1. {{Abstracts of the 6th Biennial Conference of the Australasian Academy of Cerebral Palsy & Developmental Medicine. May 30-June 2, 2012. Brisbane, Australia}}. {Dev Med Child Neurol};2012 (Jun);54 Suppl 5:1-95.
2. Abdullah MM, Ly AR, Goldberg WA, Clarke-Stewart KA, Dudgeon JV, Mull CG, Chan TJ, Kent EE, Mason AZ, Ericson JE. {{Heavy Metal in Children’s Tooth Enamel: Related to Autism and Disruptive Behaviors?}}. {J Autism Dev Disord};2012 (Jun);42(6):929-936.
To examine possible links between neurotoxicant exposure and neuropsychological disorders and child behavior, relative concentrations of lead, mercury, and manganese were examined in prenatal and postnatal enamel regions of deciduous teeth from children with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASDs), high levels of disruptive behavior (HDB), and typically developing (TD) children. Using laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, we found no significant differences in levels of these neurotoxicants for children with ASDs compared with TD children, but there was marginal significance indicating that children with ASDs have lower manganese levels. No significant differences emerged between children with HDB and TD children. The current findings challenge the notion that perinatal heavy metal exposure is a major contributor to the development of ASDs and HDB.
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3. Adams NC, Jarrold C. {{Inhibition in Autism: Children with Autism have Difficulty Inhibiting Irrelevant Distractors but not Prepotent Responses}}. {J Autism Dev Disord};2012 (Jun);42(6):1052-1063.
Resistance to distractor inhibition tasks have previously revealed impairments in children with autism. However, on the classic Stroop task and other prepotent response tasks, children with autism show intact inhibition. These data may reflect a distinction between prepotent response and resistance to distractor inhibition. The current study investigated this possibility using tasks that systematically manipulated inhibitory load. Findings showed that children with autism performed comparably to typically developing and learning disabled controls on a prepotent response inhibition stop-signal task but showed significant inhibitory impairment on a modified flanker resistence to distractor inhibition task. Although the results are clearly consistent with the suggestion that autism is associated with a specific deficit in resistance to distractor inhibition, they may in fact be related to an increased perceptual capacity in autism.
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4. Alcantara JI, Cope TE, Cope W, Weisblatt EJ. {{Auditory temporal-envelope processing in high-functioning children with Autism Spectrum Disorder}}. {Neuropsychologia};2012 (Jun);50(7):1235-1251.
Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) perform worse than controls when listening to speech in a temporally modulated noise (Alcantara, Weisblatt, Moore, & Bolton, 2004; Groen et al., 2009). The current study examined whether this is due to poor auditory temporal-envelope processing. Temporal modulation transfer functions were measured in 6 high-functioning children with ASD and 6 control listeners, using sinusoidal amplitude modulation of a broadband noise. Modulation-depth thresholds at low modulation rates were significantly higher for the ASD group than for the Control group, and generally higher at all modulation rates tested. Low-pass filter model estimates of temporal-envelope resolution and temporal-processing efficiency showed significant differences between the groups for modulation-depth threshold values at low modulation rates. Intensity increment-detection thresholds, measured on a subset of individuals in the ASD and Control groups, were not significantly different. The results are consistent with ASD individuals having reduced processing efficiency of temporal modulations. Possible neural mechanisms that might underlie these findings are discussed.
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5. Bar-Nur O, Caspi I, Benvenisty N. {{Molecular analysis of FMR1 reactivation in fragile-X induced pluripotent stem cells and their neuronal derivatives}}. {J Mol Cell Biol};2012 (Jun);4(3):180-183.
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6. Barton EE, Lawrence K, Deurloo F. {{Individualizing interventions for young children with autism in preschool}}. {J Autism Dev Disord};2012 (Jun);42(6):1205-1217.
Increasing numbers of children with autism receive education services in settings with their typically developing peers. In response to this shift in the location of services, there is a growing body of research identifying evidence-based practices for young children with autism in inclusive early childhood classrooms. The purpose of this paper is to organize and translate this research for application by early childhood practitioners in inclusive settings.
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7. Barton ML, Dumont-Mathieu T, Fein D. {{Screening young children for autism spectrum disorders in primary practice}}. {J Autism Dev Disord};2012 (Jun);42(6):1165-1174.
The increasing prevalence of autism spectrum disorders as well as emerging evidence of the efficacy of early intervention has focused attention on the need for early identification of young children suspected of having an ASSD. Several studies have suggested that while parents report concerns early in development, it may be months before children can be evaluated and services provided, and these delays may be even more marked in under-served populations. The American Academy of Pediatrics recently recommended universal screening for autism spectrum disorders at the 18- and 24-month well-child pediatric visit. The authors review several early screening tools currently in use and offer recommendations for integrating autism specific screening into primary care practice.
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8. Bent S, Bertoglio K, Ashwood P, Nemeth E, Hendren RL. {{Brief Report: Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy (HBOT) in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Clinical Trial}}. {J Autism Dev Disord};2012 (Jun);42(6):1127-1132.
We sought to determine whether HBOT leads to parental reported behavioral changes and alterations in cytokines in children with ASD. Ten children completed 80 sessions of HBOT and all improved by 2 points on the clinician-rated CGI-I scale (much improved) as well as several parent-completed measures of behavior. The lack of a control group limits the ability to determine if improvements were related to HBOT. Enrolled children did not exhibit abnormal cytokine levels at baseline and no significant changes in mean cytokine levels were observed. Although this study was limited by the small sample size and by the variable nature of cytokines, we found no evidence that HBOT affects cytokine levels or that cytokine levels were associated with behavioral changes.
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9. Berman RF, Murray KD, Arque G, Hunsaker MR, Wenzel HJ. {{Abnormal dendrite and spine morphology in primary visual cortex in the CGG knock-in mouse model of the fragile X premutation}}. {Epilepsia};2012 (Jun);53 Suppl 1:150-160.
The fragile X mental retardation 1 gene (Fmr1) is polymorphic for CGG trinucleotide repeat number in the 5′-untranslated region, with repeat lengths <45 associated with typical development and repeat lengths >200 resulting in hypermethylation and transcriptional silencing of the gene and mental retardation in the fragile X Syndrome (FXS). Individuals with CGG repeat expansions between 55 and 200 are carriers of the fragile X premutation (PM). PM carriers show a phenotype that can include anxiety, depression, social phobia, and memory deficits. They are also at risk for developing fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS), a late onset neurodegenerative disorder characterized by tremor, ataxia, cognitive impairment, and neuropathologic features including intranuclear inclusions in neurons and astrocytes, loss of Purkinje cells, and white matter disease. However, very little is known about dendritic morphology in PM or in FXTAS. Therefore, we carried out a Golgi study of dendritic complexity and dendritic spine morphology in layer II/III pyramidal neurons in primary visual cortex in a knock-in (KI) mouse model of the PM. These CGG KI mice carry an expanded CGG trinucleotide repeat on Fmr1, and model many features of the PM and FXTAS. Compared to wild-type (WT) mice, CGG KI mice showed fewer dendritic branches proximal to the soma, reduced total dendritic length, and a higher frequency of longer dendritic spines. The distribution of morphologic spine types (e.g., stubby, mushroom, filopodial) did not differ between WT and KI mice. These findings demonstrate that synaptic circuitry is abnormal in visual cortex of mice used to model the PM, and suggest that such changes may underlie neurologic features found in individuals carrying the PM as well as in individuals with FXTAS.
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10. Boyd BA, McDonough SG, Bodfish JW. {{Evidence-based behavioral interventions for repetitive behaviors in autism}}. {J Autism Dev Disord};2012 (Jun);42(6):1236-1248.
Restricted and repetitive behaviors (RRBs) are a core symptom of autism spectrum disorders (ASD). There has been an increased research emphasis on repetitive behaviors; however, this research primarily has focused on phenomenology and mechanisms. Thus, the knowledge base on interventions is lagging behind other areas of research. The literature suggests there are evidence-based practices to treat « lower order » RRBs in ASD (e.g., stereotypies); yet, there is a lack of a focused program of intervention research for « higher order » behaviors (e.g., insistence on sameness). This paper will (a) discuss barriers to intervention development for RRBs; (b) review evidence-based interventions to treat RRBs in ASD, with a focus on higher order behaviors; and (c) conclude with recommendations for practice and research.
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11. Brasic JR, Bibat G, Kumar A, Zhou Y, Hilton J, Yablonski ME, Dogan AS, Guevara MR, Stephane M, Johnston M, Wong DF, Naidu S. {{Correlation of the vesicular acetylcholine transporter densities in the striata to the clinical abilities of women with Rett syndrome}}. {Synapse};2012 (Jun);66(6):471-482.
Rett syndrome (RTT) is a neurodevelopmental disability characterized by mutations in the X-linked methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 located at the Xq28 region. The severity is modified in part by X chromosomal inactivation resulting in wide clinical variability. We hypothesized that the ability to perform the activities of daily living (ADL) is correlated with the density of vesicular acetylcholine transporters in the striata of women with RTT. The density of the vesicular acetylcholine transporters in the living human brain can be estimated by single-photon emission-computed tomography (SPECT) after the administration of (-)-5-[(1)(2)(3)I]iodobenzovesamicol ([(1)(2)(3)I]IBVM). Twenty-four hours following the intravenous injection of approximately 333 MBq (9 mCi) [(1)(2)(3) I]IBVM, four women with RTT and nine healthy adult volunteer control participants underwent SPECT brain scans for 60 min. The Vesicular Acetylcholine Transporter Binding Site Index (Kuhl et al., 1994), a measurement of the density of vesicular acetylcholine transporters, was estimated in the striatum and the reference structure, the cerebellum. The women with RTT were assessed for certain ADL. Although the striatal Vesicular Acetylcholine Transporter Binding Site Index was not significantly lower in RTT (5.2 +/- 0.9) than in healthy adults (5.7 +/- 1.6), RTT striatal Vesicular Acetylcholine Transporter Binding Site Indices and ADL scores were linearly associated (ADL = 0.89*(Vesicular Acetylcholine Transporter Binding Site Index) + 4.5; R(2) = 0.93; P < 0.01), suggesting a correlation between the ability to perform ADL and the density of vesicular acetylcholine transporters in the striata of women with RTT. [(1)(2)(3)I]IBVM is a promising tool to characterize the pathophysiological mechanisms of RTT and other neurodevelopmental disabilities.
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12. Casanova JR, Nishimura M, Owens JW, Swann JW. {{Impact of seizures on developing dendrites: Implications for intellectual developmental disabilities}}. {Epilepsia};2012 (Jun);53 Suppl 1:116-124.
Childhood epilepsy can be severe and even catastrophic. In these instances, cognition can be impaired-leading to long-term intellectual disabilities. One factor that could potentially cause cognitive deficits is the frequent seizures that characterize intractable epilepsy. However, it has been difficult to separate the effects seizures may have from those of preexisting neuropathologies and/or the effects of ongoing anticonvulsant therapies. Therefore, important questions are: Do early life seizures produce the learning deficits? And if they do, how do they do it? Results from recent animal models studies reviewed here show that recurrent seizures in infancy stop the growth of CA1 hippocampal dendrites. We speculate that the molecular mechanisms responsible for seizure-induced growth suppression are homeostatic/neuroprotective, used by the developing nervous system in an attempt to limit neuronal and network excitability and prevent the continued generation of seizures. However, by preventing the normal growth of dendrites, there is a reduction in CA1 glutamatergic synapses that supports long-lasting forms of synaptic plasticity thought to be the cellular basis of learning and memory. Therefore, dendrite growth suppression would reduce the neuroanatomic substrates for learning and memory, and in so doing could contribute in important ways to spatial learning and memory deficits that may be relevant to the cognitive deficits associated with childhood epilepsy.
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13. Cheslack-Postava K, Jordan-Young RM. {{Autism spectrum disorders: Toward a gendered embodiment model}}. {Soc Sci Med};2012 (Jun);74(11):1667-1674.
One of the most consistent observations in the epidemiology of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) is the preponderance of male cases. A few hypotheses have been put forth which attempt to explain this divergence in terms of sex-linked biology, with limited success. Feminist epidemiologists suggest the importance of investigating specific mechanisms for male-female differences in health outcomes, which may include sex-linked biology and/or gender relations, as well as complex biosocial interactions. Neither domain has been systematically investigated for autism, and the possible role of gender has been particularly neglected. In this article, we posit hypotheses about how social processes based on perception of persons as male or female, particularly patterns of social and physical interaction in early development, may affect the observed occurrence and diagnosis of ASD. We gesture toward an embodiment model, incorporating hypotheses about initial biological vulnerabilities to autism – which may or may not be differentially distributed in relation to sex biology – and their interactions with gender relations, which are demonstrably different for male and female infants. Toward building such a model, we first review the epidemiology of ASD with an eye toward male-female differences, then present a theory of gender as a « pervasive developmental environment » with relevance for the excess burden of autism among males. Finally, we suggest research strategies to further investigate this issue.
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14. Cook JL, Bird G. {{Atypical social modulation of imitation in autism spectrum conditions}}. {J Autism Dev Disord};2012 (Jun);42(6):1045-1051.
Appropriate modulation of imitation according to social context is important for successful social interaction. In the present study we subliminally primed high-functioning adults with ASC and age- and IQ-matched controls with either a pro- or non- social attitude. Following priming, an automatic imitation paradigm was used to acquire an index of imitation. Whereas imitation levels were higher for pro-socially primed relative to non-socially primed control participants, there was no difference between pro- and non- socially primed individuals with ASC. We conclude that high-functioning adults with ASC demonstrate atypical social modulation of imitation. Given the importance of imitation in social interaction we speculate that difficulties with the modulation of imitation may contribute to the social problems characteristic of ASC.
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15. Delmolino L, Harris SL. {{Matching children on the autism spectrum to classrooms: a guide for parents and professionals}}. {J Autism Dev Disord};2012 (Jun);42(6):1197-1204.
Meeting the needs of a learner with an autism spectrum disorder requires specialized expertise. Assessing the extent to which a potential program or classroom meets a child’s needs is a source of serious challenge for parents and professionals alike. Indeed, identifying, prioritizing and agreeing upon the child’s needs are complex questions for which there are no clear and straightforward answers. The process of establishing a match between a student and a placement must explore several primary dimensions: child, setting, and instructor variables, treatment philosophy and strategies, assessment and evaluation, and family needs and involvement. Additionally, there is a great deal of complexity considering how to interpret, integrate and apply empirical research findings and prominent professional opinions to develop sound and practical solutions. Discussion and agreement about the importance of each of these factors and how they apply in a specific situation forms the foundation of an interactive dialogue between service providers and families to create a « best fit » between student and program.
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16. Dillenburger K. {{Why reinvent the wheel? A behaviour analyst’s reflections on pedagogy for inclusion for students with intellectual and developmental disability}}. {J Intellect Dev Disabil};2012 (Jun);37(2):169-180.
Abstract The number of children identified as having intellectual or developmental disability is rising worldwide and their education has been found wanting. It has been said that « they simply need better teaching. » At the same time, there is an increasing evidence base that pedagogy that is based on the discipline of behaviour analysis offers the best prospect for individuals diagnosed with autism spectrum disorders. On the basis of this evidence, it is proposed that behaviour analysis should be applied more broadly to improve teaching for all children with intellectual or developmental disability.
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17. Dundas EM, Best CA, Minshew NJ, Strauss MS. {{A lack of left visual field bias when individuals with autism process faces}}. {J Autism Dev Disord};2012 (Jun);42(6):1104-1111.
It has been established that typically developing individuals have a bias to attend to facial information in the left visual field (LVF) more than in the right visual field. This bias is thought to arise from the right hemisphere’s advantage for processing facial information, with evidence suggesting it to be driven by the configural demands of face processing. Considering research showing that individuals with autism have impaired face processing abilities, with marked deficits in configural processing, it was hypothesized that they would not demonstrate a LVF bias for faces. Eye-tracking technology was used to show that individuals with autism were not spontaneously biased to facial information in the LVF, in contrast to a control group, while discriminating facial gender.
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18. Dunst CJ, Hamby DW. {{Guide for calculating and interpreting effect sizes and confidence intervals in intellectual and developmental disability research studies}}. {J Intellect Dev Disabil};2012 (Jun);37(2):89-99.
Abstract This paper includes a nontechnical description of methods for calculating effect sizes in intellectual and developmental disability studies. Different hypothetical studies are used to illustrate how null hypothesis significance testing (NHST) and effect size findings can result in quite different outcomes and therefore conflicting results. Whereas NHST uses probability levels (e.g., p < .05) to evaluate the results of studies, effect size analyses focus on the magnitude of differences between groups or contrasting conditions and the strength of the relationship among variables of interest to report and interpret study results. Two families of effect sizes are described (mean difference, correlation coefficients) that are likely to be applicable to most intellectual and developmental disability studies. Sources of information on effect size calculators are included to provide researchers ready-available data analysis procedures for computing effect sizes and confidence intervals for different types of research designs and studies.
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19. Early MC, Erickson CA, Wink LK, McDougle CJ, Scott EL. {{Case report: 16-year-old male with autistic disorder with preoccupation with female feet}}. {J Autism Dev Disord};2012 (Jun);42(6):1133-1137.
This paper highlights clinical challenges faced when diagnosing and then treating an individual presenting to a child and adolescent psychiatry clinic because of unwelcome comments he made to female peers about their feet. Novel use of exposure therapy helped him effectively decrease his comments from 1 to 2 times per month to once every 6 months. Conceptualizing this case as the individual’s failed attempts toward relationships with females instead of sexual harassment led to diminution of problematic behavior. Implications for diagnosis and treatment of individuals with Autistic Disorder displaying problematic behaviors are presented.
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20. Erickson LC, Scott-Van Zeeland AA, Hamilton G, Lincoln A, Golomb BA. {{Brief Report: Approaches to (31)P-MRS in Awake, Non-Sedated Children with and without Autism Spectrum Disorder}}. {J Autism Dev Disord};2012 (Jun);42(6):1120-1126.
We piloted a suite of approaches aimed to facilitate a successful series of up to four brain and muscle (31)Phosphorus-Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ((31)P-MRS) scans performed in one session in 12 awake, non-sedated subjects (ages 6-18), 6 with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and 6 controls. We targeted advanced preparation, parental input, physical comfort, short scan protocols, allocation of extra time, and subject emotional support. 100% of subjects completed at least one brain scan and one leg muscle scan: 42 of 46 attempted scans were completed (91%), with failures dominated by exercise muscle scans (completed in 6/6 controls but 3/6 cases). One completed scan lacked usable data unrelated to subject/scan procedure (orthodonture affected a frontal brain scan). As a group, these methods provide a foundation for conduct and enhancement of future MR studies in pediatric subjects with ASD.
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21. Essa MM, Guillemin GJ, Waly MI, Al-Sharbati MM, Al-Farsi YM, Hakkim FL, Ali A, Al-Shafaee MS. {{Increased markers of oxidative stress in autistic children of the sultanate of oman}}. {Biol Trace Elem Res};2012 (Jun);147(1-3):25-27.
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder of early childhood, and an enumeration about its etiology and consequences is still limited. Oxidative stress-induced mechanisms are believed to be the major cause for ASD. In this study 19 autistic and 19 age-matched normal Omani children were recruited to analyze their degree of redox status and a prewritten consent was obtained. Blood was withdrawn from subjects in heparin-coated tube, and plasma was separated. Plasma oxidative stress indicators such as nitric oxide (NO), malondialdehyde (MDA), protein carbonyl, and lactate to pyruvate ratio were quantified using commercially available kits. A significant elevation was observed in the levels of NO, MDA, protein carbonyl, and lactate to pyruvate ratio in the plasma of Omani autistic children as compared to their age-matched controls. These oxidative stress markers are strongly associated with major cellular injury and manifest severe mitochondrial dysfunction in autistic pathology. Our results also suggest that oxidative stress might be involved in the pathogenesis of ASD, and these parameters could be considered as diagnostic markers to ensure the prevalence of ASD in Omani children. However, the oxidative stress-induced molecular mechanisms in ASD should be studied in detail.
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22. Farmer C, Lecavalier L, Yu S, Eugene Arnold L, McDougle CJ, Scahill L, Handen B, Johnson CR, Stigler KA, Bearss K, Swiezy NB, Aman MG. {{Predictors and moderators of parent training efficacy in a sample of children with autism spectrum disorders and serious behavioral problems}}. {J Autism Dev Disord};2012 (Jun);42(6):1037-1044.
The Research Units on Pediatric Psychopharmacology-Autism Network reported additional benefit when adding parent training (PT) to antipsychotic medication in children with autism spectrum disorders and serious behavior problems. The intent-to-treat analyses were rerun with putative predictors and moderators. The Home Situations Questionnaire (HSQ) and the Hyperactivity/Noncompliance subscale of the Aberrant Behavior Checklist were used as outcome measures. Candidate predictors and moderators included 21 demographics and baseline measures of behavior. Higher baseline HSQ scores predicted greater improvement on the HSQ regardless of treatment assignment, but no other predictors of outcome were observed. None of the variables measured in this study moderated response to PT. Antipsychotic medication plus PT appears to be equally effective for children with a wide range of demographic and behavioral characteristics.
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23. Gantman A, Kapp SK, Orenski K, Laugeson EA. {{Social skills training for young adults with high-functioning autism spectrum disorders: a randomized controlled pilot study}}. {J Autism Dev Disord};2012 (Jun);42(6):1094-1103.
Despite the psychosocial difficulties common among young adults with autism spectrum disorders (ASD), little to no evidence-based social skills interventions exist for this population. Using a randomized controlled trial (RCT) design, the current study tested the effectiveness of an evidence-based, caregiver-assisted social skills intervention known as PEERS for Young Adults with high-functioning young adults with ASD (ages 18-23) using self- and caregiver-report measures. Results revealed that treated young adults reported significantly less loneliness and improved social skills knowledge, while caregivers reported significant improvements in young adults’ overall social skills, social responsiveness, empathy, and frequency of get-togethers. Results support the effectiveness of using this caregiver-assisted, manualized intervention for young adults with ASD.
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24. Giesbers S, Didden R, Radstaake M, Korzilius H, von Gontard A, Lang R, Smeets E, Curfs LM. {{Incontinence in Individuals with Rett Syndrome: A Comparative Study}}. {J Dev Phys Disabil};2012 (Jun);24(3):287-300.
Frequency and type of incontinence and its association with other variables were assessed in females with Rett Syndrome (RS) (n = 63), using an adapted Dutch version of the ‘Parental Questionnaire: Enuresis/Urinary Incontinence’ (Beetz et al. 1994). Also, incontinence in RS was compared to a control group consisting of females with non-specific (mixed) intellectual disability (n = 26). Urinary incontinence (UI) (i.e., daytime incontinence and nocturnal enuresis) and faecal incontinence (FI) were found to be common problems among females with RS that occur in a high frequency of days/nights. UI and FI were mostly primary in nature and occur independent of participants’ age and level of adaptive functioning. Solid stool, lower urinary tract symptoms and urinary tract infections (UTI’s) were also common problems in females with RS. No differences in incontinence between RS and the control group were found, except for solid stool that was more common in RS than in the control group. It is concluded that incontinence is not part of the behavioural phenotype of RS, but that there is an increased risk for solid stool in females with RS.
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25. Golnik A, Scal P, Wey A, Gaillard P. {{Autism-specific primary care medical home intervention}}. {J Autism Dev Disord};2012 (Jun);42(6):1087-1093.
Forty-six subjects received primary medical care within an autism-specific medical home intervention ( www.autismmedicalhome.com ) and 157 controls received standard primary medical care. Subjects and controls had autism spectrum disorder diagnoses. Thirty-four subjects (74%) and 62 controls (40%) completed pre and post surveys. Controlling for pre-survey medical home status, subjects had 250% greater odds of receipt of a medical home at the study end compared to controls (p = 0.021). Compared to controls, subjects receiving the intervention reported significantly more satisfaction (p = 0.0004), greater shared decision making (p = 0.0005) and fewer unmet needs (p = 0.067). However, subjects reported no change in family stress (p = 0.204).
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26. Gong L, Yan Y, Xie J, Liu H, Sun X. {{Prediction of autism susceptibility genes based on association rules}}. {J Neurosci Res};2012 (Jun);90(6):1119-1125.
Autism is a complex neuropsychiatric disorder with high heritability and an unclear etiology. The identification of key genes related to autism may elucidate its etiology. The current study provides an approach to predicting autism susceptibility genes. Genes are first extracted from the biomedical literature, and some autism susceptibility genes are then recognized as seeds by the prior knowledge. As candidates, the remaining genes are predicted by creating association rules between the seeds and candidates. In an evaluated data set, 27 autism susceptibility genes (type « Y ») are extracted and 43 possible autism susceptibility genes (type « P ») are predicted. The sum of « Y » and « P » genes accounts for 93.3% of the data set that are not contained in the typical database of autism susceptibility genes. Our approach can effectively extract and predict autism susceptibility genes from the biomedical literature. These predicted results complement the typical database of autism susceptibility genes. The web portal for the predicted results, which is freely available at http://biolab.hyit.edu.cn/ar, can be a valuable resource in studies of diseases related to genes.
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27. Gor RA, Fuhrer J, Schober JM. {{A retrospective observational study of enuresis, daytime voiding symptoms, and response to medical therapy in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorder}}. {J Pediatr Urol};2012 (Jun);8(3):314-317.
INTRODUCTION: Children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) show an increased prevalence of enuresis and other daytime voiding symptoms (DVS). There is also some evidence toward an increased prevalence of enuresis among children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), but with no data available with respect to DVS or response to medical treatment. The aim of this study was to assess enuresis and DVS, along with treatment outcomes, in children with ASD, to aid urological management. METHODS: A retrospective observational study on the incidence of enuresis and other DVS in 671 children with/without ADHD/ASD was performed. Symptomatic improvement >/=50% was required to be considered positive. Complete resolution of symptoms for 3 months after cessation of treatment was considered cure. RESULTS: Symptomatic improvement with desmopressin or anticholinergic treatment was seen in 76% of patients without ADHD/ASD, 85% of patients with ADHD, and 100% of patients with ASD. Cure was seen in 61% of patients without ADHD/ASD, 48% of patients with ADHD, and 50% patients with ASD. Mean time to cure was 9 months in those without ADHD/ASD (N = 319), 10 months in those with ADHD (N = 62), and 8 months in those with ASD (N = 10) (P = 0.69). CONCLUSION: Despite the small sample size of patients with ASD, our data show a favorable trend toward efficacy of desmopressin and anticholinergic therapy in these children with enuresis and DVS.
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28. Green SA, Ben-Sasson A, Soto TW, Carter AS. {{Anxiety and sensory over-responsivity in toddlers with autism spectrum disorders: bidirectional effects across time}}. {J Autism Dev Disord};2012 (Jun);42(6):1112-1119.
This report focuses on the emergence of and bidirectional effects between anxiety and sensory over-responsivity (SOR) in toddlers with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Participants were 149 toddlers with ASD and their mothers, assessed at 2 annual time points. A cross-lag analysis showed that anxiety symptoms increased over time while SOR remained relatively stable. SOR positively predicted changes in anxiety over and above child age, autism symptom severity, NVDQ, and maternal anxiety, but anxiety did not predict changes in SOR. Results suggest that SOR emerges earlier than anxiety, and predicts later development of anxiety.
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29. Greffou S, Bertone A, Hahler EM, Hanssens JM, Mottron L, Faubert J. {{Postural Hypo-Reactivity in Autism is Contingent on Development and Visual Environment: A Fully Immersive Virtual Reality Study}}. {J Autism Dev Disord};2012 (Jun);42(6):961-970.
Although atypical motor behaviors have been associated with autism, investigations regarding their possible origins are scarce. This study assessed the visual and vestibular components involved in atypical postural reactivity in autism. Postural reactivity and stability were measured for younger (12-15 years) and older (16-33 years) autistic participants in response to a virtual tunnel oscillating at different frequencies. At the highest oscillation frequency, younger autistic participants showed significantly less instability compared to younger typically-developing participants; no such group differences were evidenced for older participants. Additionally, no significant differences in postural behavior were found between all 4 groups when presented with static or without visual information. Results confirm that postural hypo-reactivity to visual information is present in autism, but is contingent on both visual environment and development.
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30. Grist RM, Field AP. {{The mediating effect of cognitive development on children’s worry elaboration}}. {J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry};2012 (Jun);43(2):801-807.
The present study investigated how developmentally determined cognitive mechanisms, holding theoretical links to the worry process, mediate the relationship between Age and Worry Elaboration in children. Sixty-four children aged 3-7 (M = 5.58, SD = 1.28) were presented with a Conservation of Liquid task assessing their Cognitive Development (specifically Concrete Operational Skills), a false-belief task to measure possession of Belief-Desire Theory of Mind, and a task measuring the ability to acknowledge multiple possibilities. The ability to elaborate on potential negative outcomes was assessed using a Worry Elaboration task. Mediation analysis revealed that all three variables significantly mediated the relationship between Age and Worry Elaboration. A multiple mediation model is presented in which Concrete Operational Skills, Belief-Desire Theory of Mind and Multiple Possibilities understanding mediate the relationship between Age and Worry Elaboration.
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31. Hahn JE. {{Minimizing Health Risks Among Older Adults With Intellectual and/or Developmental Disabilities: Clinical Considerations to Promote Quality of Life}}. {J Gerontol Nurs};2012 (Jun);38(6):11-17.
The number of individuals aging with lifelong intellectual and/or developmental disabilities (I/DD) is increasing and is expected to double by 2030. People with I/DD have faced a number of health disparities, including health care professionals unprepared to meet their health needs. This article will review age- and health-related clinical considerations among individuals aging with I/DD. The aim is to provide nurses with suggested interventions that promote health, prevent secondary conditions, and foster person-centered care among individuals aging with I/DD to help them live healthy and meaningful lives in their later years.
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32. Hamlin AA, Sukharev D, Campos L, Mu Y, Tassone F, Hessl D, Nguyen DV, Loesch D, Hagerman RJ. {{Hypertension in FMR1 premutation males with and without fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS)}}. {Am J Med Genet A};2012 (Jun);158A(6):1304-1309.
Fragile X-associated tremor ataxia syndrome (FXTAS) is a late onset neurodegenerative disease that affects carriers of the fragile X premutation. This study seeks to assess hypertension risk and susceptibility in male premutation carriers with FXTAS. Although many symptoms and diagnostic criteria have been identified, hypertension risk has not been examined in this population. Data from 92 premutation carriers without FXTAS, 100 premutation carriers with FXTAS, and 186 controls was collected via patient medical interview. Age-adjusted logistic regression analysis was used to examine the relative odds of hypertension. We observed a significantly elevated odds ratio (OR) of hypertension relative to controls for premutation carriers with FXTAS (OR = 3.22, 95% CI: 1.72-6.04; P = 0.0003) among participants over 40-year old. The age-adjusted estimated odds of hypertension in premutation carriers without FXTAS in the over 40-year-old age group was higher compared to controls (OR = 1.61, 95% CI: 0.82-3.16), but was not statistically significant (P = 0.164). Chronic hypertension contributes to cardiovascular complications, dementia, and increased risk of stroke. Our results indicate that the risk of hypertension is significantly elevated in male premutation carriers with FXTAS compared with carriers without FXTAS and controls. Thus, evaluation of hypertension in patients diagnosed with FXTAS should be a routine part of the treatment monitoring and intervention for this disease. (c) 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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33. Hardan AY, Fung LK, Libove RA, Obukhanych TV, Nair S, Herzenberg LA, Frazier TW, Tirouvanziam R. {{A randomized controlled pilot trial of oral N-acetylcysteine in children with autism}}. {Biol Psychiatry};2012 (Jun 1);71(11):956-961.
BACKGROUND: An imbalance in the excitatory/inhibitory systems with abnormalities in the glutamatergic pathways has been implicated in the pathophysiology of autism. Furthermore, chronic redox imbalance was also recently linked to this disorder. The goal of this pilot study was to assess the feasibility of using oral N-acetylcysteine (NAC), a glutamatergic modulator and an antioxidant, in the treatment of behavioral disturbance in children with autism. METHODS: This was a 12-week, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study of NAC in children with autistic disorder. Subjects randomized to NAC were initiated at 900 mg daily for 4 weeks, then 900 mg twice daily for 4 weeks and 900 mg three times daily for 4 weeks. The primary behavioral measure (Aberrant Behavior Checklist [ABC] irritability subscale) and safety measures were performed at baseline and 4, 8, and 12 weeks. Secondary measures included the ABC stereotypy subscale, Repetitive Behavior Scale-Revised, and Social Responsiveness Scale. RESULTS: Thirty-three subjects (31 male subjects, 2 female subjects; aged 3.2-10.7 years) were randomized in the study. Follow-up data was available on 14 subjects in the NAC group and 15 in the placebo group. Oral NAC was well tolerated with limited side effects. Compared with placebo, NAC resulted in significant improvements on ABC irritability subscale (F = 6.80; p < .001; d = .96). CONCLUSIONS: Data from this pilot investigation support the potential usefulness of NAC for treating irritability in children with autistic disorder. Large randomized controlled investigations are warranted.
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34. Harrison C. {{Neurodevelopmental disorders: Glutamate blockers show benefit in models of autism spectrum disorders}}. {Nat Rev Drug Discov};2012;11(6):440-441.
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35. Hocking DR, Kogan CS, Cornish KM. {{Selective spatial processing deficits in an at-risk subgroup of the fragile X premutation}}. {Brain Cogn};2012 (Jun);79(1):39-44.
Until a decade ago, it was assumed that males with the fragile X premutation were unaffected by any cognitive phenotype. Here we examined the extent to which CGG repeat toxicity extends to visuospatial functioning in male fragile X premutation carriers who are asymptomatic for a late-onset neurodegenerative disorder, fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS). Thirty-three premutation males aged 20-68 years [divided into two groups: 16 low-repeat carriers (CGG >/= 55 </= 100) and 17 high-repeat carriers (CGG>100)] with a family history of fragile X syndrome and 62 non-affected adult males with normal FMR1 alleles were recruited. Subjects underwent neuropsychological tests of visuospatial and visual working memory functioning and visuoperceptual processing. On measures of visuospatial processing, the high-repeat carriers performed significantly worse than the normal allele group when age and IQ were covaried out. With increasing age and only in carriers of a larger (>100 repeats) premutation allele was there a greater decrement in visuospatial working memory functioning. Performance on spatial and perceptual judgement tasks failed to show similar specificity in males within the upper premutation range. We conclude that identification of selective visuospatial impairments in carriers of a larger premutation allele indicates greater CGG repeat toxicity in specific neural regions. Longitudinal follow-up studies will be needed to determine whether subtle decline in visuospatial functioning is associated with the later onset of motor symptoms of FXTAS.
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36. Hoffman GE, Le WW, Entezam A, Otsuka N, Tong ZB, Nelson L, Flaws JA, McDonald JH, Jafar S, Usdin K. {{Ovarian abnormalities in a mouse model of fragile x primary ovarian insufficiency}}. {J Histochem Cytochem};2012 (Jun);60(6):439-456.
FMR1 premutation (PM) alleles have 55-200 CGG.CCG-repeats in their 5′ UTR. PM carriers are at risk of fragile X-associated tremor and ataxia syndrome (FXTAS). Females are also at risk for FX primary ovarian insufficiency (FXPOI). PM pathology is generally attributed to deleterious properties of transcripts with long CGG-tracts. For FXPOI, hormone changes suggest a reduced residual follicle pool. Whether this is due to a smaller than normal original follicle pool or an increased rate of follicle depletion is unclear. A FX-PM mouse the authors generated with 130 CGG.CCG-repeats in the endogenous Fmr1 gene recapitulates features of FXTAS. Here the authors demonstrate that the gross development of the ovary and the establishment of the primordial follicle pool is normal in these mice. However, these animals show a faster loss of follicles of all follicle classes, suggesting that the problem is intrinsic to the ovary. In addition, many oocytes show aberrant nuclear accumulation of FMRP and elevated levels of ubiquitination. Furthermore, PM follicles are smaller and have fewer granulosa cells (GCs) than normal. Thus, these animals have ovarian abnormalities involving both the oocytes and GCs that may shed light on the molecular basis of FXPOI in humans.
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37. Hogan AJ. {{Visualizing carrier status: Fragile X syndrome and genetic diagnosis since the 1940s}}. {Endeavour};2012 (Jun);36(2):77-84.
What does it look like to be the carrier of a genetic disease? Carrier status may be determined through the visual analysis of both genotypic and phenotypic evidence. Over the past 70 years, clinical geneticists have depended upon multiple strategies for identifying disease carriers within a family. This has included pedigree analysis, which was based upon clinical observations of individual family members and, in recent decades, cytogenetic and molecular methods. Newer techniques have offered novel opportunities to actually see the suspected etiological markers of certain genetic diseases, such as Fragile X syndrome. The visualization of these markers has both clarified and confused previously observed inheritance patterns, in some cases leading to the development of newly distinct diagnostic categories. As a result, what it means to be affected by, or the carrier of, a genetic disease has continuously evolved.
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38. Howlin P. {{Understanding savant skills in autism}}. {Dev Med Child Neurol};2012 (Jun);54(6):484.
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39. Hyman SL, Johnson JK. {{Autism and pediatric practice: toward a medical home}}. {J Autism Dev Disord};2012 (Jun);42(6):1156-1164.
The pediatrician sees a child for 11 well child visits by their third birthday. The provision of continuous primary care supports development of trust with parents, provides opportunity for screening and surveillance of autism spectrum disorders (ASD), allows monitoring the progress of children requiring therapy, and a framework to support and educate families. Families of children with ASD are less likely to report that they receive care in a Medical Home, a practice providing coordinated, accessible, continuous, culturally competent care. They report less access to specialty and family focused care compared to other children with special health care needs. It is a major challenge to identify and effect the solutions necessary to bring Medical Home care to all children with ASD.
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40. Jameson R, Lorence D, Lee J. {{Integrating computerized primitives and annotated video patterns: a proposed model for autism diagnosis and research}}. {J Med Syst};2012 (Jun);36(3):2037-2045.
The use of computerized, digital video as a means for interactive data capture has been suggested as an alternative to direct observation of behavior. The appeal of observational measures is that they are presumed to be less vulnerable to potential biases from informants, such as parents or teachers, and permit more individualized assessment that may be lost with the use of rating scales. As a potential tool for long-term, automated observation and analysis. In this technology review we propose one promising model for the integration of computerized primitives recognition and annotated video patterns as an approach to large-scale autism diagnosis and research.
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41. Jiao Y, Chen R, Ke X, Cheng L, Chu K, Lu Z, Herskovits EH. {{Single nucleotide polymorphisms predict symptom severity of autism spectrum disorder}}. {J Autism Dev Disord};2012 (Jun);42(6):971-983.
Autism is widely believed to be a heterogeneous disorder; diagnosis is currently based solely on clinical criteria, although genetic, as well as environmental, influences are thought to be prominent factors in the etiology of most forms of autism. Our goal is to determine whether a predictive model based on single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) can predict symptom severity of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). We divided 118 ASD children into a mild/moderate autism group (n = 65) and a severe autism group (n = 53), based on the Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS). For each child, we obtained 29 SNPs of 9 ASD-related genes. To generate predictive models, we employed three machine-learning techniques: decision stumps (DSs), alternating decision trees (ADTrees), and FlexTrees. DS and FlexTree generated modestly better classifiers, with accuracy = 67%, sensitivity = 0.88 and specificity = 0.42. The SNP rs878960 in GABRB3 was selected by all models, and was related associated with CARS assessment. Our results suggest that SNPs have the potential to offer accurate classification of ASD symptom severity.
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42. Laugeson EA, Frankel F, Gantman A, Dillon AR, Mogil C. {{Evidence-Based Social Skills Training for Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorders: The UCLA PEERS Program}}. {J Autism Dev Disord};2012 (Jun);42(6):1025-1036.
The present study examines the efficacy and durability of the PEERS Program, a parent-assisted social skills group intervention for high-functioning adolescents with ASD. Results indicate that teens receiving PEERS significantly improved their social skills knowledge, social responsiveness, and overall social skills in the areas of social communication, social cognition, social awareness, social motivation, assertion, cooperation, and responsibility, while decreasing autistic mannerisms and increasing the frequency of peer interactions. Independent teacher ratings revealed significant improvement in social skills and assertion from pre-test to follow-up assessment. Examination of durability of improvement revealed maintenance of gains in nearly all domains with additional treatment gains at a 14-week follow-up assessment.
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43. Lewis WW, Sahin M, Scherrer B, Peters JM, Suarez RO, Vogel-Farley VK, Jeste SS, Gregas MC, Prabhu SP, Nelson CA, 3rd, Warfield SK. {{Impaired Language Pathways in Tuberous Sclerosis Complex Patients with Autism Spectrum Disorders}}. {Cereb Cortex};2012 (Jun 1)
The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between language pathways and autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) in patients with tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC). An advanced diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed on 42 patients with TSC and 42 age-matched controls. Using a validated automatic method, white matter language pathways were identified and microstructural characteristics were extracted, including fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity (MD). Among 42 patients with TSC, 12 had ASD (29%). After controlling for age, TSC patients without ASD had a lower FA than controls in the arcuate fasciculus (AF); TSC patients with ASD had even a smaller FA, lower than the FA for those without ASD. Similarly, TSC patients without ASD had a greater MD than controls in the AF; TSC patients with ASD had even a higher MD, greater than the MD in those without ASD. It remains unclear why some patients with TSC develop ASD, while others have better language and socio-behavioral outcomes. Our results suggest that language pathway microstructure may serve as a marker of the risk of ASD in TSC patients. Impaired microstructure in language pathways of TSC patients may indicate the development of ASD, although prospective studies of language pathway development and ASD diagnosis in TSC remain essential.
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44. Lickel A, Maclean WE, Jr., Blakeley-Smith A, Hepburn S. {{Assessment of the prerequisite skills for cognitive behavioral therapy in children with and without autism spectrum disorders}}. {J Autism Dev Disord};2012 (Jun);42(6):992-1000.
The purpose of this study was to assess the cognitive skills of children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) thought to be necessary for Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT). Forty children with ASD and forty age-matched typically developing children between the ages of 7-12 years participated. Groups were comparable with regard to nonverbal IQ, but children with ASD had significantly lower verbal IQ. Children completed three CBT-related tasks requiring emotion recognition, discrimination among thoughts, feelings and behaviors, and cognitive mediation. With the exception of the emotion recognition task, children with ASD performed comparably to typically developing children and with a high rate of accuracy.
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45. Lin LY, Yu SN, Yu YT. {{A study of activities of daily living and employment in adults with autism spectrum disorders in Taiwan}}. {Int J Rehabil Res};2012 (Jun);35(2):109-115.
Research on daily living activities and employment levels of adults with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) in Taiwan is limited. The aims of the study were to investigate outcomes related to functional independence and employment among people with ASD in Taiwan. We investigated the daily living activities and the employment status of 81 adults (age range, 18-48 years; mean age, 22.8 years) with ASD in southern Taiwan. Most (85.2%) participants with ASD were men, and all lived with their caregivers or guardians. Primary caregivers or guardians completed a self-administered, written questionnaire. More than three-quarters (80.2%) of the participants with ASD could independently take care of themselves. Instrumental activities of daily living they most frequently engaged in included walking outside for more than 15 min (88.9%), light housework (85.2%), and local shopping (80.2%). Only 11 (13.6%) of the participants with ASD were employed [five (6.2%) worked more than 20 h/week] and four (4.9%) were attending school. Types of occupation consisted of serving food and beverages, baking, and cleaning. Most (81.5%) of the participants with ASD were unemployed, stayed at home, and were cared for by family members. The results of this study provide information to support the design of adequate interventions to meet the needs of adults with ASD, particularly those in Taiwan. It is important to develop adequate interventions to facilitate the functional independence of this population. Future research using larger study populations with a comparison group is needed.Aktivitaten des taglichen Lebens und der Erwerbsstatus von Erwachsenen mit Autismusspektrum-Storungen (ASD) in Taiwan gelten als bisher nur unzureichend erforscht. Ziel der vorliegenden Studie war die Untersuchung von Ergebnissen bzgl. der funktionalen Selbstandigkeit und Erwerbstatigkeit von Personen mit ASD in Taiwan. Wir untersuchten die Aktivitaten des taglichen Lebens und den Erwerbsstatus von 81 Erwachsenen (Altersgruppe: 18-48 Jahre; mittleres Alter: 22.8 Jahre) mit ASD in Sud-Taiwan. Die meisten (85.2%) Teilnehmer mit ASD waren Manner, die alle mit ihren Betreuern oder Vormunden lebten. Die Hauptbetreuer oder Vormunde fullten einen schriftlichen Fragebogen zur Bedarfsfeststellung aus. Mehr als drei Viertel (80.2%) der Teilnehmer mit ASD waren in der Lage, sich ohne Hilfe selbst zu versorgen. Zu den instrumentellen Aktivitaten des taglichen Lebens, mit denen sie sich am haufigsten beschaftigten, zahlten Spaziergange langer als 15 Minuten (88.9%), leichte Hausarbeiten (85.2%) und Einkaufe vor Ort (80.2%). Nur 11 (13.6%) der Teilnehmer mit ASD gingen einer Beschaftigung nach [funf (6.2%) arbeiteten mehr als 20 Stunden pro Woche], und vier (4.9%) besuchten die Schule. Zu den Beschaftigungsarten zahlten das Servieren von Speisen und Getranken, Backen und Putzen. Die meisten (81.5%) der Teilnehmer mit ASD waren arbeitslos, verbrachten ihre Zeit zu Hause und wurden von Familienangehorigen betreut. Die Ergebnisse dieser Studie liefern Informationen, die den Aufbau von adaquaten Interventionen unterstutzen, die den Bedurfnissen von Erwachsenen mit ASD entsprechen, insbesondere derjenigen in Taiwan. Die Entwicklung adaquater Interventionen ist wichtig, um die funktionale Selbstandigkeit dieser Population zu erleichtern. Kunftige Studien mit grosseren Studienpopulationen und einer Vergleichsgruppe sind erforderlich.Los estudios sobre las actividades diarias y la situacion laboral de los adultos que sufren de trastornos del espectro autista (TEA) en Taiwan son limitados. Los objetivos de este estudio fueron investigar los resultados con respecto a la independencia funcional y la situacion laboral de las personas con TEA en Taiwan. En este estudio se investigaron las actividades diarias y la situacion laboral de 81 adultos (de entre los 18-48 anos de edad; edad media, 22.8 anos) con TEA del sur de Taiwan. La mayoria (85.2%) de los participantes con TEA fueron hombres, y todos ellos vivian con sus cuidadores o tutores. Los cuidadores o tutores primarios rellenaron un cuestionario escrito autoadministrado. Mas de tres cuartos (80.2%) de los participantes con TEA podian cuidar de si mismos de forma independiente. Las actividades domesticas diarias en las que participaban mas a menudo incluian paseos de mas de 15 minutos (88.9%), pequenas tareas domesticas (85.2%) y salir a hacer la compra (80.2%). Solo 11 (13.6%) de los participantes con TEA tenian un empleo [cinco (6.2%) trabajaban mas de 20 h/semana] y cuatro (4.9%) estaban estudiando. Los tipos de empleo incluian servir comida y bebidas, cocinar y limpiar. La mayoria (81.5%) de los participantes con TEA no poseian un trabajo, sino que permanecian en casa al cuidado de los miembros de la familia. Los resultados de este estudio indican la necesidad de realizar las intervenciones pertinentes de asistencia a los adultos con TEA, en particular a los residentes en Taiwan. El desarrollo de intervenciones adecuadas es importante a la hora de facilitar la independencia funcional de esta poblacion. Por otra parte, es preciso llevar a cabo futuras investigaciones que hagan uso de poblaciones mayores y de un grupo de comparacion.Les recherches sur les activites quotidiennes et le niveau d’emploi des adultes souffrant de troubles du spectre autistique a Taiwan sont limitees. Cette etude avait pour objet d’examiner les resultats lies a l’independance fonctionnelle et a l’emploi parmi les victimes de TSA a Taiwan. Nous avons examine les activites de vie quotidienne et le statut d’emploi de 81 adultes (ages de 18 a 48 ans; age moyen: 22.8 ans) souffrant de TSA dans le sud de Taiwan. La plupart (85.2%) des victimes de TSA etaient des hommes, et ils vivaient avec leurs soignants ou tuteurs. Les soignants or gardiens/tuteurs primaires ont rempli de maniere autonome un questionnaire ecrit. Plus des trois-quarts (80.2%) des participants souffrant de TSA etaient a meme de prendre soin d’eux-memes de maniere independante. Les activites instrumentales de la vie quotidienne auxquelles ils prenaient part le plus frequemment incluaient la marche a l’exterieur pendant plus de 15 min (88.9%), les travaux menagers legers (85.2%), et les courses dans des magasins locaux (80.2%). Seulement 11 (13.6%) des participants atteints de TSA travaillaient [cinq (6.2%) plus de 20 h/semaine] et quatre (4.9%) frequentaient l’ecole. Les types d’emplois incluaient les services de restauration, la boulangerie et le nettoyage.La plupart (81.5%) des participants souffrant de TSA etaient au chomage, restaient a la maison et etaient pris en charge par les membres de leur famille. Les resultats de cette etude apportent des informations qui seront utiles pour la conception d’interventions appropriees pour repondre aux besoins des adultes atteints de TSA
