1. Abel KM, Dalman C, Svensson AC, Susser E, Dal H, Idring S, Webb RT, Rai D, Magnusson C. {{Deviance in fetal growth and risk of autism spectrum disorder}}. {Am J Psychiatry};2013 (Apr 1);170(4):391-398.
OBJECTIVE Understanding the relationship between fetal growth and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is likely to advance the search for genetic and nongenetic causes of ASD. The authors explored the associations between fetal growth, gestational age, and ASD with and without comorbid intellectual disability in a Scandinavian study population. METHOD The authors conducted a matched nested case-control study within the Stockholm Youth Cohort that included all children ages 0-17 who resided in Stockholm County from 2001 to 2007 (N=589,114). The authors identified 4,283 children with ASD: 1,755 with intellectual disability and 2,528 without, and they selected 36,588 age- and sex-matched comparison subjects. ASD case subjects were ascertained from unique identifiers assigned to all Swedish residents and linkage with official registers covering all pathways of assessment or care of ASD in Stockholm County. The authors calculated z scores of deviance in fetal growth from a reference curve using records from the national Swedish Medical Birth Registry, which included ultrasound dating of gestational age as well as birth weight. Crude and adjusted odds ratios for ASD, ASD with intellectual disability, and ASD without intellectual disability were the main outcome measures. RESULTS ASD risk increased with fetal growth 1.50 standard deviations below and >2.00 standard deviations above the mean for gestational age; the greatest risk was for fetal growth that was less than 2.00 standard deviations below the mean (adjusted odds ratio=1.70; 95% CI=1.44-2.01) or greater than 2.00 standard deviations above the mean (adjusted odds ratio=1.50; 95% CI=1.27-1.77). The same overall pattern was observed for ASD with and without intellectual disabilities. However, poor fetal growth (i.e., growth below the mean) was more strongly associated with ASD with intellectual disabilities than without. Regardless of fetal growth, preterm birth increased ASD risk. CONCLUSIONS Deviance in fetal growth at either distributional extreme may be a significant antecedent to the development of ASD through genetic and/or nongenetic mechanisms.
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2. Belgard TG, Jankovic I, Lowe JK, Geschwind DH. {{Population structure confounds autism genetic classifier}}. {Mol Psychiatry};2013 (Apr 2)
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3. Destefano F, Price CS, Weintraub ES. {{Increasing Exposure to Antibody-Stimulating Proteins and Polysaccharides in Vaccines Is Not Associated with Risk of Autism}}. {J Pediatr};2013 (Mar 29)
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association between autism and the level of immunologic stimulation received from vaccines administered during the first 2 years of life. STUDY DESIGN: We analyzed data from a case-control study conducted in 3 managed care organizations (MCOs) of 256 children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and 752 control children matched on birth year, sex, and MCO. In addition to the broader category of ASD, we also evaluated autistic disorder and ASD with regression. ASD diagnoses were validated through standardized in-person evaluations. Exposure to total antibody-stimulating proteins and polysaccharides from vaccines was determined by summing the antigen content of each vaccine received, as obtained from immunization registries and medical records. Potential confounding factors were ascertained from parent interviews and medical charts. Conditional logistic regression was used to assess associations between ASD outcomes and exposure to antigens in selected time periods. RESULTS: The aOR (95% CI) of ASD associated with each 25-unit increase in total antigen exposure was 0.999 (0.994-1.003) for cumulative exposure to age 3 months, 0.999 (0.997-1.001) for cumulative exposure to age 7 months, and 0.999 (0.998-1.001) for cumulative exposure to age 2 years. Similarly, no increased risk was found for autistic disorder or ASD with regression. CONCLUSION: In this study of MCO members, increasing exposure to antibody-stimulating proteins and polysaccharides in vaccines during the first 2 years of life was not related to the risk of developing an ASD.
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4. Lord C. {{Fetal and sociocultural environments and autism}}. {Am J Psychiatry};2013 (Apr 1);170(4):355-358.
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5. Ludlow AK, Heaton P, Hill E, Franklin A. {{Color obsessions and phobias in autism spectrum disorders: The case of J.G}}. {Neurocase};2013 (Apr 3)
The current study is the first investigation of color ‘obsessions’ and ‘phobias’ in ASD. We investigate the color perception and cognition of J.G., a boy with ASD who has a strong obsession with blue, and a strong phobia of other colors. J.G.’s performance on a series of color tasks (color-entity association; chromatic discrimination; color classification) is compared to 13 children with and without autism who do not have color obsessions or phobias. The findings lead to the formalization of two hypotheses: (i) color obsessions and phobias in individuals with ASD are related to an unusually strong ability to associate colors with entities; (ii) color obsessions are related to hyposensitivity, and color phobias to hypersensitivity, in the affected regions of color space.
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6. Pickles A, Parr JR, Rutter ML, De Jonge MV, Wallace S, Le Couteur AS, van Engeland H, Wittemeyer K, McConachie H, Roge B, Mantoulan C, Pedersen L, Isager T, Poustka F, Bolte S, Bolton P, Weisblatt E, Green J, Papanikolaou K, Bailey AJ. {{New Interview and Observation Measures of the Broader Autism Phenotype: Impressions of Interviewee Measure}}. {J Autism Dev Disord};2013 (Apr 3)
A 20 item observational measure of social functioning, the Impression of Interviewee rating scale, is one of three measures devised to assess the broader autism phenotype. The sample studied included families containing at least two individuals with autism spectrum disorder; observations were undertaken by the researcher who interviewed the subject. An exploratory factor analysis suggested a single factor was most appropriate (Cronbach’s alpha of 0.78). There was a modest but significant retest correlation of 0.42. Correlations between live ratings and blind consensus ratings of vignettes were high (0.93). Correlations with the interview measures were moderate but statistically significant. In conclusion, the observational scale provides a promising start but further work is required before general use can be recommended.
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7. Ritvo ER, Ritvo RA. {{Commentary on the Application of DSM-5 Criteria for Autism Spectrum Disorder}}. {Am J Psychiatry};2013 (Apr 1);170(4):444a-445.
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8. Whitehouse AJ, Stanley FJ. {{Is autism one or multiple disorders?}}. {Med J Aust};2013 (Apr 1);198(6):302-303.
9. Woodruff BK. {{Healthcare Experiences of Autistic Adults}}. {J Gen Intern Med};2013 (Apr 3)
