algorithm), or to minimise the number of false positives while maximising sensitivity (Modified Algorithm). The algorithms were designed, tested and compared in two independent samples (Sample 1, N = 82; Sample 2, N = 115), while sensitivity was assessed across age and ability levels in an additional dataset of individuals with an ICD-10 PDD diagnosis (Sample 3, N = 190). Results Sensitivity was highest in the Initial Algorithm, which had the poorest specificity. Although Youden J had excellent specificity, sensitivity was significantly lower than in the Modified Algorithm, which had both good sensitivity and specificity. Relaxing the domain A rules improved sensitivity of the Youden J Algorithm, but it remained less sensitive than the Modified Algorithm. Moreover, this was the only algorithm with variable sensitivity across age. All versions of the algorithm performed well across ability level. Conclusions This study demonstrates that good levels of both sensitivity and specificity can be achieved for a diagnostic algorithm adhering to the DSM-5 criteria that is suitable across age and ability level. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12085 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=217 [article] Diagnosing Autism Spectrum Disorder: who will get a DSM-5 diagnosis? [Texte imprimé et/ou numérique] / Rachel G. KENT, Auteur ; Sarah J. CARRINGTON, Auteur ; Ann LE COUTEUR, Auteur ; Judith GOULD, Auteur ; Lorna WING, Auteur ; Jarymke MALJAARS, Auteur ; Ilse NOENS, Auteur ; Ina VAN BERCKELAER-ONNES, Auteur ; Susan R. LEEKAM, Auteur . - p.1242-1250. Langues : Anglais (eng) in Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry > 54-11 (November 2013) . - p.1242-1250 Mots-clés : DSM-5  diagnosis  ASD  DISCO Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Background Introduction of proposed criteria for DSM-5 Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) has raised concerns that some individuals currently meeting diagnostic criteria for Pervasive Developmental Disorder (PDD; DSM-IV-TR/ICD-10) will not qualify for a diagnosis under the proposed changes. To date, reports of sensitivity and specificity of the new criteria have been inconsistent across studies. No study has yet considered how changes at the ‘sub domain’ level might affect overall sensitivity and specificity, and few have included individuals of different ages and ability levels. Methods A set of DSM-5 ASD algorithms were developed using items from the Diagnostic Interview for Social and Communication Disorders (DISCO). The number of items required for each DSM-5 subdomain was defined either according to criteria specified by DSM-5 (Initial Algorithm), a statistical approach (Youden J Algorithm), or to minimise the number of false positives while maximising sensitivity (Modified Algorithm). The algorithms were designed, tested and compared in two independent samples (Sample 1, N = 82; Sample 2, N = 115), while sensitivity was assessed across age and ability levels in an additional dataset of individuals with an ICD-10 PDD diagnosis (Sample 3, N = 190). Results Sensitivity was highest in the Initial Algorithm, which had the poorest specificity. Although Youden J had excellent specificity, sensitivity was significantly lower than in the Modified Algorithm, which had both good sensitivity and specificity. Relaxing the domain A rules improved sensitivity of the Youden J Algorithm, but it remained less sensitive than the Modified Algorithm. Moreover, this was the only algorithm with variable sensitivity across age. All versions of the algorithm performed well across ability level. Conclusions This study demonstrates that good levels of both sensitivity and specificity can be achieved for a diagnostic algorithm adhering to the DSM-5 criteria that is suitable across age and ability level. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12085 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=217

DSM-5 Autism Spectrum Disorder: In search of essential behaviours for diagnosis / Sarah J. CARRINGTON in Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 8-6 (June 2014)  

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Missed diagnosis or misdiagnosis? Girls and women on the autism spectrum / Judith GOULD in Good Autism Practice - GAP, 12-1 (May 2011)

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Prevalence of Autistic Spectrum Disorder in the UK: E. Frombonne Autism, 1997, 1(2), 227-9 / Lorna WING in Autism, 2-1 (March 1998)  

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Signposting for diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder using the Diagnostic Interview for Social and Communication Disorders (DISCO) / Sarah J. CARRINGTON in Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 9 (January 2015)  

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Towards understanding the under-recognition of girls and women on the autism spectrum / Judith GOULD in Autism, 21-6 (August 2017)  

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Women and Girls with Autism Spectrum Disorder / Sarah HENDRICKX

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