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Shyness, Friendship Quality, and Adjustment During Middle Childhood / Kathryn FORDHAM in Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 40-5 (July 1999)
[article]
Titre : Shyness, Friendship Quality, and Adjustment During Middle Childhood Type de document : Texte imprimé et/ou numérique Auteurs : Kathryn FORDHAM, Auteur ; Joan STEVENSON-HINDE, Auteur Année de publication : 1999 Article en page(s) : p.757-768 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Anxiety peer relationships self-concept shyness friendship loneliness Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Whereas many young children show initial wariness on meeting a stranger, shyness that lasts into middle childhood may be indicative of concurrent problems and subsequent disorder. Adjustment problems of an internalising nature, such as low self-esteem, loneliness, and anxiety may occur. Special significance has, however, been ascribed to preadolescent friendships as a means of validating self-worth and buffering against loneliness and anxiety. The main aim of the present study is to examine associations between shyness, perceptions of friendship quality, and indices of adjustment related to internalising problems.
The study involves a sample of 8.4–10.6-year-olds (N= 50), preselected at 4.5 years to include a high proportion of shy children. Ratings of shyness to an unfamiliar adult had been made by different observers at 4.5 and 7 years, and at the present ages by another observer, mothers, and teachers. Observer-rated shyness was highly consistent over time and was significantly correlated with mothers' and teachers' ratings, although both significantly underestimated children's shyness relative to observer ratings. Compared with the younger children (mean age of 9 years), observed shyness (a composite over all three age points) increased in salience for the older children (mean age of 10 years), becoming significantly correlated with trait anxiety as well as low global self-worth. Indeed, global self-worth took on a central role for the older children, showing significant correlations not only with observed shyness and internalising problems (loneliness and anxiety), but also with perceptions of social acceptance and classmate support as well as friendship quality, with a named “best friend”. Thus by 10 years of age, aspects of peer relationships may influence and be influenced by global self-worth, with a possible buffering effect on any potential detrimental effects of shyness.Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=124
in Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry > 40-5 (July 1999) . - p.757-768[article] Shyness, Friendship Quality, and Adjustment During Middle Childhood [Texte imprimé et/ou numérique] / Kathryn FORDHAM, Auteur ; Joan STEVENSON-HINDE, Auteur . - 1999 . - p.757-768.
Langues : Anglais (eng)
in Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry > 40-5 (July 1999) . - p.757-768
Mots-clés : Anxiety peer relationships self-concept shyness friendship loneliness Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Whereas many young children show initial wariness on meeting a stranger, shyness that lasts into middle childhood may be indicative of concurrent problems and subsequent disorder. Adjustment problems of an internalising nature, such as low self-esteem, loneliness, and anxiety may occur. Special significance has, however, been ascribed to preadolescent friendships as a means of validating self-worth and buffering against loneliness and anxiety. The main aim of the present study is to examine associations between shyness, perceptions of friendship quality, and indices of adjustment related to internalising problems.
The study involves a sample of 8.4–10.6-year-olds (N= 50), preselected at 4.5 years to include a high proportion of shy children. Ratings of shyness to an unfamiliar adult had been made by different observers at 4.5 and 7 years, and at the present ages by another observer, mothers, and teachers. Observer-rated shyness was highly consistent over time and was significantly correlated with mothers' and teachers' ratings, although both significantly underestimated children's shyness relative to observer ratings. Compared with the younger children (mean age of 9 years), observed shyness (a composite over all three age points) increased in salience for the older children (mean age of 10 years), becoming significantly correlated with trait anxiety as well as low global self-worth. Indeed, global self-worth took on a central role for the older children, showing significant correlations not only with observed shyness and internalising problems (loneliness and anxiety), but also with perceptions of social acceptance and classmate support as well as friendship quality, with a named “best friend”. Thus by 10 years of age, aspects of peer relationships may influence and be influenced by global self-worth, with a possible buffering effect on any potential detrimental effects of shyness.Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=124 Developmental programming of shyness: A longitudinal, prospective study across four decades / Kristie L. POOLE in Development and Psychopathology, 32-2 (May 2020)
[article]
Titre : Developmental programming of shyness: A longitudinal, prospective study across four decades Type de document : Texte imprimé et/ou numérique Auteurs : Kristie L. POOLE, Auteur ; Saroj SAIGAL, Auteur ; Ryan J. VAN LIESHOUT, Auteur ; Louis A. SCHMIDT, Auteur Article en page(s) : p.455-464 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : longitudinal studies personality prematurity prenatal programming shyness Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Although shyness is a ubiquitous phenomenon with early developmental origins, little research has examined the influence of prenatal exposures on the developmental trajectory of shyness. Here, we examined trajectories of shyness from childhood to adulthood in three groups (N = 254), with varying degrees of prenatal adversity as indicated by the number of stressful exposures: extremely low birth weight (ELBW; <1000 g) survivors prenatally exposed to exogenous corticosteroids (ELBW+S, n = 56); ELBW survivors not prenatally exposed to exogenous corticosteroids (ELBW+NS, n = 56); and normal birth weight (NBW, n = 142) controls. Multilevel modeling revealed that the ELBW+S individuals exhibited the highest levels of childhood shyness, which remained stable into adulthood. The ELBW+NS and NBW controls had comparably low levels of childhood shyness; however, the ELBW+NS individuals experienced patterns of increasing shyness, while NBW controls displayed decreases in shyness into adulthood. We speculate that individuals exposed to multiple prenatal stressors (i.e., ELBW+S) may be developmentally programmed to be more sensitive to detecting social threat, with one manifestation being early developing, stable shyness, while increasing shyness among ELBW+NS individuals may reflect a later developing shyness influenced by postnatal context. We discuss the implications of these findings for understanding the developmental origins and developmental course of human shyness from childhood through adulthood. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579419000208 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=426
in Development and Psychopathology > 32-2 (May 2020) . - p.455-464[article] Developmental programming of shyness: A longitudinal, prospective study across four decades [Texte imprimé et/ou numérique] / Kristie L. POOLE, Auteur ; Saroj SAIGAL, Auteur ; Ryan J. VAN LIESHOUT, Auteur ; Louis A. SCHMIDT, Auteur . - p.455-464.
Langues : Anglais (eng)
in Development and Psychopathology > 32-2 (May 2020) . - p.455-464
Mots-clés : longitudinal studies personality prematurity prenatal programming shyness Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Although shyness is a ubiquitous phenomenon with early developmental origins, little research has examined the influence of prenatal exposures on the developmental trajectory of shyness. Here, we examined trajectories of shyness from childhood to adulthood in three groups (N = 254), with varying degrees of prenatal adversity as indicated by the number of stressful exposures: extremely low birth weight (ELBW; <1000 g) survivors prenatally exposed to exogenous corticosteroids (ELBW+S, n = 56); ELBW survivors not prenatally exposed to exogenous corticosteroids (ELBW+NS, n = 56); and normal birth weight (NBW, n = 142) controls. Multilevel modeling revealed that the ELBW+S individuals exhibited the highest levels of childhood shyness, which remained stable into adulthood. The ELBW+NS and NBW controls had comparably low levels of childhood shyness; however, the ELBW+NS individuals experienced patterns of increasing shyness, while NBW controls displayed decreases in shyness into adulthood. We speculate that individuals exposed to multiple prenatal stressors (i.e., ELBW+S) may be developmentally programmed to be more sensitive to detecting social threat, with one manifestation being early developing, stable shyness, while increasing shyness among ELBW+NS individuals may reflect a later developing shyness influenced by postnatal context. We discuss the implications of these findings for understanding the developmental origins and developmental course of human shyness from childhood through adulthood. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579419000208 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=426 Prenatal exposure to air pollution and childhood internalizing problems: roles of shyness and anterior cingulate cortex activity / Ran LIU in Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 64-7 (July 2023)
[article]
Titre : Prenatal exposure to air pollution and childhood internalizing problems: roles of shyness and anterior cingulate cortex activity Type de document : Texte imprimé et/ou numérique Auteurs : Ran LIU, Auteur ; David PAGLIACCIO, Auteur ; Julie B. HERBSTMAN, Auteur ; Nathan A. FOX, Auteur ; Amy E. MARGOLIS, Auteur Article en page(s) : p.1037-1044 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Air pollution polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons prenatal internalizing problems shyness anterior cingulate cortex Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Background Prenatal exposure to air pollution increases the risk for psychiatric disorders characterized by internalizing problems. In this study, we examined the roles of shyness and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) activity in the association between prenatal exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and children's internalizing problems at 79years old. Methods Participants include 53 children (31 girls, 22 boys). Personal air monitoring was conducted over 48 continuous hours during the third trimester of pregnancy to measure 8 PAHs. Mothers reported children's shyness (Emotionality Activity Sociability Temperament Survey) at age 5 and internalizing problems (Child Behavior Checklist) at ages 79. ACC activity was measured by fMRI during the Simon Spatial Incompatibility task at ages 79. Results Shyness mediated the association between prenatal PAH exposure and internalizing problems. Higher prenatal PAH exposure predicted increased shyness, which in turn predicted greater internalizing problems. Moreover, left ACC activity during the Simon task moderated the association between prenatal PAH exposure and internalizing problems. Prenatal PAH exposure predicted increased risk for internalizing problems only when children showed heightened left ACC activity during the resolution of cognitive conflict. Conclusions Our study innovatively synthesizes the fields of developmental psychology and environmental health science to offer new insights into the risk factors for anxiety disorders. Facilitating the development of healthy reactive and regulatory processes may improve the developmental outcomes for children highly exposed to air pollution. En ligne : https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.13768 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=508
in Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry > 64-7 (July 2023) . - p.1037-1044[article] Prenatal exposure to air pollution and childhood internalizing problems: roles of shyness and anterior cingulate cortex activity [Texte imprimé et/ou numérique] / Ran LIU, Auteur ; David PAGLIACCIO, Auteur ; Julie B. HERBSTMAN, Auteur ; Nathan A. FOX, Auteur ; Amy E. MARGOLIS, Auteur . - p.1037-1044.
Langues : Anglais (eng)
in Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry > 64-7 (July 2023) . - p.1037-1044
Mots-clés : Air pollution polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons prenatal internalizing problems shyness anterior cingulate cortex Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Background Prenatal exposure to air pollution increases the risk for psychiatric disorders characterized by internalizing problems. In this study, we examined the roles of shyness and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) activity in the association between prenatal exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and children's internalizing problems at 79years old. Methods Participants include 53 children (31 girls, 22 boys). Personal air monitoring was conducted over 48 continuous hours during the third trimester of pregnancy to measure 8 PAHs. Mothers reported children's shyness (Emotionality Activity Sociability Temperament Survey) at age 5 and internalizing problems (Child Behavior Checklist) at ages 79. ACC activity was measured by fMRI during the Simon Spatial Incompatibility task at ages 79. Results Shyness mediated the association between prenatal PAH exposure and internalizing problems. Higher prenatal PAH exposure predicted increased shyness, which in turn predicted greater internalizing problems. Moreover, left ACC activity during the Simon task moderated the association between prenatal PAH exposure and internalizing problems. Prenatal PAH exposure predicted increased risk for internalizing problems only when children showed heightened left ACC activity during the resolution of cognitive conflict. Conclusions Our study innovatively synthesizes the fields of developmental psychology and environmental health science to offer new insights into the risk factors for anxiety disorders. Facilitating the development of healthy reactive and regulatory processes may improve the developmental outcomes for children highly exposed to air pollution. En ligne : https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.13768 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=508 The EAS Temperament Questionnaire—Factor Structure, Age Trends, Reliability, and Stability in a Norwegian Sample / Kristin S. MATHIESEN in Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 40-3 (March 1999)
[article]
Titre : The EAS Temperament Questionnaire—Factor Structure, Age Trends, Reliability, and Stability in a Norwegian Sample Type de document : Texte imprimé et/ou numérique Auteurs : Kristin S. MATHIESEN, Auteur ; Kristian TAMBS, Auteur Année de publication : 1999 Article en page(s) : p.431-439 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Shyness infancy temperament activity level emotion social behaviour assessment Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : A population-based sample of Norwegian children aged 18 months (N = 921), 30 months (N = 784), and 50 months (N = 737) was examined with the EAS Temperament Survey (Buss & Plomin, 1984). The factor structure, psychometric properties, and stability estimates of the instrument were assessed. A cross-validation of the temperament factors of Emotionality, Activity, and Shyness show that the covariance structure conforms with the three scales described by Rowe and Plomin (1977) and Boer and Westenberg (1994). When items from the experimental scale of Sociability were included in the analysis, a four-factor solution confirmed the separate usability of this scale as well. The factor structure does not seem to vary substantially with the age of the children. The scores on the four temperament scales show high stability from one time of measurement to the next. Although no strong gender differences were found, there were significant age trends. Emotionality and Shyness increased from 18 to 50 months, while Activity and Sociability decreased. The study confirmed the structure and stability of the EAS over 3 years among young children, providing support for its use with children as young as 18 months. Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=124
in Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry > 40-3 (March 1999) . - p.431-439[article] The EAS Temperament Questionnaire—Factor Structure, Age Trends, Reliability, and Stability in a Norwegian Sample [Texte imprimé et/ou numérique] / Kristin S. MATHIESEN, Auteur ; Kristian TAMBS, Auteur . - 1999 . - p.431-439.
Langues : Anglais (eng)
in Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry > 40-3 (March 1999) . - p.431-439
Mots-clés : Shyness infancy temperament activity level emotion social behaviour assessment Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : A population-based sample of Norwegian children aged 18 months (N = 921), 30 months (N = 784), and 50 months (N = 737) was examined with the EAS Temperament Survey (Buss & Plomin, 1984). The factor structure, psychometric properties, and stability estimates of the instrument were assessed. A cross-validation of the temperament factors of Emotionality, Activity, and Shyness show that the covariance structure conforms with the three scales described by Rowe and Plomin (1977) and Boer and Westenberg (1994). When items from the experimental scale of Sociability were included in the analysis, a four-factor solution confirmed the separate usability of this scale as well. The factor structure does not seem to vary substantially with the age of the children. The scores on the four temperament scales show high stability from one time of measurement to the next. Although no strong gender differences were found, there were significant age trends. Emotionality and Shyness increased from 18 to 50 months, while Activity and Sociability decreased. The study confirmed the structure and stability of the EAS over 3 years among young children, providing support for its use with children as young as 18 months. Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=124 Frontal brain delta-beta correlation, salivary cortisol, and social anxiety in children / K. L. POOLE in Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 60-6 (June 2019)
[article]
Titre : Frontal brain delta-beta correlation, salivary cortisol, and social anxiety in children Type de document : Texte imprimé et/ou numérique Auteurs : K. L. POOLE, Auteur ; Louis A. SCHMIDT, Auteur Article en page(s) : p.646-654 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Anxiety child development delta-beta correlation electroencephalography salivary cortisol shyness social neuroscience Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : BACKGROUND: Correlated activity of slow-wave (e.g. delta) and fast-wave (e.g. beta) frontal brain oscillations is thought to be an electrophysiological correlate of individual differences in neuroendocrine activity and anxiety in adult samples. We know, however, relatively little about the physiological and functional correlates of delta-beta coupling in children. METHOD: We examined whether longitudinal patterns of children's basal salivary cortisol and social anxiety across two visits separated by 1 year were associated with frontal brain delta-beta correlation in children (Mage = 7.59 years, SD = 1.70). At Time 1 (T1), resting baseline electroencephalogram (EEG) recordings were collected from the children and delta and beta power was measured, and at both T1 and Time 2 (T2), basal salivary cortisol was measured, and parents reported on children's symptoms of social anxiety. RESULTS: Using latent class growth curve analysis, we found that children's salivary cortisol across visits was characterized by a high, stable class (53%), and a low, unstable class (47%), and children's social anxiety was characterized by a high, stable class (50%) and a low, stable class (50%). Using Fisher's r-to-z transformation, we found that frontal EEG delta-beta correlation was significantly stronger among children with high, stable salivary cortisol levels (compared to the low, unstable class; z = 2.11, p = .02), and among children with high, stable social anxiety levels (compared to the low, stable class; z = 1.72, p = .04). CONCLUSIONS: These findings demonstrate that longitudinal patterns of neuroendocrine stress activity and social anxiety may be associated with the correlation of EEG power in slow and fast frontal brain oscillations as early as childhood. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.13016 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=397
in Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry > 60-6 (June 2019) . - p.646-654[article] Frontal brain delta-beta correlation, salivary cortisol, and social anxiety in children [Texte imprimé et/ou numérique] / K. L. POOLE, Auteur ; Louis A. SCHMIDT, Auteur . - p.646-654.
Langues : Anglais (eng)
in Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry > 60-6 (June 2019) . - p.646-654
Mots-clés : Anxiety child development delta-beta correlation electroencephalography salivary cortisol shyness social neuroscience Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : BACKGROUND: Correlated activity of slow-wave (e.g. delta) and fast-wave (e.g. beta) frontal brain oscillations is thought to be an electrophysiological correlate of individual differences in neuroendocrine activity and anxiety in adult samples. We know, however, relatively little about the physiological and functional correlates of delta-beta coupling in children. METHOD: We examined whether longitudinal patterns of children's basal salivary cortisol and social anxiety across two visits separated by 1 year were associated with frontal brain delta-beta correlation in children (Mage = 7.59 years, SD = 1.70). At Time 1 (T1), resting baseline electroencephalogram (EEG) recordings were collected from the children and delta and beta power was measured, and at both T1 and Time 2 (T2), basal salivary cortisol was measured, and parents reported on children's symptoms of social anxiety. RESULTS: Using latent class growth curve analysis, we found that children's salivary cortisol across visits was characterized by a high, stable class (53%), and a low, unstable class (47%), and children's social anxiety was characterized by a high, stable class (50%) and a low, stable class (50%). Using Fisher's r-to-z transformation, we found that frontal EEG delta-beta correlation was significantly stronger among children with high, stable salivary cortisol levels (compared to the low, unstable class; z = 2.11, p = .02), and among children with high, stable social anxiety levels (compared to the low, stable class; z = 1.72, p = .04). CONCLUSIONS: These findings demonstrate that longitudinal patterns of neuroendocrine stress activity and social anxiety may be associated with the correlation of EEG power in slow and fast frontal brain oscillations as early as childhood. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.13016 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=397 Parenting and social anxiety: fathers’ versus mothers’ influence on their children’s anxiety in ambiguous social situations / Susan M. BOGELS in Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 52-5 (May 2011)
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