4 recherche sur le mot-clé 'Conditioning'

Difficulties with multi-sensory fear conditioning in individuals with autism spectrum disorder / Patrick S. POWELL in Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 25 (May 2016)  

Public ISBD [article]  inResearch in Autism Spectrum Disorders > 25 (May 2016) . - p.137-146 Titre : Difficulties with multi-sensory fear conditioning in individuals with autism spectrum disorder Type de document : Texte imprimé et/ou numérique Auteurs : Patrick S. POWELL, Auteur ; Brittany G. TRAVERS, Auteur ; Laura G. KLINGER, Auteur ; Mark R. KLINGER, Auteur Article en page(s) : p.137-146 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Autism spectrum disorder  Conditioning  Associative learning  Emotion learning Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : AbstractBackground Classical conditioning represents a fundamental aspect of learning, allowing us to infer relationships between coinciding events in our environment. However, recent evidence has suggested this fundamental form of learning may be compromised in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The present study utilized galvanic skin responses to examine classical conditioning in individuals with ASD across sensory modalities. Method Fifteen individuals diagnosed with ASD and 16 age-, gender-, and IQ-matched individuals with typical development participated in this study. Using a differential fear conditioning paradigm, participants were presented with a series of colors and sounds. A subset of these colors and sounds was paired with an aversive loud noise. Learning the contingency between the color and/or sound and the aversive noise was measured by changes in skin conductance. Following this task, an explicit-knowledge test probed participant’s awareness of these contingencies. Results Results indicated that individuals with ASD had a general impairment in fear conditioning compared to individuals with typical development. Additionally, participants with ASD who showed greater explicit awareness of the contingencies showed conditioned responses more similar to participants with typical development. Conclusions Implications for theories of the neurobiological mechanisms associated with learning and social impairments in ASD are discussed. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2016.02.008 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=285 [article] Difficulties with multi-sensory fear conditioning in individuals with autism spectrum disorder [Texte imprimé et/ou numérique] / Patrick S. POWELL, Auteur ; Brittany G. TRAVERS, Auteur ; Laura G. KLINGER, Auteur ; Mark R. KLINGER, Auteur . - p.137-146. Langues : Anglais (eng) in Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders > 25 (May 2016) . - p.137-146 Mots-clés : Autism spectrum disorder  Conditioning  Associative learning  Emotion learning Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : AbstractBackground Classical conditioning represents a fundamental aspect of learning, allowing us to infer relationships between coinciding events in our environment. However, recent evidence has suggested this fundamental form of learning may be compromised in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The present study utilized galvanic skin responses to examine classical conditioning in individuals with ASD across sensory modalities. Method Fifteen individuals diagnosed with ASD and 16 age-, gender-, and IQ-matched individuals with typical development participated in this study. Using a differential fear conditioning paradigm, participants were presented with a series of colors and sounds. A subset of these colors and sounds was paired with an aversive loud noise. Learning the contingency between the color and/or sound and the aversive noise was measured by changes in skin conductance. Following this task, an explicit-knowledge test probed participant’s awareness of these contingencies. Results Results indicated that individuals with ASD had a general impairment in fear conditioning compared to individuals with typical development. Additionally, participants with ASD who showed greater explicit awareness of the contingencies showed conditioned responses more similar to participants with typical development. Conclusions Implications for theories of the neurobiological mechanisms associated with learning and social impairments in ASD are discussed. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2016.02.008 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=285

Anxiety symptoms and children's eye gaze during fear learning / Kalina J. MICHALSKA in Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 58-11 (November 2017)  

Public ISBD [article]  inJournal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry > 58-11 (November 2017) . - p.1276-1286 Titre : Anxiety symptoms and children's eye gaze during fear learning Type de document : Texte imprimé et/ou numérique Auteurs : Kalina J. MICHALSKA, Auteur ; Laura MACHLIN, Auteur ; Elizabeth MORONEY, Auteur ; Daniel S. LOWET, Auteur ; John M. HETTEMA, Auteur ; Roxann ROBERSON-NAY, Auteur ; Bruno B. AVERBECK, Auteur ; Melissa A. BROTMAN, Auteur ; Eric E. NELSON, Auteur ; Ellen LEIBENLUFT, Auteur ; Daniel S. PINE, Auteur Article en page(s) : p.1276-1286 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Eye gaze  face processing  anxiety  conditioning  psychophysiology Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Background The eye region of the face is particularly relevant for decoding threat-related signals, such as fear. However, it is unclear if gaze patterns to the eyes can be influenced by fear learning. Previous studies examining gaze patterns in adults find an association between anxiety and eye gaze avoidance, although no studies to date examine how associations between anxiety symptoms and eye-viewing patterns manifest in children. The current study examined the effects of learning and trait anxiety on eye gaze using a face-based fear conditioning task developed for use in children. Methods Participants were 82 youth from a general population sample of twins (aged 9–13 years), exhibiting a range of anxiety symptoms. Participants underwent a fear conditioning paradigm where the conditioned stimuli (CS+) were two neutral faces, one of which was randomly selected to be paired with an aversive scream. Eye tracking, physiological, and subjective data were acquired. Children and parents reported their child's anxiety using the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders. Results Conditioning influenced eye gaze patterns in that children looked longer and more frequently to the eye region of the CS+ than CS? face; this effect was present only during fear acquisition, not at baseline or extinction. Furthermore, consistent with past work in adults, anxiety symptoms were associated with eye gaze avoidance. Finally, gaze duration to the eye region mediated the effect of anxious traits on self-reported fear during acquisition. Conclusions Anxiety symptoms in children relate to face-viewing strategies deployed in the context of a fear learning experiment. This relationship may inform attempts to understand the relationship between pediatric anxiety symptoms and learning. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12749 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=326 [article] Anxiety symptoms and children's eye gaze during fear learning [Texte imprimé et/ou numérique] / Kalina J. MICHALSKA, Auteur ; Laura MACHLIN, Auteur ; Elizabeth MORONEY, Auteur ; Daniel S. LOWET, Auteur ; John M. HETTEMA, Auteur ; Roxann ROBERSON-NAY, Auteur ; Bruno B. AVERBECK, Auteur ; Melissa A. BROTMAN, Auteur ; Eric E. NELSON, Auteur ; Ellen LEIBENLUFT, Auteur ; Daniel S. PINE, Auteur . - p.1276-1286. Langues : Anglais (eng) in Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry > 58-11 (November 2017) . - p.1276-1286 Mots-clés : Eye gaze  face processing  anxiety  conditioning  psychophysiology Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Background The eye region of the face is particularly relevant for decoding threat-related signals, such as fear. However, it is unclear if gaze patterns to the eyes can be influenced by fear learning. Previous studies examining gaze patterns in adults find an association between anxiety and eye gaze avoidance, although no studies to date examine how associations between anxiety symptoms and eye-viewing patterns manifest in children. The current study examined the effects of learning and trait anxiety on eye gaze using a face-based fear conditioning task developed for use in children. Methods Participants were 82 youth from a general population sample of twins (aged 9–13 years), exhibiting a range of anxiety symptoms. Participants underwent a fear conditioning paradigm where the conditioned stimuli (CS+) were two neutral faces, one of which was randomly selected to be paired with an aversive scream. Eye tracking, physiological, and subjective data were acquired. Children and parents reported their child's anxiety using the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders. Results Conditioning influenced eye gaze patterns in that children looked longer and more frequently to the eye region of the CS+ than CS? face; this effect was present only during fear acquisition, not at baseline or extinction. Furthermore, consistent with past work in adults, anxiety symptoms were associated with eye gaze avoidance. Finally, gaze duration to the eye region mediated the effect of anxious traits on self-reported fear during acquisition. Conclusions Anxiety symptoms in children relate to face-viewing strategies deployed in the context of a fear learning experiment. This relationship may inform attempts to understand the relationship between pediatric anxiety symptoms and learning. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12749 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=326

Evaluating differences in Pavlovian fear acquisition and extinction as predictors of outcome from cognitive behavioural therapy for anxious children / Allison M. WATERS in Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 57-7 (July 2016)  

Public ISBD [article]  inJournal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry > 57-7 (July 2016) . - p.869-876 Titre : Evaluating differences in Pavlovian fear acquisition and extinction as predictors of outcome from cognitive behavioural therapy for anxious children Type de document : Texte imprimé et/ou numérique Auteurs : Allison M. WATERS, Auteur ; Daniel S. PINE, Auteur Article en page(s) : p.869-876 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Anxiety  children  conditioning  extinction  treatment Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Background Extinction is a key theoretical model of exposure-based treatments, such as cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT). This study examined whether individual differences in physiological responses and subjective stimulus evaluations as indices of fear extinction predicted response to CBT. Methods Thirty-two nonanxious comparisons and 44 anxious, 7-to-13-year-old children completed a Pavlovian conditioning and extinction task. Anxious children then completed group-based CBT. Skin conductance responses (SCRs) as well as subjective arousal and valence evaluations were measured in response to a conditioned stimulus paired with an aversive tone (CS+) and another conditioned stimulus presented alone (CS?). Both stimuli were presented alone during extinction. Diagnostic and symptom measures were completed before and after treatment. Results Like nonanxious comparisons, treatment responders did not acquire conditioned negative stimulus evaluations and displayed elevated SCRs that declined significantly across extinction trials. Nonresponders, by contrast, showed elevated negative stimulus evaluations of both CSs that were sensitive to extinction trials but showed no change in SCRs during extinction. Change in physiological but not evaluative indices of fear extinction predicted better treatment outcomes. Conclusions Individual differences in evaluative and physiological indices of fear extinction might moderate response to CBT. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12522 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=291 [article] Evaluating differences in Pavlovian fear acquisition and extinction as predictors of outcome from cognitive behavioural therapy for anxious children [Texte imprimé et/ou numérique] / Allison M. WATERS, Auteur ; Daniel S. PINE, Auteur . - p.869-876. Langues : Anglais (eng) in Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry > 57-7 (July 2016) . - p.869-876 Mots-clés : Anxiety  children  conditioning  extinction  treatment Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Background Extinction is a key theoretical model of exposure-based treatments, such as cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT). This study examined whether individual differences in physiological responses and subjective stimulus evaluations as indices of fear extinction predicted response to CBT. Methods Thirty-two nonanxious comparisons and 44 anxious, 7-to-13-year-old children completed a Pavlovian conditioning and extinction task. Anxious children then completed group-based CBT. Skin conductance responses (SCRs) as well as subjective arousal and valence evaluations were measured in response to a conditioned stimulus paired with an aversive tone (CS+) and another conditioned stimulus presented alone (CS?). Both stimuli were presented alone during extinction. Diagnostic and symptom measures were completed before and after treatment. Results Like nonanxious comparisons, treatment responders did not acquire conditioned negative stimulus evaluations and displayed elevated SCRs that declined significantly across extinction trials. Nonresponders, by contrast, showed elevated negative stimulus evaluations of both CSs that were sensitive to extinction trials but showed no change in SCRs during extinction. Change in physiological but not evaluative indices of fear extinction predicted better treatment outcomes. Conclusions Individual differences in evaluative and physiological indices of fear extinction might moderate response to CBT. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12522 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=291

Commentary: Predicting outcomes of treatment for anxiety disorders – using data from fear learning paradigms. A commentary on Waters and Pine (2016) / Tom J. BARRY in Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 57-7 (July 2016)  

Public ISBD [article]  inJournal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry > 57-7 (July 2016) . - p.877-879 Titre : Commentary: Predicting outcomes of treatment for anxiety disorders – using data from fear learning paradigms. A commentary on Waters and Pine (2016) Type de document : Texte imprimé et/ou numérique Auteurs : Tom J. BARRY, Auteur ; Jennifer Y. F. LAU, Auteur Article en page(s) : p.877-879 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Anxiety  cognitive therapy  conditioning Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Despite the apparent effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) in the treatment of anxiety disorders, more can be done to predict individual variability in the effectiveness of CBT. One potentially useful predictor involves individual differences in fear inhibition and extinction as similar learning processes are thought to be involved in CBT. Waters and Pine (this issue) present an investigation of the relationship between pretreatment indices of fear extinction and responsiveness to CBT among children with anxiety disorders. We discuss these findings and place them within the context of supporting evidence from neurobiological and genetic research. Various novel ways in which different elements of fear inhibition and extinction can be quantified are then outlined, and the potential utility of this approach for clinicians and researchers particularly in developmental samples is discussed. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12553 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=291 [article] Commentary: Predicting outcomes of treatment for anxiety disorders – using data from fear learning paradigms. A commentary on Waters and Pine (2016) [Texte imprimé et/ou numérique] / Tom J. BARRY, Auteur ; Jennifer Y. F. LAU, Auteur . - p.877-879. Langues : Anglais (eng) in Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry > 57-7 (July 2016) . - p.877-879 Mots-clés : Anxiety  cognitive therapy  conditioning Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Despite the apparent effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) in the treatment of anxiety disorders, more can be done to predict individual variability in the effectiveness of CBT. One potentially useful predictor involves individual differences in fear inhibition and extinction as similar learning processes are thought to be involved in CBT. Waters and Pine (this issue) present an investigation of the relationship between pretreatment indices of fear extinction and responsiveness to CBT among children with anxiety disorders. We discuss these findings and place them within the context of supporting evidence from neurobiological and genetic research. Various novel ways in which different elements of fear inhibition and extinction can be quantified are then outlined, and the potential utility of this approach for clinicians and researchers particularly in developmental samples is discussed. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12553 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=291