“Always a glass ceiling.” Gender or autism; the barrier to occupational inclusion / Susan M. HAYWARD in Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 56 (December 2018)  

Public ISBD [article]  inResearch in Autism Spectrum Disorders > 56 (December 2018) . - p.50-60 Titre : “Always a glass ceiling.” Gender or autism; the barrier to occupational inclusion Type de document : Texte imprimé et/ou numérique Auteurs : Susan M. HAYWARD, Auteur ; Keith R. MCVILLY, Auteur ; Mark A. STOKES, Auteur Article en page(s) : p.50-60 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : ASD  Asperger’s  Female  Job  Sex  Work Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Background Under- and unemployment adversely affect the economic, health, and social circumstances of people with autism; notably those with a diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder or high autistic traits (HATs). However, little research has been published comparing the experiences of women to men with HATs, and women without autism (i.e., those typically developing; TD) to ascertain if employment issues are a function of gender or autistic traits (ATs). Method An anonymous online survey was conducted attracting 28 women and 18 men with HATs aged 18–68 years (M?=?38.63, SD?=?13.12), with a further 21 TD women and 16 TD men aged 23–62 years (M?=?38.38, SD?=?10.32). Quantitative data were analysed via logistic regression to ascertain the extent to which employment issues were a function of gender or ATs while controlling for confounding variables such as education, and age. Qualitative data were analysed using inductive thematic analysis, then quantitatively using chi-square or Fisher’s Exact Test. Results It was found that ATs, not gender, was significant to most vocational experiences. Conclusions It is proposed that employers place greater importance on technical ability than social-communication skills when hiring and supervising women with HATs to reduce barriers and increase workplace diversity. En ligne : https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2018.09.001 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=369 [article] “Always a glass ceiling.” Gender or autism; the barrier to occupational inclusion [Texte imprimé et/ou numérique] / Susan M. HAYWARD, Auteur ; Keith R. MCVILLY, Auteur ; Mark A. STOKES, Auteur . - p.50-60. Langues : Anglais (eng) in Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders > 56 (December 2018) . - p.50-60 Mots-clés : ASD  Asperger’s  Female  Job  Sex  Work Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Background Under- and unemployment adversely affect the economic, health, and social circumstances of people with autism; notably those with a diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder or high autistic traits (HATs). However, little research has been published comparing the experiences of women to men with HATs, and women without autism (i.e., those typically developing; TD) to ascertain if employment issues are a function of gender or autistic traits (ATs). Method An anonymous online survey was conducted attracting 28 women and 18 men with HATs aged 18–68 years (M?=?38.63, SD?=?13.12), with a further 21 TD women and 16 TD men aged 23–62 years (M?=?38.38, SD?=?10.32). Quantitative data were analysed via logistic regression to ascertain the extent to which employment issues were a function of gender or ATs while controlling for confounding variables such as education, and age. Qualitative data were analysed using inductive thematic analysis, then quantitatively using chi-square or Fisher’s Exact Test. Results It was found that ATs, not gender, was significant to most vocational experiences. Conclusions It is proposed that employers place greater importance on technical ability than social-communication skills when hiring and supervising women with HATs to reduce barriers and increase workplace diversity. En ligne : https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2018.09.001 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=369

Autism and employment: What works / Susan M. HAYWARD in Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 60 (April 2019)  

Public ISBD [article]  inResearch in Autism Spectrum Disorders > 60 (April 2019) . - p.48-58 Titre : Autism and employment: What works Type de document : Texte imprimé et/ou numérique Auteurs : Susan M. HAYWARD, Auteur ; Keith R. MCVILLY, Auteur ; Mark A. STOKES, Auteur Article en page(s) : p.48-58 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : ASD  Diversity  Human resources  Inclusion  Sustainability  Women Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Introduction People with autism have been identified as having a substantial contribution to make in the technology sector. Their intellectual abilities coupled with their focus and attention to detail have been recognized as desirable traits making them highly productive. However, these individuals report difficulties in employment, and there is a paucity of literature concerning the factors that attract and retain them; particularly from their viewpoint. Method Data was collected from 76 adults; 44 with autism and 32 neuro-typical (NT; i.e., adults without autism). Data were analysed using inductive thematic analysis in which the major themes of: work relationships, and environment; as well as person-organization fit, diversity climate, and bargaining emerged. Quantitative analysis then determined if these themes were more/less likely to be reported by individuals with autism. Results Those with autism (vs NT individuals) were more likely to indicate enablers, or reasons for occupational longevity consistent with collegial understanding, the physical occupational environment, and circumstances that limited contact with others. Conclusions The results reflect what is known clinically about Autism Spectrum Disorder, and are consistent with Conservation of Resources and Social Exchange theories. It was concluded that vocational assistance for individuals with autism requires intervention at both individual and organizational levels. En ligne : https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2019.01.006 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=387 [article] Autism and employment: What works [Texte imprimé et/ou numérique] / Susan M. HAYWARD, Auteur ; Keith R. MCVILLY, Auteur ; Mark A. STOKES, Auteur . - p.48-58. Langues : Anglais (eng) in Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders > 60 (April 2019) . - p.48-58 Mots-clés : ASD  Diversity  Human resources  Inclusion  Sustainability  Women Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Introduction People with autism have been identified as having a substantial contribution to make in the technology sector. Their intellectual abilities coupled with their focus and attention to detail have been recognized as desirable traits making them highly productive. However, these individuals report difficulties in employment, and there is a paucity of literature concerning the factors that attract and retain them; particularly from their viewpoint. Method Data was collected from 76 adults; 44 with autism and 32 neuro-typical (NT; i.e., adults without autism). Data were analysed using inductive thematic analysis in which the major themes of: work relationships, and environment; as well as person-organization fit, diversity climate, and bargaining emerged. Quantitative analysis then determined if these themes were more/less likely to be reported by individuals with autism. Results Those with autism (vs NT individuals) were more likely to indicate enablers, or reasons for occupational longevity consistent with collegial understanding, the physical occupational environment, and circumstances that limited contact with others. Conclusions The results reflect what is known clinically about Autism Spectrum Disorder, and are consistent with Conservation of Resources and Social Exchange theories. It was concluded that vocational assistance for individuals with autism requires intervention at both individual and organizational levels. En ligne : https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2019.01.006 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=387

Comparing Physical Intimacy and Romantic Relationships of Autistic and Non-autistic Adults: A Qualitative Analysis / Giorgia SALA in Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 54-10 (October 2024)  

Public ISBD [article]  inJournal of Autism and Developmental Disorders > 54-10 (October 2024) . - p.3942-3951 Titre : Comparing Physical Intimacy and Romantic Relationships of Autistic and Non-autistic Adults: A Qualitative Analysis Type de document : Texte imprimé et/ou numérique Auteurs : Giorgia SALA, Auteur ; Jessica HOOLEY, Auteur ; Merrilyn HOOLEY, Auteur ; Mark A. STOKES, Auteur Article en page(s) : p.3942-3951 Langues : Anglais (eng) Index. décimale : PER Périodiques En ligne : https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-023-06109-0 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=536 [article] Comparing Physical Intimacy and Romantic Relationships of Autistic and Non-autistic Adults: A Qualitative Analysis [Texte imprimé et/ou numérique] / Giorgia SALA, Auteur ; Jessica HOOLEY, Auteur ; Merrilyn HOOLEY, Auteur ; Mark A. STOKES, Auteur . - p.3942-3951. Langues : Anglais (eng) in Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders > 54-10 (October 2024) . - p.3942-3951 Index. décimale : PER Périodiques En ligne : https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-023-06109-0 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=536

Employment profiles of autistic people: An 8-year longitudinal study / Darren HEDLEY ; Mirko ULJAREVI? ; Xia LI ; Mark A. STOKES ; Sander BEGEER in Autism, 28-9 (September 2024)  

Public ISBD [article]  inAutism > 28-9 (September 2024) . - p.2322-2333 Titre : Employment profiles of autistic people: An 8-year longitudinal study Type de document : Texte imprimé et/ou numérique Auteurs : Darren HEDLEY, Auteur ; Mirko ULJAREVI?, Auteur ; Xia LI, Auteur ; Mark A. STOKES, Auteur ; Sander BEGEER, Auteur Article en page(s) : p.2322-2333 Langues : (en) Mots-clés : autism  employment  longitudinal  person-oriented methods  trajectory analysis  unemployment Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Autistic adults experience high rates of unemployment, yet research investigating what predicts employment success produces inconsistent results. By utilising longitudinal person-oriented analyses, this study aimed to identify employment trajectories of autistic adults to better understand what may predict stable autistic employment. Participants were 2449 autistic adults (1077 men, 1352 women, 20 non-binary, M = 42.25?years, SD = 14.24), recruited via the Netherlands Autism Register. Latent class analysis utilising employment status across eight annual waves was used to identify longitudinal employment profiles. Fit indices and the interpretability of results indicated a four-class model best fit the data, with profiles reflecting stable unemployment (n = 1189), stable employment (n = 801), early unemployment increasing in probability of employment (n = 183) and high probability of employment reducing across time to low employment (n = 134). Multinominal analyses suggested that compared to the 'stable unemployment' group, membership in the 'stable employment' profile was predicted by fewer autistic traits, lower age, male gender, higher education and diagnosis age, and fewer co-occurring conditions. Higher education predicted both other profiles, with lower age and fewer co-occurring conditions predicting membership in the increasing employment class. Taken together, findings highlight the utility of person-oriented approaches in understanding the longitudinal challenges autistic adults experience maintaining employment and identifies key areas of support. Lay abstract Autistic adults experience difficulties finding and keeping employment. However, research investigating reasons that might explain this difficulty produce mixed results. We gave a survey to 2449 autistic adults and used a statistic method to group them based on their employment status over 8?years. We identified four employment groups that best captured the experiences of autistic adults; this included a group that experienced stable unemployment, a group that experienced stable employment, a group that had high employment that reduced over time, and a group whose employment increased over the 8?years. Further analysis showed that those with fewer autistic traits, younger age, male gender, higher education, later diagnosis age and no co-occurring conditions were more likely to have stable employment. People whose employment changed over time were more likely to have a higher level of education than the stable unemployment group, and those in the increasing employment group were younger age and had no co-occurring conditions. These findings help us better understand that not all autistic adults' experiences of employment are the same, which helps focus where employment programmes and support may be most needed, for example, people who identify as women or have a co-occurring condition. En ligne : https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/13623613231225798 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=535 [article] Employment profiles of autistic people: An 8-year longitudinal study [Texte imprimé et/ou numérique] / Darren HEDLEY, Auteur ; Mirko ULJAREVI?, Auteur ; Xia LI, Auteur ; Mark A. STOKES, Auteur ; Sander BEGEER, Auteur . - p.2322-2333. Langues : (en) in Autism > 28-9 (September 2024) . - p.2322-2333 Mots-clés : autism  employment  longitudinal  person-oriented methods  trajectory analysis  unemployment Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Autistic adults experience high rates of unemployment, yet research investigating what predicts employment success produces inconsistent results. By utilising longitudinal person-oriented analyses, this study aimed to identify employment trajectories of autistic adults to better understand what may predict stable autistic employment. Participants were 2449 autistic adults (1077 men, 1352 women, 20 non-binary, M = 42.25?years, SD = 14.24), recruited via the Netherlands Autism Register. Latent class analysis utilising employment status across eight annual waves was used to identify longitudinal employment profiles. Fit indices and the interpretability of results indicated a four-class model best fit the data, with profiles reflecting stable unemployment (n = 1189), stable employment (n = 801), early unemployment increasing in probability of employment (n = 183) and high probability of employment reducing across time to low employment (n = 134). Multinominal analyses suggested that compared to the 'stable unemployment' group, membership in the 'stable employment' profile was predicted by fewer autistic traits, lower age, male gender, higher education and diagnosis age, and fewer co-occurring conditions. Higher education predicted both other profiles, with lower age and fewer co-occurring conditions predicting membership in the increasing employment class. Taken together, findings highlight the utility of person-oriented approaches in understanding the longitudinal challenges autistic adults experience maintaining employment and identifies key areas of support. Lay abstract Autistic adults experience difficulties finding and keeping employment. However, research investigating reasons that might explain this difficulty produce mixed results. We gave a survey to 2449 autistic adults and used a statistic method to group them based on their employment status over 8?years. We identified four employment groups that best captured the experiences of autistic adults; this included a group that experienced stable unemployment, a group that experienced stable employment, a group that had high employment that reduced over time, and a group whose employment increased over the 8?years. Further analysis showed that those with fewer autistic traits, younger age, male gender, higher education, later diagnosis age and no co-occurring conditions were more likely to have stable employment. People whose employment changed over time were more likely to have a higher level of education than the stable unemployment group, and those in the increasing employment group were younger age and had no co-occurring conditions. These findings help us better understand that not all autistic adults' experiences of employment are the same, which helps focus where employment programmes and support may be most needed, for example, people who identify as women or have a co-occurring condition. En ligne : https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/13623613231225798 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=535

Individual, social, and life course risk factors for experiencing interpersonal violence among autistic people of varying gender identities: A mixed methods systematic review / Kathryn RIDGWAY ; Laura PECORA ; Elizabeth WESTRUPP ; Darren HEDLEY ; Merrilyn HOOLEY ; Mark A. STOKES in Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 111 (March 2024)  

Public ISBD [article]  inResearch in Autism Spectrum Disorders > 111 (March 2024) . - p.102313 Titre : Individual, social, and life course risk factors for experiencing interpersonal violence among autistic people of varying gender identities: A mixed methods systematic review Type de document : Texte imprimé et/ou numérique Auteurs : Kathryn RIDGWAY, Auteur ; Laura PECORA, Auteur ; Elizabeth WESTRUPP, Auteur ; Darren HEDLEY, Auteur ; Merrilyn HOOLEY, Auteur ; Mark A. STOKES, Auteur Article en page(s) : p.102313 Mots-clés : Autism spectrum disorder  Violence  Minority stress  Intersectionality  Risk factors  Systematic review Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Background Interpersonal violence is a widespread yet understudied issue in autism spectrum disorder (henceforth, ?autism?). Characteristic of autism are high rates of gender diversity, and so increased multiple minority group membership. Under minority stress and intersectionality models, minority identity presents greater risk of violence, while demographic variables (e.g., gender, sexuality, race) add to marginalisation and intersect to further enhance risk. However, research investigating risk and contextual predictors has been limited. This review examined individual, social, and life course risk factors associated with experiences of interpersonal violence among autistic people of varying gender identities. Methods A systematic database search identified 59 studies examining violence: (1) combined physical, sexual, and/or psychological; (2) physical; (3) sexual; (4) psychological; (5) traditional bullying; (6) cyberbullying; and (7) homicide among autistic people of any age and support needs, varying by gender. Final included studies comprised 42,251 autistic (65.79% males, 32.91% females, 0.14% transgender, 0.69% non-binary/gender queer, 0.002% intersex, 0.46% gender n/s), and 269,433 non-autistic participants (32.57% males, 64.45% females, 0.006% non-binary/gender queer, 2.98% gender n/s), aged 2?81 years. Results Narrative synthesis of the 59 studies showed a consistent pattern of increased rates of overall and repeated violence across the life course among autistic compared to non-autistic people. Intersectional risk was identified across all socio-ecological levels: individual (e.g., autism-related factors, age, mental health, gender, demographic diversity); proximal social (e.g., parents, peers, partners), community (e.g., home, school, healthcare, police interaction), and broader social (e.g., safety education, violence prevention/support services, specialised care/training, public stigma). Conclusions Our review indicates that interpersonal violence is a common issue for autistic people, who experience enhanced risk victimisation across the life course, particularly among multiply marginalised people (i.e., gender, race, sexuality, mental health). Our review underscores the importance of examining violence from an intersectionality and minority stress perspective and across socio-ecological contexts, and provides important empirical, legal, and policy implications. En ligne : https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2023.102313 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=521 [article] Individual, social, and life course risk factors for experiencing interpersonal violence among autistic people of varying gender identities: A mixed methods systematic review [Texte imprimé et/ou numérique] / Kathryn RIDGWAY, Auteur ; Laura PECORA, Auteur ; Elizabeth WESTRUPP, Auteur ; Darren HEDLEY, Auteur ; Merrilyn HOOLEY, Auteur ; Mark A. STOKES, Auteur . - p.102313. in Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders > 111 (March 2024) . - p.102313 Mots-clés : Autism spectrum disorder  Violence  Minority stress  Intersectionality  Risk factors  Systematic review Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Background Interpersonal violence is a widespread yet understudied issue in autism spectrum disorder (henceforth, ?autism?). Characteristic of autism are high rates of gender diversity, and so increased multiple minority group membership. Under minority stress and intersectionality models, minority identity presents greater risk of violence, while demographic variables (e.g., gender, sexuality, race) add to marginalisation and intersect to further enhance risk. However, research investigating risk and contextual predictors has been limited. This review examined individual, social, and life course risk factors associated with experiences of interpersonal violence among autistic people of varying gender identities. Methods A systematic database search identified 59 studies examining violence: (1) combined physical, sexual, and/or psychological; (2) physical; (3) sexual; (4) psychological; (5) traditional bullying; (6) cyberbullying; and (7) homicide among autistic people of any age and support needs, varying by gender. Final included studies comprised 42,251 autistic (65.79% males, 32.91% females, 0.14% transgender, 0.69% non-binary/gender queer, 0.002% intersex, 0.46% gender n/s), and 269,433 non-autistic participants (32.57% males, 64.45% females, 0.006% non-binary/gender queer, 2.98% gender n/s), aged 2?81 years. Results Narrative synthesis of the 59 studies showed a consistent pattern of increased rates of overall and repeated violence across the life course among autistic compared to non-autistic people. Intersectional risk was identified across all socio-ecological levels: individual (e.g., autism-related factors, age, mental health, gender, demographic diversity); proximal social (e.g., parents, peers, partners), community (e.g., home, school, healthcare, police interaction), and broader social (e.g., safety education, violence prevention/support services, specialised care/training, public stigma). Conclusions Our review indicates that interpersonal violence is a common issue for autistic people, who experience enhanced risk victimisation across the life course, particularly among multiply marginalised people (i.e., gender, race, sexuality, mental health). Our review underscores the importance of examining violence from an intersectionality and minority stress perspective and across socio-ecological contexts, and provides important empirical, legal, and policy implications. En ligne : https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2023.102313 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=521

Psychosexual Problems, Sexual Deviance, and Promoting Sexual Health in Autistic Adolescents and Adults / Jeroen DEWINTER ; Lennart PEDERSEN ; Olive HEALY ; Mark A. STOKES

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Removal of negative feedback enhances WCST performance for individuals with ASD / Jaclyn BROADBENT in Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 7-6 (June 2013)  

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Self-assessed sexuality in young adults with High-Functioning Autism / Prianka MEHZABIN in Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 5-1 (January-March 2011)  

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Sexuality in High-Functioning Autism: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis / Laura A. PECORA in Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 46-11 (November 2016)  

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Short report: Recommendations for education, clinical practice, research, and policy on promoting well-being in autistic youth and adults through a positive focus on sexuality and gender diversity / Jeroen DEWINTER in Autism, 28-3 (March 2024)  

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Socio-sexual functioning in autism spectrum disorder: A systematic review and meta-analyses of existing literature / Grace I. P. HANCOCK in Autism Research, 10-11 (November 2017)  

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Sources and impact of occupational demands for autistic employees / Susan M. HAYWARD in Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 76 (August 2020)  

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Stalking, and Social and Romantic Functioning Among Adolescents and Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder / Mark A. STOKES in Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 37-10 (November 2007)  

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Subjective wellbeing of autistic adolescents and young adults: A cross sectional study / Caitlin MACMILLAN ; David H. DEMMER ; Merrilyn HOOLEY ; Darren HEDLEY ; Elizabeth WESTRUPP ; Mark A. STOKES in Autism Research, 17-6 (June 2024)  

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The differential effects of Autism and Down's syndrome on sexual behavior / Maria Cristina GINEVRA in Autism Research, 9-1 (January 2016)  

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