Associations between emotion and behavior codes and ADOS-2 scores in a sample of children referred for autism evaluation / Rebecca W. LIEB in Autism, 29-11 (November 2025)  

Public ISBD [article]  inAutism > 29-11 (November 2025) . - p.2846-2857 Titre : Associations between emotion and behavior codes and ADOS-2 scores in a sample of children referred for autism evaluation Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Rebecca W. LIEB, Auteur ; Luther G. KALB, Auteur ; Rachel REETZKE, Auteur ; Natasha N. LUDWIG, Auteur ; Christina E LOVE, Auteur ; Rowena NG, Auteur ; Danielle WEXLER, Auteur ; Allison E. GORNIK, Auteur ; Calliope HOLINGUE, Auteur ; Ji Su HONG, Auteur Article en page(s) : p.2846-2857 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : ADOS-2  assessment  autism  autism spectrum disorder  clinician ratings  E codes  emotional and behavioral problems Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : While the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule, Second Edition (ADOS-2) is considered a “reference standard” measure to observe symptoms of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), little is known about the utility of its Other Abnormal Behaviors or “E codes.” This study investigated the unique influence of each E code (overactivity, disruptive behavior, anxiety) on ADOS-2 scoring. Data from ADOS-2 administrations (Modules 1, 2, 3) were collected from 3364 children (mean age = 6.73 years) at an outpatient ASD clinic. For those with ASD, ADOS-2 Calibrated Severity Scores (CSS) were descriptively higher for those with overactivity and disruptive behavior, but lower for those with anxiety. For those without ASD, no patterns emerged when comparing means. After controlling for age, sex, and language level, multivariable linear models indicated the presence of overactivity was significantly associated with increased CSS for children with ASD compared to those without. No significant interaction was present for disruptive behavior. The presence of anxiety was significantly associated with increased Social Affect CSS only for those without ASD. All effect sizes were small. This is one of the first studies to evaluate the effect of each individual E code on ADOS-2 CSS. Unique differences emerged across diagnostic groups, suggesting implications for ADOS-2 interpretation.Lay Summary The Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule, Second Edition (ADOS-2) is a common assessment tool used during an autism evaluation. As part of the ADOS-2, the examiner rates “E codes,” which are levels of hyperactivity, disruptive behavior, and anxiety during testing. These codes are not part of the final ADOS-2 score. While there is a lot of research on the ADOS-2, less is known about these E codes. This study looked at how the E codes might affect the final ADOS-2 scoring. Information came from 3364 in-person autism assessments (average age = 6.73 years) who were evaluated at an autism specialty clinic. For autistic children, ADOS-2 scores were higher (i.e. more autism-related behaviors) for those with overactivity and disruptive behavior, but lower for those with anxiety. For those without autism, there was no pattern. After accounting for the child’s age, sex, and language level, there were unique results for each E code, depending on whether the child received an autism diagnosis. This study is important as it is one of the first to evaluate the effects of each E code on ADOS-2 scores and could impact how scores are interpreted when considering an autism diagnosis. En ligne : https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/13623613251355231 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=570 [article] Associations between emotion and behavior codes and ADOS-2 scores in a sample of children referred for autism evaluation [texte imprimé] / Rebecca W. LIEB, Auteur ; Luther G. KALB, Auteur ; Rachel REETZKE, Auteur ; Natasha N. LUDWIG, Auteur ; Christina E LOVE, Auteur ; Rowena NG, Auteur ; Danielle WEXLER, Auteur ; Allison E. GORNIK, Auteur ; Calliope HOLINGUE, Auteur ; Ji Su HONG, Auteur . - p.2846-2857. Langues : Anglais (eng) in Autism > 29-11 (November 2025) . - p.2846-2857 Mots-clés : ADOS-2  assessment  autism  autism spectrum disorder  clinician ratings  E codes  emotional and behavioral problems Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : While the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule, Second Edition (ADOS-2) is considered a “reference standard” measure to observe symptoms of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), little is known about the utility of its Other Abnormal Behaviors or “E codes.” This study investigated the unique influence of each E code (overactivity, disruptive behavior, anxiety) on ADOS-2 scoring. Data from ADOS-2 administrations (Modules 1, 2, 3) were collected from 3364 children (mean age = 6.73 years) at an outpatient ASD clinic. For those with ASD, ADOS-2 Calibrated Severity Scores (CSS) were descriptively higher for those with overactivity and disruptive behavior, but lower for those with anxiety. For those without ASD, no patterns emerged when comparing means. After controlling for age, sex, and language level, multivariable linear models indicated the presence of overactivity was significantly associated with increased CSS for children with ASD compared to those without. No significant interaction was present for disruptive behavior. The presence of anxiety was significantly associated with increased Social Affect CSS only for those without ASD. All effect sizes were small. This is one of the first studies to evaluate the effect of each individual E code on ADOS-2 CSS. Unique differences emerged across diagnostic groups, suggesting implications for ADOS-2 interpretation.Lay Summary The Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule, Second Edition (ADOS-2) is a common assessment tool used during an autism evaluation. As part of the ADOS-2, the examiner rates “E codes,” which are levels of hyperactivity, disruptive behavior, and anxiety during testing. These codes are not part of the final ADOS-2 score. While there is a lot of research on the ADOS-2, less is known about these E codes. This study looked at how the E codes might affect the final ADOS-2 scoring. Information came from 3364 in-person autism assessments (average age = 6.73 years) who were evaluated at an autism specialty clinic. For autistic children, ADOS-2 scores were higher (i.e. more autism-related behaviors) for those with overactivity and disruptive behavior, but lower for those with anxiety. For those without autism, there was no pattern. After accounting for the child’s age, sex, and language level, there were unique results for each E code, depending on whether the child received an autism diagnosis. This study is important as it is one of the first to evaluate the effects of each E code on ADOS-2 scores and could impact how scores are interpreted when considering an autism diagnosis. En ligne : https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/13623613251355231 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=570

Brief Report: Sex Differences in Parental Concerns for Toddlers with Autism Risk / Riane K. RAMSEY in Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 48-12 (December 2018)  

Public ISBD [article]  inJournal of Autism and Developmental Disorders > 48-12 (December 2018) . - p.4063-4069 Titre : Brief Report: Sex Differences in Parental Concerns for Toddlers with Autism Risk Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Riane K. RAMSEY, Auteur ; Lashae NICHOLS, Auteur ; Natasha N. LUDWIG, Auteur ; Deborah A. FEIN, Auteur ; Lauren B. ADAMSON, Auteur ; Diana L. ROBINS, Auteur Article en page(s) : p.4063-4069 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Autism spectrum disorder  Early detection  Sex differences  Toddlers Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Research on sex differences in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) suggests both higher prevalence and a more easily observable presentation of core ASD symptomology in males, which may lead to sex differences in parental concerns. The current study examined whether sex and diagnosis relate to the timing, number, and types of pre-diagnosis concerns for 669 (Nmale = 468) toddlers who screened at risk for ASD. No sex differences in parents' concerns emerged for toddlers diagnosed with ASD; however, in the overall at-risk sample, parents of boys endorsed ASD symptoms, including restricted and repetitive behaviors, more than parents of girls. Future research should examine why sex differences in pre-diagnosis concerns emerge and how they might impact early diagnosis for at-risk boys versus girls. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10803-018-3583-0 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=371 [article] Brief Report: Sex Differences in Parental Concerns for Toddlers with Autism Risk [texte imprimé] / Riane K. RAMSEY, Auteur ; Lashae NICHOLS, Auteur ; Natasha N. LUDWIG, Auteur ; Deborah A. FEIN, Auteur ; Lauren B. ADAMSON, Auteur ; Diana L. ROBINS, Auteur . - p.4063-4069. Langues : Anglais (eng) in Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders > 48-12 (December 2018) . - p.4063-4069 Mots-clés : Autism spectrum disorder  Early detection  Sex differences  Toddlers Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Research on sex differences in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) suggests both higher prevalence and a more easily observable presentation of core ASD symptomology in males, which may lead to sex differences in parental concerns. The current study examined whether sex and diagnosis relate to the timing, number, and types of pre-diagnosis concerns for 669 (Nmale = 468) toddlers who screened at risk for ASD. No sex differences in parents' concerns emerged for toddlers diagnosed with ASD; however, in the overall at-risk sample, parents of boys endorsed ASD symptoms, including restricted and repetitive behaviors, more than parents of girls. Future research should examine why sex differences in pre-diagnosis concerns emerge and how they might impact early diagnosis for at-risk boys versus girls. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10803-018-3583-0 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=371

Cortical Vision Impairment (CVI)-informed assessment and treatment of challenging behavior in a child with SCN2A-related disorder / Benjamin R. THOMAS in Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders, 16 (2024)  

Public ISBD [article]  inJournal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders > 16 (2024) Titre : Cortical Vision Impairment (CVI)-informed assessment and treatment of challenging behavior in a child with SCN2A-related disorder Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Benjamin R. THOMAS, Auteur ; Natasha N. LUDWIG, Auteur ; Danielle PELLETIER, Auteur ; Melanie BAUER, Auteur ; Rebecca HOMMER, Auteur ; Constance SMITH-HICKS, Auteur ; Julia T. O'CONNOR, Auteur Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Child  Humans  Autism Spectrum Disorder/complications/genetics/therapy  Behavior Therapy/methods  Epilepsy/complications/genetics/therapy  Intellectual Disability/complications/genetics/therapy  NAV1.2 Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel/genetics  Problem Behavior  Vision Disorders/complications/genetics/therapy  Applied behavior analysis  Autism spectrum disorder  Cortical visual impairment  Functional behavior assessment  Functional vision assessment  Parent training  SCN2A-related disorder  this study were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional  review board and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or  comparable ethical standards. Informed consent was obtained for all individual  participants included in the report. Competing interests: The authors declare no  competing interests. Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : This report presents results of parent-implemented behavioral treatments for a child with cortical visual impairment (CVI), intellectual disability (ID), epilepsy, and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) associated with a pathogenic variant in the SCN2A gene (i.e., SCN2A-Related Disorder). Treatment evaluations were informed by combined results of functional behavior assessment (FBA) and functional vision assessment (FVA) which yielded CVI-related accommodations. The treatment of escape-maintained challenging behavior involved the evaluation of behavioral prompting strategies in accordance with CVI-related accommodations, extinction (EXT), and differential reinforcement modifications. The treatment for behavior problems maintained by access to food (tangible-edible) included functional communication training (FCT), EXT, and schedule thinning with schedule-correlated visual signals. Overall, integrating child-specific CVI-related accommodations was essential for developing effective behavioral interventions for this child. FVAs are accessible and practical for uptake by behavior analysts in vision-informed assessment and treatment of challenging behavior. En ligne : https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s11689-024-09580-7 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=576 [article] Cortical Vision Impairment (CVI)-informed assessment and treatment of challenging behavior in a child with SCN2A-related disorder [texte imprimé] / Benjamin R. THOMAS, Auteur ; Natasha N. LUDWIG, Auteur ; Danielle PELLETIER, Auteur ; Melanie BAUER, Auteur ; Rebecca HOMMER, Auteur ; Constance SMITH-HICKS, Auteur ; Julia T. O'CONNOR, Auteur. Langues : Anglais (eng) in Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders > 16 (2024) Mots-clés : Child  Humans  Autism Spectrum Disorder/complications/genetics/therapy  Behavior Therapy/methods  Epilepsy/complications/genetics/therapy  Intellectual Disability/complications/genetics/therapy  NAV1.2 Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel/genetics  Problem Behavior  Vision Disorders/complications/genetics/therapy  Applied behavior analysis  Autism spectrum disorder  Cortical visual impairment  Functional behavior assessment  Functional vision assessment  Parent training  SCN2A-related disorder  this study were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional  review board and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or  comparable ethical standards. Informed consent was obtained for all individual  participants included in the report. Competing interests: The authors declare no  competing interests. Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : This report presents results of parent-implemented behavioral treatments for a child with cortical visual impairment (CVI), intellectual disability (ID), epilepsy, and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) associated with a pathogenic variant in the SCN2A gene (i.e., SCN2A-Related Disorder). Treatment evaluations were informed by combined results of functional behavior assessment (FBA) and functional vision assessment (FVA) which yielded CVI-related accommodations. The treatment of escape-maintained challenging behavior involved the evaluation of behavioral prompting strategies in accordance with CVI-related accommodations, extinction (EXT), and differential reinforcement modifications. The treatment for behavior problems maintained by access to food (tangible-edible) included functional communication training (FCT), EXT, and schedule thinning with schedule-correlated visual signals. Overall, integrating child-specific CVI-related accommodations was essential for developing effective behavioral interventions for this child. FVAs are accessible and practical for uptake by behavior analysts in vision-informed assessment and treatment of challenging behavior. En ligne : https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s11689-024-09580-7 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=576

Delayed Milestones and Demographic Factors Relate to the Accuracy of Autism Screening in Females Using Spoken Language / Ashley KNIOLA in Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 56-2 (February 2026)  

Public ISBD [article]  inJournal of Autism and Developmental Disorders > 56-2 (February 2026) . - p.547-559 Titre : Delayed Milestones and Demographic Factors Relate to the Accuracy of Autism Screening in Females Using Spoken Language Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Ashley KNIOLA, Auteur ; Natasha N. LUDWIG, Auteur ; Vini SINGH, Auteur ; Catherine BRADLEY, Auteur ; Laura CARPENTER, Auteur ; Emily F. DILLON, Auteur ; Stephen KANNE, Auteur ; So Hyun KIM, Auteur ; Julia PARISH-MORRIS, Auteur ; LeeAnne Green SNYDER, Auteur ; Ericka L. WODKA, Auteur ; Spark Consortium THE, Auteur Article en page(s) : p.547-559 Langues : Anglais (eng) Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Examine how milestone development, demographics, and emotional/behavioral functioning predict autistic females meeting the cutoff on a commonly used Autism screening tool (Social Communication Questionnaire: SCQ). We hypothesized that autistic girls with fewer developmental delays, whose parents have lower education, or are Black or Multiracial would be less likely to meet the SCQ cutoff. Further, those with more symptoms of Withdrawal/Depression, Social Problems, Thought Problems, and Attention Problems on the (Child Behavioral Checklist: CBCL) would be more likely to screen positive. A subset of participants enrolled in a large national cohort (SPARK) were included (5,946 autistic females). A cutoff score on the SCQ of 11 was used to form groups: Meet (M: N = 5,186) and Not Meeting (NM: N = 760). Autistic girls who had delayed toileting and motor milestones and whose parents attained higher education were more likely to screen positive. Girls who scored within the clinical range on the CBCL Thought Problems and Attention Problems syndrome scales were more likely to screen positive. Race and reported symptoms on the Withdrawn/Depressed and Social Problems syndrome scales did not relate to screening status. Results further support the existing literature suggesting that autistic girls must present with more significant delays/symptoms to be screened and diagnosed with autism, which can could impact their access to early intervention services and future skill development. Future research should examine additional factors that specifically put females at a disadvantage for being accurately identified, particularly for those who are speaking and/or of average cognitive ability. En ligne : https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-024-06579-w Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=580 [article] Delayed Milestones and Demographic Factors Relate to the Accuracy of Autism Screening in Females Using Spoken Language [texte imprimé] / Ashley KNIOLA, Auteur ; Natasha N. LUDWIG, Auteur ; Vini SINGH, Auteur ; Catherine BRADLEY, Auteur ; Laura CARPENTER, Auteur ; Emily F. DILLON, Auteur ; Stephen KANNE, Auteur ; So Hyun KIM, Auteur ; Julia PARISH-MORRIS, Auteur ; LeeAnne Green SNYDER, Auteur ; Ericka L. WODKA, Auteur ; Spark Consortium THE, Auteur . - p.547-559. Langues : Anglais (eng) in Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders > 56-2 (February 2026) . - p.547-559 Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Examine how milestone development, demographics, and emotional/behavioral functioning predict autistic females meeting the cutoff on a commonly used Autism screening tool (Social Communication Questionnaire: SCQ). We hypothesized that autistic girls with fewer developmental delays, whose parents have lower education, or are Black or Multiracial would be less likely to meet the SCQ cutoff. Further, those with more symptoms of Withdrawal/Depression, Social Problems, Thought Problems, and Attention Problems on the (Child Behavioral Checklist: CBCL) would be more likely to screen positive. A subset of participants enrolled in a large national cohort (SPARK) were included (5,946 autistic females). A cutoff score on the SCQ of 11 was used to form groups: Meet (M: N = 5,186) and Not Meeting (NM: N = 760). Autistic girls who had delayed toileting and motor milestones and whose parents attained higher education were more likely to screen positive. Girls who scored within the clinical range on the CBCL Thought Problems and Attention Problems syndrome scales were more likely to screen positive. Race and reported symptoms on the Withdrawn/Depressed and Social Problems syndrome scales did not relate to screening status. Results further support the existing literature suggesting that autistic girls must present with more significant delays/symptoms to be screened and diagnosed with autism, which can could impact their access to early intervention services and future skill development. Future research should examine additional factors that specifically put females at a disadvantage for being accurately identified, particularly for those who are speaking and/or of average cognitive ability. En ligne : https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-024-06579-w Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=580

Prevalence of gastrointestinal symptoms among autistic individuals, with and without co-occurring intellectual disability / Calliope HOLINGUE in Autism Research, 16-8 (August 2023)  

Public ISBD [article]  inAutism Research > 16-8 (August 2023) . - p.1609-1618 Titre : Prevalence of gastrointestinal symptoms among autistic individuals, with and without co-occurring intellectual disability Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Calliope HOLINGUE, Auteur ; Danika PFEIFFER, Auteur ; Natasha N. LUDWIG, Auteur ; Rachel REETZKE, Auteur ; Ji Su HONG, Auteur ; Luther G. KALB, Auteur ; Rebecca LANDA, Auteur Article en page(s) : p.1609-1618 Langues : Anglais (eng) Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Abstract Gastrointestinal symptoms (GI) are very common among individuals on the autism spectrum. Prior research reports mixed findings regarding whether individuals with autism and co-occurring intellectual disability (ID) have elevated risk of gastrointestinal symptoms relative to individuals with autism alone. GI symptoms can be challenging to assess in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and/or ID given challenges with language, communication, and interoception. Prior research has tended to only include individuals with documented presence or absence of GI symptoms or conditions, that is, to exclude observations in which there is uncertainty regarding presence of GI symptoms. Therefore, none of the prior autism studies reported the association between ID and the certainty regarding presence or absence of GI symptoms. The objective of this study was to examine differences in parental certainty and odds of reporting gastrointestinal signs and symptoms among children on the autism spectrum, with and without intellectual disability. Participants were 308 children (36% ID) with a clinical diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder (6-17 years). Parents endorsed whether their child had experienced or displayed a range of signs or symptoms related to GI problems in the past 3 months. Parents of autistic children with ID were less certain about the presence of more subjective symptoms, including abdominal pain, nausea, and bloating. Conversely, certainty regarding more objective signs (e.g., constipation, diarrhea, spitting up, etc.) was not significantly different. More accurate measures for GI signs/symptoms are needed for this population. En ligne : https://doi.org/10.1002/aur.2972 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=510 [article] Prevalence of gastrointestinal symptoms among autistic individuals, with and without co-occurring intellectual disability [texte imprimé] / Calliope HOLINGUE, Auteur ; Danika PFEIFFER, Auteur ; Natasha N. LUDWIG, Auteur ; Rachel REETZKE, Auteur ; Ji Su HONG, Auteur ; Luther G. KALB, Auteur ; Rebecca LANDA, Auteur . - p.1609-1618. Langues : Anglais (eng) in Autism Research > 16-8 (August 2023) . - p.1609-1618 Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Abstract Gastrointestinal symptoms (GI) are very common among individuals on the autism spectrum. Prior research reports mixed findings regarding whether individuals with autism and co-occurring intellectual disability (ID) have elevated risk of gastrointestinal symptoms relative to individuals with autism alone. GI symptoms can be challenging to assess in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and/or ID given challenges with language, communication, and interoception. Prior research has tended to only include individuals with documented presence or absence of GI symptoms or conditions, that is, to exclude observations in which there is uncertainty regarding presence of GI symptoms. Therefore, none of the prior autism studies reported the association between ID and the certainty regarding presence or absence of GI symptoms. The objective of this study was to examine differences in parental certainty and odds of reporting gastrointestinal signs and symptoms among children on the autism spectrum, with and without intellectual disability. Participants were 308 children (36% ID) with a clinical diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder (6-17 years). Parents endorsed whether their child had experienced or displayed a range of signs or symptoms related to GI problems in the past 3 months. Parents of autistic children with ID were less certain about the presence of more subjective symptoms, including abdominal pain, nausea, and bloating. Conversely, certainty regarding more objective signs (e.g., constipation, diarrhea, spitting up, etc.) was not significantly different. More accurate measures for GI signs/symptoms are needed for this population. En ligne : https://doi.org/10.1002/aur.2972 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=510

Replication study for ADOS-2 cut-offs to assist evaluation of autism spectrum disorder / Ji Su HONG in Autism Research, 15-11 (November 2022)  

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Sex differences in early autism screening using the Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers, Revised, with Follow-Up (M-CHAT-R/F) / Sherief Y ELDEEB in Autism, 27-7 (October 2023)  

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