Commentary: 'Camouflaging' in autistic people - reflection on Fombonne (2020) / Meng-Chuan LAI in Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 62-8 (August 2021)  

Public ISBD [article]  inJournal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry > 62-8 (August 2021) Titre : Commentary: 'Camouflaging' in autistic people - reflection on Fombonne (2020) Type de document : Texte imprimé et/ou numérique Auteurs : Meng-Chuan LAI, Auteur ; L. HULL, Auteur ; W. MANDY, Auteur ; Bhismadev CHAKRABARTI, Auteur ; Christine W. NORDAHL, Auteur ; M. V. LOMBARDO, Auteur ; Stephanie H. AMEIS, Auteur ; P. SZATMARI, Auteur ; Simon BARON-COHEN, Auteur ; Francesca HAPPE, Auteur ; L. A. LIVINGSTON, Auteur Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Adaptation, Psychological  Adult  Autistic Disorder  Female  Humans Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Fombonne's (2020) editorial is a thought-provoking appraisal of the literature on 'camouflaging', whereby some autistic people mask or compensate for their autistic characteristics as an attempt to fit in and to cope with disabilities under neurotypical social norms. Fombonne (2020) highlights three issues of contention: (a) construct validity and measurement of camouflaging; (b) camouflaging as a reason for late autism diagnosis in adolescence/adulthood; and (c) camouflaging as a feature of the 'female autism phenotype'. Here, we argue that (a) establishing construct validity and measurement of different aspects of camouflaging is warranted; (b) subjective experiences are important for the differential diagnosis of autism in adolescence/adulthood; and (c) camouflaging is not necessarily a feature of autism in female individuals - nevertheless, taking into account sex and gender influences in development is crucial to understand behavioural manifestations of autism. Future research and clinical directions should involve clarification of associated constructs and measurements, demography, mechanisms, impact (including harms and benefits) and tailored support. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.13344 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=456 [article] Commentary: 'Camouflaging' in autistic people - reflection on Fombonne (2020) [Texte imprimé et/ou numérique] / Meng-Chuan LAI, Auteur ; L. HULL, Auteur ; W. MANDY, Auteur ; Bhismadev CHAKRABARTI, Auteur ; Christine W. NORDAHL, Auteur ; M. V. LOMBARDO, Auteur ; Stephanie H. AMEIS, Auteur ; P. SZATMARI, Auteur ; Simon BARON-COHEN, Auteur ; Francesca HAPPE, Auteur ; L. A. LIVINGSTON, Auteur. Langues : Anglais (eng) in Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry > 62-8 (August 2021) Mots-clés : Adaptation, Psychological  Adult  Autistic Disorder  Female  Humans Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Fombonne's (2020) editorial is a thought-provoking appraisal of the literature on 'camouflaging', whereby some autistic people mask or compensate for their autistic characteristics as an attempt to fit in and to cope with disabilities under neurotypical social norms. Fombonne (2020) highlights three issues of contention: (a) construct validity and measurement of camouflaging; (b) camouflaging as a reason for late autism diagnosis in adolescence/adulthood; and (c) camouflaging as a feature of the 'female autism phenotype'. Here, we argue that (a) establishing construct validity and measurement of different aspects of camouflaging is warranted; (b) subjective experiences are important for the differential diagnosis of autism in adolescence/adulthood; and (c) camouflaging is not necessarily a feature of autism in female individuals - nevertheless, taking into account sex and gender influences in development is crucial to understand behavioural manifestations of autism. Future research and clinical directions should involve clarification of associated constructs and measurements, demography, mechanisms, impact (including harms and benefits) and tailored support. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.13344 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=456

Further developing the Frith-Happé animations: A quicker, more objective, and web-based test of theory of mind for autistic and neurotypical adults / L. A. LIVINGSTON in Autism Research, 14-9 (September 2021)  

Public ISBD [article]  inAutism Research > 14-9 (September 2021) . - p.1905-1912 Titre : Further developing the Frith-Happé animations: A quicker, more objective, and web-based test of theory of mind for autistic and neurotypical adults Type de document : Texte imprimé et/ou numérique Auteurs : L. A. LIVINGSTON, Auteur ; P. SHAH, Auteur ; S. J. WHITE, Auteur ; Francesca HAPPE, Auteur Article en page(s) : p.1905-1912 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Adult  Autism Spectrum Disorder  Autistic Disorder  Humans  Intelligence Tests  Internet  Theory of Mind  Frith-Happé animations  mentalising  triangles test  web-based research Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : The Frith-Happé Animations Test, depicting interactions between triangles, is widely used to measure theory of mind (ToM) ability in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). This test began with recording, transcribing, and subjectively scoring participants' verbal descriptions, which consistently found ToM-specific difficulties in ASD. More recently in 2011, White et al. created a more objective version of this ToM test using multiple-choice questions. However, there has been surprisingly little uptake of this test, hence it is currently unclear if White et al.'s findings replicate. Further, the lack of an online version of the test may be hampering its use in large-scale studies and outside of research settings. Addressing these issues, we report the development of a web-based version of the Frith-Happé Animations Test for autistic and neurotypical adults. An online version of the test was developed in a large general population sample (study 1; N = 285) and online data were compared with those collected in a lab-based setting (study 2; N = 339). The new online test was then administered to adults with a clinical diagnosis of ASD and matched neurotypical controls (study 3; N = 231). Results demonstrated that the test could successfully be administered online to autistic adults, who showed ToM difficulties compared to neurotypical adults, replicating White et al.'s findings. Overall, we have developed a quicker, more objective, and web-based version of the Frith-Happé Animations Test that will be useful for social cognition research within and beyond the field of autism, with potential utility for clinical settings. LAY SUMMARY: Many autistic people find it hard to understand what other people are thinking. There are many tests for this 'mentalising' ability, but they often take a long time to complete and cannot be used outside of research settings. In 2011, scientists used short silent animations of moving shapes to create a fast way to measure mentalising ability. We developed this into an online test to use in research and clinics to measure mentalising ability in autism. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aur.2575 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=449 [article] Further developing the Frith-Happé animations: A quicker, more objective, and web-based test of theory of mind for autistic and neurotypical adults [Texte imprimé et/ou numérique] / L. A. LIVINGSTON, Auteur ; P. SHAH, Auteur ; S. J. WHITE, Auteur ; Francesca HAPPE, Auteur . - p.1905-1912. Langues : Anglais (eng) in Autism Research > 14-9 (September 2021) . - p.1905-1912 Mots-clés : Adult  Autism Spectrum Disorder  Autistic Disorder  Humans  Intelligence Tests  Internet  Theory of Mind  Frith-Happé animations  mentalising  triangles test  web-based research Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : The Frith-Happé Animations Test, depicting interactions between triangles, is widely used to measure theory of mind (ToM) ability in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). This test began with recording, transcribing, and subjectively scoring participants' verbal descriptions, which consistently found ToM-specific difficulties in ASD. More recently in 2011, White et al. created a more objective version of this ToM test using multiple-choice questions. However, there has been surprisingly little uptake of this test, hence it is currently unclear if White et al.'s findings replicate. Further, the lack of an online version of the test may be hampering its use in large-scale studies and outside of research settings. Addressing these issues, we report the development of a web-based version of the Frith-Happé Animations Test for autistic and neurotypical adults. An online version of the test was developed in a large general population sample (study 1; N = 285) and online data were compared with those collected in a lab-based setting (study 2; N = 339). The new online test was then administered to adults with a clinical diagnosis of ASD and matched neurotypical controls (study 3; N = 231). Results demonstrated that the test could successfully be administered online to autistic adults, who showed ToM difficulties compared to neurotypical adults, replicating White et al.'s findings. Overall, we have developed a quicker, more objective, and web-based version of the Frith-Happé Animations Test that will be useful for social cognition research within and beyond the field of autism, with potential utility for clinical settings. LAY SUMMARY: Many autistic people find it hard to understand what other people are thinking. There are many tests for this 'mentalising' ability, but they often take a long time to complete and cannot be used outside of research settings. In 2011, scientists used short silent animations of moving shapes to create a fast way to measure mentalising ability. We developed this into an online test to use in research and clinics to measure mentalising ability in autism. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aur.2575 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=449

Good social skills despite poor theory of mind: exploring compensation in autism spectrum disorder / L. A. LIVINGSTON in Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 60-1 (January 2019)  

Public ISBD [article]  inJournal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry > 60-1 (January 2019) . - p.102-110 Titre : Good social skills despite poor theory of mind: exploring compensation in autism spectrum disorder Type de document : Texte imprimé et/ou numérique Auteurs : L. A. LIVINGSTON, Auteur ; E. COLVERT, Auteur ; Patrick BOLTON, Auteur ; Francesca HAPPE, Auteur Article en page(s) : p.102-110 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Autism spectrum disorder  adaptation  camouflaging  compensation  compensatory mechanisms  executive function  remediation  theory of mind Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : BACKGROUND: It is proposed that some individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) can 'compensate' for their underlying difficulties (e.g. in theory of mind; ToM), thus demonstrating relatively few behavioural symptoms, despite continued core cognitive deficits. The mechanisms underpinning compensation are largely unexplored, as is its potential impact on mental health. This study aimed to estimate compensation patterns in ASD, by contrasting overt social behaviour with ToM task performance, in order to compare the characteristics of 'Low' and 'High' Compensators. METHODS: A total of 136 autistic adolescents, from the ongoing Social Relationships Study, completed a range of cognitive tasks, the Autistic Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS) and a self-report anxiety questionnaire. Participants were assigned compensation group status; High Compensators demonstrated good ADOS scores despite poor ToM performance, while Low Compensators demonstrated similarly poor ToM, accompanied by poor ADOS scores. RESULTS: High Compensators demonstrated better IQ and executive function (EF), but greater self-reported anxiety, compared with Low Compensators. Such differences were not found when comparing individuals who had good versus poor ADOS scores, when ToM performance was good. Other core autistic characteristics (weak central coherence, nonsocial symptoms) did not differentiate the High and Low Compensators. CONCLUSIONS: IQ, EF and anxiety appear to be implicated in the processes by which certain autistic young people can compensate for their underlying ToM difficulties. This tendency to compensate does not appear to reflect the severity of 'hit' for ASD per se, suggesting that well-compensated individuals are not experiencing a milder form of ASD. The construct of compensation in ASD has implications for research and clinical practice. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12886 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=374 [article] Good social skills despite poor theory of mind: exploring compensation in autism spectrum disorder [Texte imprimé et/ou numérique] / L. A. LIVINGSTON, Auteur ; E. COLVERT, Auteur ; Patrick BOLTON, Auteur ; Francesca HAPPE, Auteur . - p.102-110. Langues : Anglais (eng) in Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry > 60-1 (January 2019) . - p.102-110 Mots-clés : Autism spectrum disorder  adaptation  camouflaging  compensation  compensatory mechanisms  executive function  remediation  theory of mind Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : BACKGROUND: It is proposed that some individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) can 'compensate' for their underlying difficulties (e.g. in theory of mind; ToM), thus demonstrating relatively few behavioural symptoms, despite continued core cognitive deficits. The mechanisms underpinning compensation are largely unexplored, as is its potential impact on mental health. This study aimed to estimate compensation patterns in ASD, by contrasting overt social behaviour with ToM task performance, in order to compare the characteristics of 'Low' and 'High' Compensators. METHODS: A total of 136 autistic adolescents, from the ongoing Social Relationships Study, completed a range of cognitive tasks, the Autistic Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS) and a self-report anxiety questionnaire. Participants were assigned compensation group status; High Compensators demonstrated good ADOS scores despite poor ToM performance, while Low Compensators demonstrated similarly poor ToM, accompanied by poor ADOS scores. RESULTS: High Compensators demonstrated better IQ and executive function (EF), but greater self-reported anxiety, compared with Low Compensators. Such differences were not found when comparing individuals who had good versus poor ADOS scores, when ToM performance was good. Other core autistic characteristics (weak central coherence, nonsocial symptoms) did not differentiate the High and Low Compensators. CONCLUSIONS: IQ, EF and anxiety appear to be implicated in the processes by which certain autistic young people can compensate for their underlying ToM difficulties. This tendency to compensate does not appear to reflect the severity of 'hit' for ASD per se, suggesting that well-compensated individuals are not experiencing a milder form of ASD. The construct of compensation in ASD has implications for research and clinical practice. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12886 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=374

Recent Advances and New Directions in Measuring Theory of Mind in Autistic Adults / L. A. LIVINGSTON in Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 49-4 (April 2019)  

Public ISBD [article]  inJournal of Autism and Developmental Disorders > 49-4 (April 2019) . - p.1738-1744 Titre : Recent Advances and New Directions in Measuring Theory of Mind in Autistic Adults Type de document : Texte imprimé et/ou numérique Auteurs : L. A. LIVINGSTON, Auteur ; B. CARR, Auteur ; P. SHAH, Auteur Article en page(s) : p.1738-1744 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Adults  Autism spectrum disorder  Mentalising  Mindreading  Social cognition  Theory of Mind Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : 'Theory of Mind' (ToM) is the ability to attribute mental states to others to make sense of their behaviour. ToM research has informed understanding of (a)typical social behaviour, including the symptoms of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). This began with research on ToM in autistic children and there has been a noticeable increase in the study of ToM in autistic adults. However, methodological limitations in adult ToM research may be limiting its explanatory power of ASD symptoms and their management, therefore we discuss recent advances in measuring ToM aimed at addressing these issues. We also examine previously overlooked approaches and propose several new directions that have potential to improve the sensitivity, accuracy, and clinical utility of ToM measurement in autistic adulthood. En ligne : https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10803-018-3823-3 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=388 [article] Recent Advances and New Directions in Measuring Theory of Mind in Autistic Adults [Texte imprimé et/ou numérique] / L. A. LIVINGSTON, Auteur ; B. CARR, Auteur ; P. SHAH, Auteur . - p.1738-1744. Langues : Anglais (eng) in Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders > 49-4 (April 2019) . - p.1738-1744 Mots-clés : Adults  Autism spectrum disorder  Mentalising  Mindreading  Social cognition  Theory of Mind Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : 'Theory of Mind' (ToM) is the ability to attribute mental states to others to make sense of their behaviour. ToM research has informed understanding of (a)typical social behaviour, including the symptoms of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). This began with research on ToM in autistic children and there has been a noticeable increase in the study of ToM in autistic adults. However, methodological limitations in adult ToM research may be limiting its explanatory power of ASD symptoms and their management, therefore we discuss recent advances in measuring ToM aimed at addressing these issues. We also examine previously overlooked approaches and propose several new directions that have potential to improve the sensitivity, accuracy, and clinical utility of ToM measurement in autistic adulthood. En ligne : https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10803-018-3823-3 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=388

Trait Autism is a Better Predictor of Empathy than Alexithymia / P. SHAH in Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 49-10 (October 2019)  

Public ISBD [article]  inJournal of Autism and Developmental Disorders > 49-10 (October 2019) . - p.3956-3964 Titre : Trait Autism is a Better Predictor of Empathy than Alexithymia Type de document : Texte imprimé et/ou numérique Auteurs : P. SHAH, Auteur ; L. A. LIVINGSTON, Auteur ; Mitchell J. CALLAN, Auteur ; L. PLAYER, Auteur Article en page(s) : p.3956-3964 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Affective empathy  Alexithymia  Autism  Cognitive empathy  Empathy Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : It has been proposed that atypical empathy in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is due to co-occurring alexithymia. However, difficulties measuring empathy and statistical issues in previous research raise questions about the role of alexithymia in empathic processing in ASD. Addressing these issues, we compared the associations of trait alexithymia and autism with empathy in large samples from the general population. Multiple regression analyses showed that both trait autism and alexithymia were uniquely associated with atypical empathy, but dominance analysis found that trait autism, compared to alexithymia, was a more important predictor of atypical cognitive, affective, and overall empathy. Together, these findings indicate that atypical empathy in ASD is not simply due to co-occurring alexithymia. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10803-019-04080-3 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=406 [article] Trait Autism is a Better Predictor of Empathy than Alexithymia [Texte imprimé et/ou numérique] / P. SHAH, Auteur ; L. A. LIVINGSTON, Auteur ; Mitchell J. CALLAN, Auteur ; L. PLAYER, Auteur . - p.3956-3964. Langues : Anglais (eng) in Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders > 49-10 (October 2019) . - p.3956-3964 Mots-clés : Affective empathy  Alexithymia  Autism  Cognitive empathy  Empathy Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : It has been proposed that atypical empathy in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is due to co-occurring alexithymia. However, difficulties measuring empathy and statistical issues in previous research raise questions about the role of alexithymia in empathic processing in ASD. Addressing these issues, we compared the associations of trait alexithymia and autism with empathy in large samples from the general population. Multiple regression analyses showed that both trait autism and alexithymia were uniquely associated with atypical empathy, but dominance analysis found that trait autism, compared to alexithymia, was a more important predictor of atypical cognitive, affective, and overall empathy. Together, these findings indicate that atypical empathy in ASD is not simply due to co-occurring alexithymia. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10803-019-04080-3 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=406

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