1. {{[Consensus on early identification screening and early intervention for autism spectrum disorder]}}. {Zhonghua Er Ke Za Zhi};2017 (Dec 2);55(12):890-897.
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2. Bury LA, Wynshaw-Boris A. {{Modeling Non-Syndromic Autism with Human-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells}}. {Neuropsychopharmacology};2018 (Jan);43(1):219-220.
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3. Chang C, Qiu NN, Xiao T, Xiao X, Chu KK, Li Y, Wu QR, Fang H, Ke XY. {{[Structural change of the corpus callosum fibers in toddlers with autism spectrum disorder: two-year follow-up]}}. {Zhonghua Er Ke Za Zhi};2017 (Dec 2);55(12):920-925.
Objective: To conduct a follow-up investigation of structural changes of the corpus callosum fibers of toddlers (2 to 5 years of age) with autism spectrum disorder(ASD) and to explore the associations with clinical symptoms. Method: In this prospective randomized controlled study, ASD children who were diagnosed in the Child Mental Health Research Center, Nanjing Brain Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University from May 2011 to November 2012 were included in the ASD group, and developmentally delayed children were included in the control group (DD group). Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) data from the two groups were obtained at two age levels: 2-3 years of age, and 4-5 years of age. Region of interest analysis was applied to assess characteristic values of total area and sub-regions of corpus callosum: the fraction anisotropy (FA), the mean diffusivity (MD), the radial diffusivity (RD) and the axial diffusivity (AD). All children were assessed using the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised (ADI-R) and Autism Treatment Evaluation Checklist (ATEC). The characteristic values of total area and sub-regions of corpus callosum of ASD group at two age levels were analyzed by paired sample t test; the characteristic values of total area and sub-regions of corpus callosum of ASD group and DD group were analyzed by independent-sample t test; the correlations between FA values of the total area and sub-regions of corpus callosum and ADI-R or ATEC scores were analyzed by Pearson correlation analysis. Result: Forty cases meeting inclusion criteria were enrolled in ASD group, and 31 eligible cases were enrolled in the control group. Four children in the ASD group were lost to follow-up, and 5 children in the control group were lost to follow-up. Longitudinal comparison between the two age subgroups of ASD patients showed that the FA values of the total corpus callosum increased (0.499 55+/-0.027 59 vs. 0.505 83+/-0.086 64, t=4.88, P<0.05), but MD values, RD values and AD values of the total corpus callosum area decreased (0.000 89+/-0.000 03 vs. 0.000 81+/-0.000 14, 0.000 61+/-0.000 04 vs. 0.000 55+/-0.000 09, 0.001 43+/-0.000 03 vs. 0.001 38+/-0.000 03, t=9.31, 7.90, 8.66, P<0.05 for all comparisons). In the area of corpus callosum genu, FA and AD values increased (t=5.59, 8.48, P<0.05 for both comparisons), but MD and RD values decreased (t=12.67, 11.28, P<0.05 for both comparisns). In the area of corpus callosum body, FA and RD values increased(t=5.46, 8.48, P<0.05 for both comparisons), but MD and AD values decreased (t=8.08, 6.22, P<0.05 for both comparisons). In the area of corpus callosum splenium, MD, RD and AD values decreased (t=6.81, 4.44, 5.51, P < 0.05 for all comparisons). Among the participants 2 to 3 years of age, there were no significantly differences in FA values of total area and sub-regions of corpus callosum between ASD group and the DD group (P > 0.05 for all comparisons); as compared with the DD group, ASD group had higher AD values of total area and splenium of corpus callosum (0.001 43+/-0.000 03 vs. 0.001 40+/-0.000 04, 0.001 34+/-0.000 03 vs. 0.001 32+/-0.000 04, t=1.56, 1.14, P < 0.05 for both comparisons); ASD group had lower AD values but higher RD and MD values of corpus callosum genu (t=0.07, 0.55, 0.07, P < 0.05 for all comparisons); ASD group had lower RD values of corpus callosum body (t=0.07, P < 0.05). Among the participants 4 to 5 years of age, as compared with the DD group, ASD group had higher FA value of total corpus callosum area(0.505 83+/-0.086 64 vs. 0.483 77+/-0.099 30, t=8.56, P < 0.05), lower RD value of total corpus callosum(0.000 55+/-0.000 09 vs. 0.000 56+/-0.000 12, t=14.44, P < 0.05), lower RD values of corpus callosum body (t=2.20, P < 0.05), higher FA values (t=3.35, P < 0.05) but lower AD values of corpus callosum splenium (t=2.20, P < 0.05). A correlation analysis between FA values of total area and sub-regions of corpus callosum and clinical variables showed that the FA values of total area and splenium of corpus callosum in ASD group at 2 to 3 years of age were negatively correlated with the scores of language skills in ATEC (r=-0.35,-0.36, P < 0.05 for both comparisons). And after two years, FA values of total corpus callosum were positively correlated with the scores of social communication in ATEC (r=0.34, P < 0.05). There was no significant correlation between FA values of sub-regions of corpus callosum and the scores of ATEC (P > 0.05 for all comparisons). There was no significant correlation between FA values of total area and sub-regions of corpus callosum and the scores of ADI-R (P > 0.05 for all comparisons). Conclusion: The fiber structure of corpus callosum was still in the process of maturing during the age of 2 to 5 years; however, compared with DD group, ASD group had more extensive structural abnormalities of the corpus callosum fibers as age increased, and the structural abnormalities had correlation with the core symptoms of ASD. Trial registration Chinese Clinical Trial Registry, ChiCTR-OPC-17011995.
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4. Chien YL, Hsieh MH, Gau SS. {{Mismatch Negativity and P3a in Adolescents and Young Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorders: Behavioral Correlates and Clinical Implications}}. {J Autism Dev Disord};2017 (Dec 2)
In a sample of 37 adolescents and young adults with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and 35 typically-developing controls (TDC), we investigated sensory symptoms by clinical measures, and Mismatch Negativity and P3a component at Fz with the frequency and duration oddball paradigms of event-related potentials. Results showed that compared to TDC, ASD participants reported more sensory symptoms, and presented a shorter P3a peak latency in the duration paradigm, which was correlated with more social awareness deficits. In the frequency paradigm, P3a parameters were correlated with sensation avoiding and attention characteristics of ASD. Our findings suggest that sensory abnormality in ASD may extend into adolescence and young adulthood. P3a latency might be a potential neurophysiological marker for ASD.
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5. Clarkson T, LeBlanc J, DeGregorio G, Vogel-Farley V, Barnes K, Kaufmann WE, Nelson CA. {{Adapting the Mullen Scales of Early Learning for a Standardized Measure of Development in Children With Rett Syndrome}}. {Intellect Dev Disabil};2017 (Dec);55(6):419-431.
Rett Syndrome (RTT) is characterized by severe impairment in fine motor (FM) and expressive language (EL) function, making accurate evaluations of development difficult with standardized assessm ents. In this study, the administration and scoring of the Mullen Scales of Early Learning (MSEL) were adapted to eliminate the confounding effects of FM and EL impairments in assessing development. Forty-seven girls with RTT were assessed with the Adapted-MSEL (MSEL-A), a subset (n = 30) was also assessed using the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales-Second Edition (Vineland-II) and a further subset (n = 17) was assessed using an eye-tracking version of the MSEL (MSEL-ET). Participants performed better on the visual reception (VR) and receptive language (RL) domains compared to the FM and EL domains on the MSEL-A. Individual performance on each domain was independent of other domains. Corresponding MSEL-A and Vineland-II domains were significantly correlated. The MSEL-ET was as accurate as the MSEL-A in assessing VR and RL, yet took a 44% less time. Results suggested that the MSEL-A and the MSEL-ET could be viable measures for accurately assessing developmental domains in children with RTT.
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6. Dong HY, Wang B, Li HH, Shan L, Jia FY. {{[Correlation between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level and core symptoms of autism spectrum disorder in children]}}. {Zhonghua Er Ke Za Zhi};2017 (Dec 2);55(12):916-919.
Objective: To explore the relationship between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and core symptoms of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in children. Method: In this cross-sectional study, ASD children 4 to 6 years of age who were diagnosed in Department of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, First Hospital of Jilin university from January to May 2017 were assigned to ASD group, and children for routine growth and development assessment in Jilin province were assigned to control group. The two groups were well matched for age and sex, and none of them had received vitamin D supplementation. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels were measured by HPLC-MS/MS method. The patients of the ASD group were assessed with autism behavior checklist (ABC), childhood autism rating scale (CARS), social response scale (SRS), and autism treatment evaluation checklist (ATEC). The levels of vitamin D were divided into normal(>0.03 ng/L), insufficient (0.01-0.03 ng/L) and deficient (<0.01 ng/L). Levels of serum vitamin D between the two groups were compared by two independent sample t-test, and the difference in the percentages of normal, insufficient and deficient levels of vitamin D was tested by chi-square test, and correlations between vitamin D levels and the total scores or subscales of ABC, CARS, SRS and ATEC were analyzed by Pearson correlation analysis. Result: The 87 subjects in the ASD group included 75 males and 12 females, with a mean (+/-SD) age of (4.7+/-0.7) years. The 301 subjects in the control group included 249 males and 52 females, with a mean (+/-SD) age of (4.8+/-0.8) years. Serum vitamin D level in ASD children was significantly lower than that of the control group ( (0.021+/-0.008) vs. (0.036+/-0.016) ng/L, t=-8.17, P<0.01), and the between-group percentage difference of normal, insufficient and deficient levels of vitamin D was statistically significant (12 (14%) vs. 186 (62%) , 67 (77%) vs. 113 (37%) , 8 (9%) vs. 2 (1%) , chi(2)=72.1, P<0.01). There were negative correlations between serum vitamin D level in ASD children and total ABC score or ABC subscale scores (body behavior, self-care, language and social interaction)(r=-0.531,-0.397,-0.283,-0.248,-0.262, P=0.000, 0.000, 0.007, 0.020, 0.014). There were negative correlations between serum vitamin D level in ASD children and total CARS score and CARS subscale scores (imitation, nonverbal communication and general impression) (r=-0.352, -0.216, -0.248, -0.216, P=0.001, 0.046, 0.021, 0.046). There were negative correlations between serum vitamin D level in ASD children and SRS behavior subscale or ATEC social interaction subscale (r=-0.536, P=0.005, r=-0.400, P=0.014). Conclusion: Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level in children with ASD is obviously lower than that in the healthy control group, and there are negative correlations between vitamin D levels and core symptoms of ASD. Trial registration Chinese Clinical Trial Registry, ChiCTR-CCC-13004498. Lien vers le texte intégral (Open Access ou abonnement)
7. Friedman C. {{Self-Advocacy Services for People With Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities: A National Analysis}}. {Intellect Dev Disabil};2017 (Dec);55(6):370-376.
Self-advocacy plays an important role in facilitating the empowerment of people with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD), and helps people with IDD develop the skills necessary for the participant direction of services. The purpose of this study was to examine Medicaid Home and Community Based Services (HCBS) 1915(c) waivers across the nation to determine how states were utilizing self-advocacy services for people with IDD. Findings revealed approximately half of waivers provided self-advocacy services; however, less than .01% of waiver spending was projected for stand-alone self-advocacy services. States need to expand the provision of self-advocacy services for people with IDD in order to strengthen their ability to direct their waiver services and exercise their rights.
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8. Han PP, Zou MY, Yang XL, Liu XC, Liang S, Sun CH, Xia W, Wu LJ. {{[Sleep problems and the association with the levels of 6-sulfatoxymelatonin in children with autism spectrum disorder]}}. {Zhonghua Er Ke Za Zhi};2017 (Dec 2);55(12):911-915.
Objective: To identify the prevalence of sleep problems in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and to explore the association with the main melatonin metabolite, 6-sulfatoxymelatonin (6-SM). Method: This was a prospective case-control study. Children with ASD were recruited from Child Development and Behavioral Research Center (CDBRC) of the Harbin Medical University and Harbin Special Education School from October 2015 to April 2017 (ASD group) . Healthy controls were selected from five kindergartens and one primary school in Harbin by the stratified cluster random sampling (control group) . The Children’s Sleep Habits Questionnaire (CSHQ) was used to investigate the sleep problems of the two groups. The patients were matched in a 1ratio1 ratio for the age and sex, and the urine samples of case-control pairs were collected in the morning. The level of 6-SM was measured by the enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The student’s t test was used for comparison between the ASD group and control group, and the Pearson correlation analysis was used to determine the correlation difference. Result: A total of 212 ASD children (mean (+/-SD) age was (6.0+/-2.7) years, and 181 patients (85.4%) were male), and a total of 334 healthy children(mean (+/-SD) age was (5.9+/-2.6) years, and 272 patients (81.4%) were male) were recruited. Among them, 101 matched case-control pairs completed the collection of urine samples. According to the statistical analysis, the scores of total CSHQ, bedtime resistance, sleep onset delay, sleep duration, night waking, parasomnia, sleep disordered breathing and daytime sleepiness in children with ASD were significantly higher than those in the control group (48.2+/-6.2 vs. 46.6+/-5.4, 11.4+/-2.5 vs. 10.7+/-2.8, 1.7+/-0.8 vs. 1.5+/-0.7, 4.1+/-1.4 vs. 3.7+/-1.1, 4.2+/-1.5 vs. 3.8+/-1.1, 8.5+/-1.5 vs. 8.3+/-1.4, 3.7+/-1.0 vs. 3.4+/-0.8, 11.7+/-2.5 vs. 12.4+/-2.7, t=3.16, 3.00, 3.23, 2.76, 3.19, 1.99, 3.45,-2.72, P=0.002, 0.003, 0.001, 0.006, 0.002, 0.048, 0.001, 0.007), the level of 6-SM was significantly lower in children with ASD than that of healthy controls ((1.24+/-0.50) vs. (1.68+/-0.63)mug/h, t=-5.50, P<0.01), and the total CSHQ score was negatively correlated with the level of 6-SM (r=-0.50, P<0.01). Conclusion: The children with ASD were at high risk for sleep problems, and the melatonin metabolite of ASD group was abnormal compared with that of the control group. Moreover, there was a negative correlation between the severity of sleep problems and the level of 6-SM in ASD children. The results of our study indicate that the abnormal melatonin metabolism may be one of the causes of sleep problems in children with ASD. Lien vers le texte intégral (Open Access ou abonnement)
9. Li TY. {{[Improve pediatrician’s ability of identification, evaluation and management of children with autism spectrum disorder]}}. {Zhonghua Er Ke Za Zhi};2017 (Dec 2);55(12):881-883.
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10. Magan-Maganto M, Bejarano-Martin A, Fernandez-Alvarez C, Narzisi A, Garcia-Primo P, Kawa R, Posada M, Canal-Bedia R. {{Early Detection and Intervention of ASD: A European Overview}}. {Brain Sci};2017 (Dec 1);7(12)
Over the last several years there has been an increasing focus on early detection of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), not only from the scientific field but also from professional associations and public health systems all across Europe. Not surprisingly, in order to offer better services and quality of life for both children with ASD and their families, different screening procedures and tools have been developed for early assessment and intervention. However, current evidence is needed for healthcare providers and policy makers to be able to implement specific measures and increase autism awareness in European communities. The general aim of this review is to address the latest and most relevant issues related to early detection and treatments. The specific objectives are (1) analyse the impact, describing advantages and drawbacks, of screening procedures based on standardized tests, surveillance programmes, or other observational measures; and (2) provide a European framework of early intervention programmes and practices and what has been learnt from implementing them in public or private settings. This analysis is then discussed and best practices are suggested to help professionals, health systems and policy makers to improve their local procedures or to develop new proposals for early detection and intervention programmes.
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11. Masi A, Breen EJ, Alvares GA, Glozier N, Hickie IB, Hunt A, Hui J, Beilby J, Ravine D, Wray J, Whitehouse AJO, Guastella AJ. {{Cytokine levels and associations with symptom severity in male and female children with autism spectrum disorder}}. {Mol Autism};2017;8:63.
Background: Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) are complex, pervasive, and heterogeneous neurodevelopmental conditions with varying trajectories, significant male bias and largely unknown etiology. However, an understanding of the biological mechanisms driving pathophysiology is evolving. Immune system aberrations, as identified through cytokine profiles, are believed to have a role in ASD. Altered cytokine levels may facilitate identification of ASD subtypes as well as provide biological markers of response to effective treatments. Research exploring the relationship between cytokine profiles and ASD symptoms is, however, in its infancy. The objective of this study was to explore relationships between cytokine levels and the severity of ASD and other clinical traits. Methods: Multiplex assay techniques were used to measure levels of 27 cytokines in plasma samples from a cohort of 144 children diagnosed with ASD. Results: Overall, results showed a significant negative association between platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-BB, and the severity of ASD symptoms. Furthermore, a significant interaction with sex suggested a different immune profile for females compared to males. ASD symptom severity was negatively associated with levels of 4 cytokines, IL-1beta, IL-8, MIP-1beta, and VEGF, in females, but not in males. Conclusions: Results of the present study suggest that an altered cytokine response or profile is associated with the severity of ASD-related symptoms, with sex a potential modifier of this relationship. Further research in larger populations which recognizes the importance of sex comparisons and longitudinal assessments are now required to extend and further describe the role of the immune system in ASD.
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12. McDaniel J, D’Ambrose Slaboch K, Yoder P. {{A meta-analysis of the association between vocalizations and expressive language in children with autism spectrum disorder}}. {Res Dev Disabil};2018 (Jan);72:202-213.
BACKGROUND: Targeting the frequency or complexity of prelinguistic vocalizations might improve the language trajectory of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) who exhibit continued expressive language deficits. AIMS: This meta-analysis evaluates the strength of the association between various measures of vocalizations and expressive language in young children with ASD and five putative moderators of that association to inform prelinguistic intervention development: consonant-centricity, communicativeness, concurrent versus longitudinal research design, risk for correlated measurement error, and publication status. METHODS AND PROCEDURES: We systematically searched databases and other sources for correlations between vocalizations and expressive language in children with ASD less than 9 years old. Using robust variance estimation, we calculated the weighted mean effect size and conducted moderator analyses. OUTCOMES AND RESULTS: Nine studies (19 reports), which included 362 participants and 109 unique effect sizes, met inclusion criteria. The weighted mean effect size between vocalizations and expressive language was significant (r=0.50, 95% CI [0.23, 0.76]). As predicted, concurrent correlations were significantly stronger than longitudinal correlations. Other moderator effects were not detected. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: Young children with ASD demonstrate a strong association between vocalizations and expressive language skills. Future experimental studies should investigate causal relations to guide intervention development.
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13. Menassa DA, Braeutigam S, Bailey A, Falter-Wagner CM. {{Frontal evoked gamma activity modulates behavioural performance in Autism Spectrum Disorders in a perceptual simultaneity task}}. {Neurosci Lett};2017 (Nov 27);665:86-91.
Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) are associated with anomalies in time perception. In a perceptual simultaneity task, individuals with ASD demonstrate superior performance compared to typically developing (TD) controls. gamma-activity, a robust marker of visual processing, is reportedly altered in ASD in response to a wide variety of tasks and these differences may be related to superior performance in perceptual simultaneity. Using time-frequency analysis, we assessed evoked gamma-band phase-locking in magnetoencephalographic recordings of 16 ASD individuals and 17 age-matched TD controls. Individuals judged whether presented visual stimuli were simultaneous or asynchronous. We identified left frontal gamma-activity in ASD, which was associated with a reduced perception of simultaneity. Where feature binding was observed at a neurophysiological level in parieto-occipital cortices in ASD in apparent simultaneity (asynchronous stimuli with short delay between them), this did not predict the correct behavioural outcome. These findings suggest distinct gamma profiles in ASD associated with the perception of simultaneity.
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14. Murias M, Major S, Davlantis K, Franz L, Harris A, Rardin B, Sabatos-DeVito M, Dawson G. {{Validation of eye-tracking measures of social attention as a potential biomarker for autism clinical trials}}. {Autism Res};2017 (Nov 29)
Social communication impairments are a core feature of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and this class of symptoms is a target for treatments for the disorder. Measures of social attention, assessed via eye-gaze tracking (EGT), have been proposed as an early efficacy biomarker for clinical trials targeting social communication skills. EGT measures have been shown to differentiate children with ASD from typical children; however, there is less known about their relationships with social communication outcome measures that are typically used in ASD clinical trials. In the present study, an EGT task involving viewing a videotape of an actor making bids for a child’s attention was evaluated in 25 children with ASD aged 24-72 months. Children’s attention to the actor during the dyadic bid condition measured via EGT was found to be strongly associated with five well-validated caregiver-reported outcome measures that are commonly used to assess social communication in clinical trials. These results highlight the convergent validity of EGT measures of social attention in relation to caregiver-reported clinical measures. EGT holds promise as a non-invasive, quantitative, and objective biomarker that is associated with social communication abilities in children with ASD. Autism Res 2017,. (c) 2017 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc. LAY SUMMARY: Lay Summary: Eye-gaze tracking (EGT), an automated tool that tracks eye-gaze patterns, might help measure outcomes in clinical trials investigating interventions to treat autism spectrum disorders. In this study, an EGT task was evaluated in children with ASD, who watched a video with an actor talking directly to them. Patterns of eye-gaze were associated with caregiver-reported measures of social communication that are used in clinical trials. We show EGT may be a promising objective tool measuring outcomes.
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15. Nah YH, Brewer N, Young RL, Flower R. {{Brief Report: Screening Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder for Anxiety and Depression}}. {J Autism Dev Disord};2017 (Dec 2)
Although depression and anxiety are the most common comorbidities in individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), descriptive data for their prevalence among autistic adults are limited. This study provides descriptive data for a cohort of 155 autistic adults (mean age = 27.1 years, SD = 11.9) of average IQ on the short-form version of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales and the Mini Social Phobia Inventory. Also included were 79 non-ASD participants (mean age = 26.2, SD = 10.2) who completed the mini-SPIN. A substantial percentage (39-46%) of autistic adults scored within the ‘Moderate’ to ‘Extremely Severe’ range on the DASS-21. The DASS-21 would be a valuable rapid screening device for these comorbid conditions in autistic adults.
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16. Nuske HJ, Hedley D, Tseng CH, Begeer S, Dissanayake C. {{Emotion Regulation Strategies in Preschoolers with Autism: Associations with Parent Quality of Life and Family Functioning}}. {J Autism Dev Disord};2017 (Nov 30)
Children with autism experience challenges with emotion regulation. It is unclear how children’s management of their emotions is associated with their family’s quality of life. Forty-three preschoolers with autism and 28 typically developing preschoolers were coded on emotion regulation strategies used during low-level stress tasks. Parents reported on their quality of life and family functioning, and their child’s internalizing and externalizing behaviors. More externalizing behaviors across groups and use of two emotion regulation strategies (self-soothing, deep exhalation) in the autism group predicted lower family quality of life. Findings suggest that children’s emotional outbursts and reduced use of passive comforting strategies are linked to lower family quality of life.
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17. VanBergeijk E. {{Keiko Tobe: With the Light: Raising an Autistic Child (Volume 8) : Yen Press, New York, NY, 2011, 303 pp, ISBN: 978-0-316-19445-7, $11.99 (Paper)}}. {J Autism Dev Disord};2017 (Sep);47(9):2945-2946.
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18. Zhu J, Guo M, Yang T, Lai X, Lei YY, He ML, Chen J, Li TY. {{[Association between behavioral problems and gastrointestinal disorders among children with autism spectrum disorder]}}. {Zhonghua Er Ke Za Zhi};2017 (Dec 2);55(12):905-910.
Objective: To investigate the relationship between gastrointestinal disorders (GID) and core symptoms or behavioral problems among the children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) . Method: Totally 328 children with ASD and 202 normal controls were enrolled in this cross-sectional study from August 2013 to October 2016. The information about the gastrointestinal disorders, behavioral and emotional problems was collected by using questionnaires. Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS), Autism Behavior Checklist (ABC) were used to assess the core symptoms of the children with ASD. Neurodevelopmental status was evaluated with Gesell Developmental Scale (GDS). These variables were analyzed by using student’s t-test and chi-square test. Result: The prevalence of GID was significantly higher in the children with ASD than in the normally developing children (49.4% (162/328) vs.25.7% (52/202), chi(2)=29.039, P=0.000), especially the symptoms of constipation (33.2% (109/328) vs. 13.9% (28/202)), diarrhea (9.5%(31/328) vs. 1.5% (3/202)), nausea and vomiting (9.5% (31/328) vs. 3.5% (7/202)), and foul defecation (16.5% (54/328) vs. 5.0% (10/202)) (all P<0.05). Among the ASD children, the prevalence of GID was similar between male and female (46.7% (133/285) vs. 46.5%(20/43), chi(2)=0.006, P=0.938), as well as among all age groups (chi(2)=1.907, P=0.862). There was no significant difference in scores of GDS in the ASD children with or without GID (all P>0.05). Compared with ASD children without GID (n=166), the ASD children with GID (n=162) got higher scores in the « Body and Object Use » of ABC scale ( (16.4+/-9.3) vs. (12.3+/-6.7) scores, t=2.258, P=0.028), and had more emotional problems (63.6% (103/162) vs. 49.4% (82/166), chi(2)=6.707, P=0.010). Moreover, the score of behavior problems questionnaire was higher in the ASD children with GID ( (35.3+/-16.8) vs. (16.1+/-13.6) scores, t=5.748, P=0.000). Conclusion: Children with ASD have higher risk of GID than the normal developing children. While the stereotyped behaviors, problem behaviors and emotional problems are severer in the ASD children with GID. Hence, it is important to provide comprehensive treatment and management for these groups of children.
